Durkheim’s socioeconomic hypothesis of suicide has been a popular theory to test for sociologists. However the results have been mixed, offering very little cumulative sociological knowledge. Previous theory and research have found that there are contradictory results in the direction of the income regression coefficients used to study the relationship between income and suicide rates depending on if a time-series or a cross-sectional approach has been used. It has been hypothesised that the contradictory results are caused by a specification bias, namely failing to account for lagged income, which is influencing the direction of the regression coefficients. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of income on the Swedish municipalities’ suicide rates by replicating a study published in The American Journal of Sociology by Carl B. Barnes from 1975, in which he argued that the effect of income on the suicide rate is always negative. This cross-sectional analysis is based on municipality data on male, female and overall suicide in 2002 to 2004 from the Swedish Centre for National Prevention of Suicide and Mental Ill-Health at Karolinska Institutet among the working-age population (25-64 years). Control variables are the hypothesised lagged variable causing the specification bias, education, and three other possible contributing factors to suicide; unemployment, alcohol consumption and divorce. The results of the correlation and regression coefficients show that there is a negative effect of income on suicide for those aged 25 to 64 years when the other variables are held constant for both sexes; however the male results are not statistically significant. These results speak against the socioeconomic hypothesis of suicide, but generally confirm earlier findings of a negative relationship between median income and suicide. Low education is positively related to the suicide rate for males but there is no such relationship for female suicide. The findings also confirm alcohol consumption as an important factor in explaining the suicide rate. Unemployment and divorce show mixed results for the male and female suicide rates. The female unemployment rates are negatively related to suicide while male unemployment rates are not significant, on the other hand the divorce rates show a strong positive association with the female suicide rate and a negative association with the male suicide rate.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-06T20:33:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO MARIANA KIKUTI. 2014.pdf: 727085 bytes, checksum: 148b62bb5cc9bd6758d68af2f4c8c5b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-13T18:13:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO MARIANA KIKUTI. 2014.pdf: 727085 bytes, checksum: 148b62bb5cc9bd6758d68af2f4c8c5b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-13T18:13:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO MARIANA KIKUTI. 2014.pdf: 727085 bytes, checksum: 148b62bb5cc9bd6758d68af2f4c8c5b2 (MD5) / Introdução: A dengue é um problema de saúde pública de difícil controle em virtude de uma complexa cadeia de determinação. A identificação de características em agregados espaciais que atuem na determinação do risco de dengue pode ser útil para guiar estratégias populacionais de prevenção e controle. Objetivos: Este trabalho visou investigar se existem áreas de maior risco para detecção de dengue em uma comunidade urbana pobre de Salvador/BA e se fatores ambientais, demográficos e socioeconômicos em agregados espaciais podem explicar eventuais diferenças espaciais encontradas. De modo a determinar se as características contextuais eram específicas à detecção de dengue, foi investigado se os mesmos fatores estavam associados à detecção de casos de doença febril aguda (DFA) não dengue. Metodologia: O risco de detecção de dengue nos setores censitários (SC) que compõem a área de estudo foi obtido por uma vigilância aprimorada, de base populacional, para atendimento de emergência para DFA em 2009 e 2010. Os casos de dengue foram confirmados por ELISA-NS1, ELISA-IgM ou RT-PCR. Dados contextuais agregados ao nível de SC foram obtidos do censo nacional de 2010. Análises univariadas, multivariadas e espaciais foram realizadas utilizando modelos Poisson log-normal e condicional auto-regressivo para verificar associações entre o risco de detecção de dengue e risco de detecção de DFA não dengue com as características dos SC, bem como sua distribuição espacial. Resultados: A região central da área de estudo apresentou maior risco de detecção de dengue e de DFA não dengue, mesmo após o ajuste com os modelos. As caraterísticas contextuais associadas à detecção de dengue foram baixa renda (RR=1,02) e menor distância do SC à unidade de saúde (RR=0,86), que também foram associadas à detecção de DFA não dengue. A inclusão do termo espacial não alterou a magnitude das associações e o DIC dos modelos multivariados para detecção de dengue e de DFA não dengue. Conclusão: Mesmo em uma