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In this research, study was made of representative soils of denton County (Texas) with the aim of correlating various soil-moisture factors through experimental analyses. Two accepted hypotheses of soil-moisture relations have been substantiated by experiment with Denton County soils.

<p> Hamilton has been affected by waves of foreign immigrants moving into the city since the beginning of this century. The resulting admixture of ethnic groups has produced a varied spatial pattern which forms the focus of analysis in this paper. </p> <p> A review of the literature on various ethnic enclaves in different cities of the world serves to focus this ecological study of ethnic groups in Hamilton. </p> <p> The historical and cultural background of Hamilton and the distributional pattern of the major ethnic communities are described. The factors influencing the distribution of ethnic groups in the city are then examined by means of factor analysis and regression analysis of 1971 census data. </p> <p> The analysis shows well distributed homogenous ethnic enclaves varying in their spatial concentration. As a whole it may be described as a mosaic with a high concentration of ethnic groups in the northern part of the city, north~east and west end. </p> <p> The results confirm the importance of ethnic dimensions within the social and spatial structure of the city and the importance of socioeconomic status and housing characteristics in influencing the distribution of ethnic groups. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Background: Globally tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality. There is scientific evidence of sociodemographic, behavioral and health risk factors associated with TB infection and TB disease. In the United States (US), there is a low endemicity of TB and a goal of TB elimination. Objective: The primary objective of the study was to examine the correlation of TB risk factors at the state level in the US to obtain insights specific to the state of TB in the US. The risk factors examined were diabetes rates, smoking rates, alcohol abuse rates, AIDS rates, foreign-born vs. US-born, poverty as expressed by GINI and per capita income and race/ethnicity. Methods: Secondary data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and US Census Bureau on line databases were used. Simple linear regression, bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression were carried out. Results: Significant correlations were found at the state level between TB disease rates and being non-Hispanic White (r=-0.856, p<0.001), foreign-born (r=0.649, p<0.001), GINI (r=0.588, p<0.001) and AIDS diagnosis rates (r=0.579, p<0.001). No significant associations were found between TB disease rates and diabetes rates, smoking rates and alcohol abuse rates. Conclusion: The focus of the fight against TB in the US should be on minority communities, those populated by the foreign-born and those with high rates of AIDS particularly where a large degree of income inequality is present.

Objetivo: Avaliar o Risco Espacial (RE) e Espaço-Temporal (RET) dos óbitos por TB, realizar um diagnóstico situacional de áreas em risco quanto às características socioeconômicas e sanitárias em Manaus/AM. Métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo ecológico dos casos de óbitos por TB (causa básica), residentes na zona urbana de Manaus e registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) entre os anos de 2006 e 2014. Foram obtidas informações sociodemográficas e operacionais dos óbitos por TB. Os casos foram geocodificados através do TerraView 4.2.2. Aplicou-se a estatística de varredura utilizando como unidade de análise os setores censitários do município de Manaus. Estimou-se o RE e RET pelo software SaTScan versão 9.4 e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança em 95% (IC95%). Após a identificação dos aglomerados significativos, estes foram caracterizados visualmente através de imagens coletadas em site de propriedade da empresa Google®. Foram coletados dados do Censo Demográfico 2010 para caracterização das áreas em risco. Resultados: Foram identificados 659 óbitos por TB. A maioria dos casos apresentou idade entre 15 e 59 anos (n= 355; 53,9%), sexo masculino (n= 439; 66,6) e com TB pulmonar como forma clínica predominante (n=565; 85,7%). Foram geocodificados 600 (91%) casos. Na análise espacial foram identificadas duas áreas com RE elevado (RE = 1,97, IC95% = 1,73- 2,19) e outra, com RE baixo (RE = 0,65, IC95%= 0,48-0,81). Quanto ao RET, apenas uma área de alto risco (RRE= 3,68, IC95%= 3,28-4,07) para o período de 2008 a 2011. A variação temporal da taxa de mortalidade por TB apresentou uma tendência de crescimento no município durante os anos estudados. Nas áreas com alto RE e RET, observou-se maior concentração de pessoas residindo com renda menor que ½ salário e com domicílios agrupando oito moradores ou mais. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou a presença de localidades em maior risco para a ocorrência do óbito por TB, o que em tese é explicado pelas condições sociais e sanitárias dessas regiões. Verificou-se que áreas de maior e menor risco para o óbito apresentaram uma heterogeneidade em suas características socioambientais, ressaltando a necessidade de ações de controle focadas a populações em vulnerabilidade / Objective: To estimate the spatial risk(SR) and spatial-temporal(TSR) of mortality due to tuberculosis (TB) at Manaus / AM, from 2006 to 2014 and in high and low risk areas, perform a comparative analysis of socioeconomic and health conditions. Methods: Ecological study, that were collected all cases of TB deaths, as the basic cause, occurred in the urban area of Manaus and registered in the Mortality Information System between 2006 and 2014. We performed a univariate analysis of the variables of the Death Certificate, consisting of sociodemographic and operational information on TB deaths. The cases were geocoded through TerraView 4.2.2. Was apply the scan statistic using the census tracts of the municipality of Manaus as the unit of analysis. SR and TSR and their respective confidence intervals were estimated at 95% (95% CI), through the software SaTScan version 9.4. After identification of the significant clusters, these were characterized visually through images collected on a site owned by Google®. Data were collected from the 2010 Demographic Census for the comparative analysis between the agglomerates in relation to social vulnerability, and for calculating morality rates by sociodemographic variables. Results: There were 659 deaths due to TB. The majority of the cases presented age between 15 and 59 years (n = 355, 53.9%), male (n = 439, 66.6) and pulmonary TB as the predominant clinical form (n = 565, 85.7%). It was geocoded 600 (91%) deaths per TB. In the spatial analysis, two areas with SR, being one of high risk (SR = 1,97, CI95% = 1,73-2,19), and another with low risk (SR = 0,65, CI95%= 0,48-0,81). Regarding TSR, only a high-risk area (TSR= 3,68, CI95%= 3,28-4,07) for the period from 2008 to 2011. The temporal variation of the mortality rate by TB showed a tendency of growth in the municipality during the years studied. In areas with high SR and TSR, a greater concentration of people residing with income lower than ½ salary and households with eight or more residents, was identified. Conclusion: The study evidenced the presence of localities at greater risk for the occurrence of TB death, which in theory is explained by the social and health conditions of these regions. It was verified that areas of greater and lower risk for death presented a heterogeneity in their socioenvironmental characteristics, emphasizing the need for control actions focused on vulnerable populations