pequena comunidade urbana é possível identificar áreas de maior risco para detecção de dengue, associadas a setores censitários mais pobres e mais próximos à unidade de saúde. Entretando, os determinantes de risco para detecção de dengue (renda e probabilidade de detecção avaliada pela distância à unidade de saúde) não diferem daqueles que determinam a detecção de DFA não dengue. O uso da distância do centroide dos setores censitários às unidades mais próximas ao SC são alternativas viáveis de proxy de acesso ao sistema de saúde que pode ajudar a explicar a estrutura espacial da distribuição de agravos à saúde. / Introduction: Dengue constitutes an important public health issue with difficult control measures due to a complex determination process. The identification of group-level characteristics that participates in dengue determination can be useful in guiding population strategies for prevention and control of dengue. Aims: This study aimed to identify the risk istribution of dengue detection in a slum urban community in Salvador/Brazil and if environmental, demographic and socioeconomic factors can explain this risk distribution. In order to determine whether group-level characteristics were specific for dengue detection, we investigated whether the same factors were associated with non-dengue acute febrile illness (AFI) detection. Methods: The risk of dengue detection in the census tracts (CT) in the studied area was obtained by an improved population-based surveillance for emergency care for AFI in 2009 and 2010. Dengue cases were confirmed by ELISA-NS1, ELISA-IgM or RT-PCR. Aggregated CT contextual data were obtained from the national census of 2010. Univariate, multivariate and spatial analyzes were performed using Poisson lognormal and conditional autoregressive models to examine associations between the risk of dengue detection and the risk of non-dengue AFI detection with CT characteristics, as well as their spatial distribution. Results: The central region of the studied area showed a higher risk of dengue detection and non-dengue AFI detection, even after the adjustments with the models. Contextual characteristics were associated with dengue detection, such as low family income (RR=1,02) and smaller distance from the CT to the health facility (RR=0,86). These variables were also associated with non-dengue AFI detection. Conclusion: Even in a small urban community is possible to identify areas with highest risk for dengue detection dengue associated with poorer and closer to the health unit census tracts. The determinants of risk for dengue detection (income and probability of detection evaluated by the distance to the health facility) did not differ from those that determine non dengue AFI detection. The use of the distance from the centroid of the census tracts to the closest health facility is a viable alternative as proxy for access to the health system that can help explain the spatial structure of health issues distribution.

Introdução - A epidemia de HIV/Aids deve ser compreendida em todas as suas diferentes dimensões - biológica, social, cultural, política, econômica e geográfica, o que demanda a abordagem de diversas áreas do conhecimento para seu real enfrentamento. O uso de ferramentas de análise espacial permite identificar diferenciais no comportamento desse agravo nas populações e nos espaços que ocupam, o que pode auxiliar a selecionar áreas para políticas e intervenções específicas. Objetivo - Descrever a evolução da epidemia de Aids nos indivíduos com 13 anos ou mais de idade residentes no município de São Paulo, notificados no SINAN entre 1980 e junho de 2012, utilizando o referencial espacial. Métodos - 1. Estudo descritivo das variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e epidemiológicas dos casos de Aids. 2. Análise de varredura espacial, espaço-temporal e de variação espacial nas tendências temporais de todos os casos de Aids e de subgrupos específicos: pacientes com 50 anos de idade ou mais e óbitos por Aids, segundo áreas de ponderação. 3. Análise de regressão múltipla, para verificar a relação entre a incidência e a mortalidade por Aids padronizadas e indicadores sociais, demográficos, econômicos, educacionais, ambientais e ocupacionais do IBGE. Resultados - As taxas de incidência e de mortalidade por Aids variaram entre os dois sexos e ao longo do tempo, com tendência de queda em ambos os sexos; se concentraram na região central nos homens e apresentaram dispersão para áreas mais periféricas nas mulheres. A doença ganhou relevância nas mulheres mais idosas e naquelas com baixa escolaridade, nos homens com alta escolaridade e na faixa etária de 13 a 29 anos, bem como na categoria de exposição heterossexual em ambos os sexos e em homossexuais do sexo masculino. O tempo entre o diagnóstico e o óbito reduziu ao longo do tempo. As taxas de incidência e mortalidade apresentaram autocorrelação espacial nos anos censitários, exceto no sexo feminino em 2010. Os aglomerados espaciais no sexo masculino se concentraram mais no centro da cidade e em áreas contíguas das regiões norte e sudeste, e nas mulheres, foram mais dispersos pelo município. O período mais crítico para aglomerações da doença no sexo masculino ocorreu entre 1993 e 1999, e no feminino, de 1995 a 2003. Em ambos os sexos observou-se uma tendência temporal de periferização da Aids no município. Considerando-se os indicadores do IBGE, a incidência de Aids foi inversamente associada principalmente à proporção de domicílios particulares permanentes próprios e quitados ou em aquisição e diretamente relacionada à proporção de pessoas sem nenhuma religião ou culto ou não declarado. A taxa de mortalidade, por sua vez, também se associou negativamente à proporção de domicílios particulares permanentes próprios e quitados ou em aquisição, e positivamente à proporção de domicílios coletivos. Conclusões - Foram utilizadas diferentes metodologias na abordagem da epidemia de Aids, o que permitiu ampliar a visão sobre o agravo no município de São Paulo e fornecer subsídios para apoiar as instituições no planejamento e na definição de políticas públicas voltadas ao cuidado das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids. / Introduction - The HIV/AIDS must be understood in all its different dimensions - biological, social, cultural, political, economic and geographic, which demands the approach of different fields of knowledge to really face it. The use of spatial analysis tools allows the identification of differences in the behavior of this disease in populations and in the spaces they occupy, which can help to select areas for specific policies and interventions. Objective - To describe the evolution of the AIDS epidemic in individuals aged 13 years old or older, living in the city of São Paulo, who were reported in the SINAN system from 1980 to June 2012, using a spatial referential. Methods - 1. A descriptive study of sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological variables of AIDS cases. 2. Analysis of spatial scan, spatio-temporal scan and spatial variation in temporal trends of all AIDS cases and in specific subgroups: patients aged 50 years old or older, and deaths from AIDS, according to sample areas. 3. Multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the standardized incidence and mortality from AIDS and social, demographic, economic, educational, environmental and occupational indicators from IBGE. Results - The incidence and mortality rates from AIDS varied among the two sexes and over time, with a declining trend in both sexes; the rates were concentrated in the central region in men and spread to more peripheral areas in women. The disease has gained relevance in older women and in those with a lower education level, in men with a high educational level and in the age group of 13 to 29 years old, as well as in the heterosexual exposure category in both sexes and homosexual men. The time between diagnosis and death has reduced over time. The incidence and mortality rates showed spatial autocorrelation in the census years, except for females in 2010. The spatial clusters of males were more concentrated in the center of the city and in adjacent areas of the north and southeast, while females were more dispersed along the municipality. The most critical period for disease agglomeration in men occurred between 1993 and 1999, and in women from 1995 to 2003. There was a temporal trend of AIDS peripherization in the city for both sexes. Considering the IBGE indicators, the incidence of AIDS was inversely associated specially to the proportion of permanent private households, own and settled, or in acquisition, and directly related to the proportion of people without any religion or cult or not declared. The mortality rate was negatively associated to the proportion of permanent private households, own and settled, or in acquisition, and positively associated to the proportion of collective households. Conclusions - Different methodologies in the AIDS epidemic approach were used, which enabled to expand the vision of the disease in the city of São Paulo, providing information to support the institutions in the planning and definition of public policies towards the care of people living with HIV/AIDS.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-17T12:26:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danieladealmeidapereiraduarte.pdf: 5018386 bytes, checksum: 2001bbe4faa42486b08909ddea53c944 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:34:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danieladealmeidapereiraduarte.pdf: 5018386 bytes, checksum: 2001bbe4faa42486b08909ddea53c944 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danieladealmeidapereiraduarte.pdf: 5018386 bytes, checksum: 2001bbe4faa42486b08909ddea53c944 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Os cânceres de mama e colo do útero são as neoplasias mais frequentes no sexo feminino; suas taxas de incidência e mortalidade apresentam-se de formas diferentes nas regiões do país, sendo observadas elevadas taxas de neoplasia da mama nos locais desenvolvidos e de colo do útero nos menos desenvolvidos. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a associação entre desigualdade social e mortalidade por estes dois tipos de cânceres no estado de Minas Gerais e suas microrregiões de saúde, no período de 2008 a 2012. Os métodos de investigação adotados foram: revisão integrativa de literatura e um estudo ecológico. Primeiramente, por meio de descritores, realizou-se levantamento sistemático das produções científicas sobre iniquidade social e mortalidade por câncer de mama e colo do útero. Em seguida, foram extraídos em bases de dados nacionais o número de óbitos pelas duas neoplasias e informações sobre variáveis que compõem os indicadores sociais e de saúde em Minas Gerais. Os óbitos foram corrigidos levando-se em conta as causas mal definidas; posteriormente foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade específicas por idade e as taxas padronizadas por idade para MG e suas 77 microrregiões. Para o câncer de colo do útero esse método só foi adotado após a redistribuição dos óbitos classificados como neoplasia maligna do útero sem outra especificação. Resultados apontam que a mortalidade por câncer de mama ocorre principalmente entre as mulheres residentes em áreas mais desenvolvidas, já o câncer de colo do útero apresenta padrão inverso, sendo este fato também constatado nas microrregiões de saúde de Minas Gerais. Entre as neoplasias, o câncer de mama ocupou o primeiro lugar como causa de mortalidade da população feminina e as microrregiões com maiores taxas estão localizadas nas macrorregiões do Sudeste e Centro e as variáveis que explicam as taxas encontradas são: Índice de Vulnerabilidade na Saúde, taxa de fecundidade, distância percorrida para realização de mamografia e número de médicos/1000 habitantes. Já as menores taxas foram observadas no Norte e Nordeste, onde as microrregiões apresentaram alta vulnerabilidade na saúde, baixo índice de desenvolvimento humano e grau de urbanização além de elevadas taxas de mortalidade por Câncer de Colo do Útero. Este estudo demonstra que ao se avaliar as condições de saúde da população levando em conta a incidência e mortalidade por câncer de mama e colo do útero, deve-se considerar a influência dos fatores sociais e econômicos, assim será possível estabelecer políticas e ações de saúde que atendam a mulher de forma integral e que promovam a equidade a partir da estruturação de uma rede assistencial mais igualitária, regionalizada e hierarquizada. / The breast and cervical cancer are the most frequent neoplasms in women; its incidence and mortality rates are presented differently in regions of the country being observed elevated breast cancer rates in developed sites and cervix in less developed. This study aims to investigate the association between social inequality and mortality from these two types of cancers in Minas Gerais state and their health micro-regions, between 2008 and 2012. The adopted research methods were: integrative literature review and ecological study. First, through descriptors, there was a systematic survey of scientific production on social inequality and mortality from breast and cervical cancer. The number of deaths by both cancers and information about variables that compose the social and health indicators in Minas Gerais were taken in national databases. Deaths have been corrected considering the ill-defined causes; specific mortality rates were then calculated for age and standardized rates by age for MG and its 77 micro-regions. For cervical cancer this method was only adopted after the reallocation of deaths classified as malignant neoplasm of the uterus without another specification. Results indicate that mortality from breast cancer occurs mainly among women living in more developed areas, since cervical cancer presents reverse pattern, and this fact also observed in health micro-regions of Minas Gerais. Among the neoplasms, breast cancer ranked first as cause of death of the female population and micro-regions with the highest rates are located in the the Southeast and Center and the variables that explain the rates found are: Vulnerability Index in Health, Total fertility rate, distance to mammography and number of doctors / 1000 inhabitants.The lowest rates were observed in the North and Northeast, where the micro-regions showed high vulnerability in health, low human development index and degree of urbanization in addition to high mortality rates by breast cancer. This study demonstrates that when evaluating the health conditions of the population considering the incidence and mortality by breast and cervical cancer, it should be considered the influence of social and economic factors, then it is possible to establish health policies and health actions that comply with the woman full-time and promoting equity from the structuring of a more equitable, regionalized and hierarchical health care network.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-21T17:32:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mariasilviadeazevedocouto.pdf: 2895688 bytes, checksum: 20bccf6c5e6305b3ba035985a75ebf3b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-22T15:34:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mariasilviadeazevedocouto.pdf: 2895688 bytes, checksum: 20bccf6c5e6305b3ba035985a75ebf3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T15:34:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariasilviadeazevedocouto.pdf: 2895688 bytes, checksum: 20bccf6c5e6305b3ba035985a75ebf3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Alguns estudos sobre o câncer de mama no Brasil indicam que a mortalidade associada a esta doença cresceu nas últimas décadas. Contudo, após verificar que tal crescimento não ocorreu de forma homogênea no território nacional, buscou-se, nesse trabalho, analisar a taxa de mortalidade por câncer de mama nos municípios brasileiros e os fatores associados a esta neoplasia. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade, padronizadas por faixa etária, centradas nos anos de 1990, 2000 e 2010. Deste modo, foi possível estimar modelos de regressão, com dados em painel e corte transversal, que permitiram verificar o grau de associação de alguns destes fatores em diferentes períodos e regiões do Brasil. Os resultados indicaram que o crescimento da renda per capita, o aumento da expectativa de vida, a queda no nível de escolaridade, a redução da taxa de fecundidade e menores gastos públicos em saúde poderiam elevar a taxa da mortalidade por câncer de mama. No caso da taxa corrigida por causas mal definidas, apenas a longevidade e os gastos públicos em saúde afetariam a mortalidade pela doença. Constatou-se ainda que a mortalidade por câncer de mama é maior no Sul e no Sudeste e menor no Norte, Nordeste e Centro Oeste, respectivamente. Além disso, as menores taxas de mortalidade são encontradas em cidades com 20 a 100 mil habitantes. Já as maiores ocorreriam tanto nos municípios com mais de 500 mil habitantes quanto naqueles onde a população não chega a 5 mil. A análise de tendência revelou que as regiões brasileiras só não reduziram suas respectivas taxas de mortalidade devido a outros fenômenos vivenciados pelo país, tais como o crescimento da renda, a elevação da expectativa de vida e a diminuição da taxa de fecundidade. Por fim, os dados apresentados sobre o câncer de mama revelaram uma qualidade inferior dos registros de óbitos desta neoplasia nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste em comparação ao Sudeste e Sul do país. Entretanto, esta situação melhorou durante o período analisado. Além disso, a diminuição dos óbitos por causas mal definidas parece ter reduzido o impacto deste problema sobre a mortalidade por câncer de mama. / Some researchers have indicated an increase on breast cancer mortality in Brazil in recent decades. However, this growth has not been homogeneous along the national territory. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the factors associated to mortality rate from breast cancer of Brazilian counties. In order to accomplish this task, mortality rates, standardized by age group, were calculated to each county of Brazil to the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. It allowed us to estimate regression models, with cross-section and panel data, in order to verify the degree of association of these factors to different periods and regions of Brazil. The results revealed that a growth rate of per capita income, an increase of longevity, a decrease in the level of education, a reduction of fertility rates and a reduction of public spending on health could increase the mortality from breast cancer. However, when considering the mortality rate with correction by ill-defined causes, the results indicated that only the longevity and public spending on health would affect mortality. It was also found that mortality is higher in the South and Southeast and it is lower in the North, Northeast and Midwest, respectively. In addition, the lowest mortality rates were found in cities with 20.-100 thousand inhabitants. The highest mortality rates belong both to the big cities, with over 500 thousand inhabitants, as to the small ones, where the population does not reach 5 thousand. The trend analysis showed that Brazilian regions could have reduced their respective mortality rates if other phenomena (such as income growth, increased life expectancy and declining fertility rate) had not happened in Brazil. Finally, the compilation of data on breast cancer still showed a lower level of coverage of this neoplasm in the North, Midwest and Northeast and a higher level in the Southeast and South. However, this situation has improved over the considered period. Moreover, the reduction of deaths coming from ill-defined causes, verified along 1990, 2000 and 2010, appears to have reduced the effect of this problem on mortality from breast cancer.

No description available.

La campylobactériose représente la principale cause de gastro-entérite bactérienne dans les pays industrialisés. L’épidémiologie de la maladie est complexe, impliquant plusieurs sources et voies de transmission. L’objectif principal de ce projet était d’étudier les facteurs environnementaux impliqués dans le risque de campylobactériose et les aspects méthodologiques pertinents à cette problématique à partir des cas humains déclarés au Québec (Canada) entre 1996 et 2006. Un schéma conceptuel des sources et voies de transmission de Campylobacter a d’abord été proposé suivant une synthèse des connaissances épidémiologiques tirées d’une revue de littérature extensive. Le risque d’une récurrence de campylobactériose a ensuite été décrit selon les caractéristiques des patients à partir de tables de survie et de modèles de régression logistique. Comparativement au risque de campylobactériose dans la population générale, le risque d’un épisode récurrent était plus élevé pour les quatre années suivant un épisode. Ce risque était similaire entre les genres, mais plus élevé pour les personnes de régions rurales et plus faible pour les enfants de moins de quatre ans. Ces résultats suggèrent une absence d’immunité durable ou de résilience clinique suivant un épisode déclaré et/ou une ré-exposition périodique. L’objectif suivant portait sur le choix de l’unité géographique dans les études écologiques. Neuf critères mesurables ont été proposés, couvrant la pertinence biologique, la communicabilité, l’accès aux données, la distribution des variables d’exposition, des cas et de la population, ainsi que la forme de l’unité. Ces critères ont été appliqués à des unités géographiques dérivées de cadre administratif, sanitaire ou naturel. La municipalité affichait la meilleure performance, étant donné les objectifs spécifiques considérés. Les associations entre l’incidence de campylobactériose et diverses variables (densité de volailles, densité de ruminants, abattoirs, température, précipitations, densité de population, pourcentage de diplomation) ont ensuite été comparées pour sept unités géographiques différentes en utilisant des modèles conditionnels autorégressifs. Le nombre de variables statistiquement significatives variait selon le degré d’agrégation, mais la direction des associations était constante. Les unités plus agrégées tendaient à démontrer des forces d’association plus élevées, mais plus variables, à l’exception de l’abattoir. Cette étude a souligné l’importance du choix de l’unité géographique d’analyse lors d’une utilisation d’un devis d’étude écologique. Finalement, les associations entre l’incidence de campylobactériose et des caractéristiques environnementales ont été décrites selon quatre groupes d’âge et deux périodes saisonnières d’après une étude écologique. Un modèle de Poisson multi-niveau a été utilisé pour la modélisation, avec la municipalité comme unité. Une densité de ruminant élevée était positivement associée avec l’incidence de campylobactériose, avec une force d’association diminuant selon l’âge. Une densité de volailles élevée et la présence d’un abattoir de volailles à fort volume d’abattage étaient également associées à une incidence plus élevée, mais seulement pour les personnes de 16 à 34 ans. Des associations ont également été détectées avec la densité de population et les précipitations. À l’exception de la densité de population, les associations étaient constantes entre les périodes saisonnières. Un contact étroit avec les animaux de ferme explique le plus vraisemblablement les associations trouvées. La spécificité d’âge et de saison devrait être considérée dans les études futures sur la campylobactériose et dans l’élaboration de mesures préventives. / Campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of acute bacterial gastro-enteritis in industrialized countries. The epidemiology of the disease is complex, involving many sources and transmission pathways. The principal objective of this project was to study environmental factors and methodological aspects pertinent to the spatial epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis using cases reported in Quebec (Canada) between 1996 and 2006. A conceptual diagram of sources and transmission pathways of Campylobacter was first proposed following a synthesis of current epidemiological knowledge based on a comprehensive literature review. The risk of recurrent episodes in relation to patient characteristics was described. Life table estimates and logistic regression were used for modeling. Compared to campylobacteriosis risk in the general population, the risk for a recurrent disease event was higher for a period of four years with a decreasing trend. This increased risk was similar across gender but higher for people from rural areas and lower for children under four years old. These results may suggest the absence of durable immunity or clinical resilience following a first episode and/or periodic re-exposure, at least among reported cases. Next, criteria were proposed and applied to ascertain the best geographical unit to use. Nine measurable criteria were proposed, including biological relevance, communicability of results, ease of data access, distribution of exposure variables, cases and population, and unit shape. These criteria were applied to various geographical units derived from administrative, health services and natural frameworks. Ultimately, the municipal geographical unit performed the best, given the specific objectives of the study. Future research areas for optimizing the choice of geographical unit were discussed. Another objective was to estimate and compare the associations between incidence and various environmental characteristics (poultry density, ruminant density, slaughterhouse, temperature, and precipitation) and demographic characteristics (population density, diploma) using seven different geographical units. Conditional autoregressive models were used for statistical modeling. In general, the number of significant predictors decreased as the aggregation level increased but directions of associations were consistent. More aggregated scales tended to show larger but more variable estimates for all variables, with the exception of the presence of slaughterhouses. This study highlighted the need for careful selection and analysis of geographical units when using ecological designs in epidemiological studies. Finally, the association between environmental characteristics and incidence in relation to four age groups and deux seasonal periods was studied. A multi-level Poisson regression model was used for modeling at the municipal level. High ruminant density was positively associated with incidence but decreased with age. High poultry density and presence of a large poultry slaughterhouse were also associated with higher incidence for people aged 16-34. Associations were also detected with population density and average daily precipitation. Except for population density, associations were constant across seasonal periods. Close contact with farm animals is most likely involved in the associations observed. Clearly, age and season must be considered in future studies on campylobacteriosis and in the design of preventive measures.

La campylobactériose représente la principale cause de gastro-entérite bactérienne dans les pays industrialisés. L’épidémiologie de la maladie est complexe, impliquant plusieurs sources et voies de transmission. L’objectif principal de ce projet était d’étudier les facteurs environnementaux impliqués dans le risque de campylobactériose et les aspects méthodologiques pertinents à cette problématique à partir des cas humains déclarés au Québec (Canada) entre 1996 et 2006. Un schéma conceptuel des sources et voies de transmission de Campylobacter a d’abord été proposé suivant une synthèse des connaissances épidémiologiques tirées d’une revue de littérature extensive. Le risque d’une récurrence de campylobactériose a ensuite été décrit selon les caractéristiques des patients à partir de tables de survie et de modèles de régression logistique. Comparativement au risque de campylobactériose dans la population générale, le risque d’un épisode récurrent était plus élevé pour les quatre années suivant un épisode. Ce risque était similaire entre les genres, mais plus élevé pour les personnes de régions rurales et plus faible pour les enfants de moins de quatre ans. Ces résultats suggèrent une absence d’immunité durable ou de résilience clinique suivant un épisode déclaré et/ou une ré-exposition périodique. L’objectif suivant portait sur le choix de l’unité géographique dans les études écologiques. Neuf critères mesurables ont été proposés, couvrant la pertinence biologique, la communicabilité, l’accès aux données, la distribution des variables d’exposition, des cas et de la population, ainsi que la forme de l’unité. Ces critères ont été appliqués à des unités géographiques dérivées de cadre administratif, sanitaire ou naturel. La municipalité affichait la meilleure performance, étant donné les objectifs spécifiques considérés. Les associations entre l’incidence de campylobactériose et diverses variables (densité de volailles, densité de ruminants, abattoirs, température, précipitations, densité de population, pourcentage de diplomation) ont ensuite été comparées pour sept unités géographiques différentes en utilisant des modèles conditionnels autorégressifs. Le nombre de variables statistiquement significatives variait selon le degré d’agrégation, mais la direction des associations était constante. Les unités plus agrégées tendaient à démontrer des forces d’association plus élevées, mais plus variables, à l’exception de l’abattoir. Cette étude a souligné l’importance du choix de l’unité géographique d’analyse lors d’une utilisation d’un devis d’étude écologique. Finalement, les associations entre l’incidence de campylobactériose et des caractéristiques environnementales ont été décrites selon quatre groupes d’âge et deux périodes saisonnières d’après une étude écologique. Un modèle de Poisson multi-niveau a été utilisé pour la modélisation, avec la municipalité comme unité. Une densité de ruminant élevée était positivement associée avec l’incidence de campylobactériose, avec une force d’association diminuant selon l’âge. Une densité de volailles élevée et la présence d’un abattoir de volailles à fort volume d’abattage étaient également associées à une incidence plus élevée, mais seulement pour les personnes de 16 à 34 ans. Des associations ont également été détectées avec la densité de population et les précipitations. À l’exception de la densité de population, les associations étaient constantes entre les périodes saisonnières. Un contact étroit avec les animaux de ferme explique le plus vraisemblablement les associations trouvées. La spécificité d’âge et de saison devrait être considérée dans les études futures sur la campylobactériose et dans l’élaboration de mesures préventives. / Campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of acute bacterial gastro-enteritis in industrialized countries. The epidemiology of the disease is complex, involving many sources and transmission pathways. The principal objective of this project was to study environmental factors and methodological aspects pertinent to the spatial epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis using cases reported in Quebec (Canada) between 1996 and 2006. A conceptual diagram of sources and transmission pathways of Campylobacter was first proposed following a synthesis of current epidemiological knowledge based on a comprehensive literature review. The risk of recurrent episodes in relation to patient characteristics was described. Life table estimates and logistic regression were used for modeling. Compared to campylobacteriosis risk in the general population, the risk for a recurrent disease event was higher for a period of four years with a decreasing trend. This increased risk was similar across gender but higher for people from rural areas and lower for children under four years old. These results may suggest the absence of durable immunity or clinical resilience following a first episode and/or periodic re-exposure, at least among reported cases. Next, criteria were proposed and applied to ascertain the best geographical unit to use. Nine measurable criteria were proposed, including biological relevance, communicability of results, ease of data access, distribution of exposure variables, cases and population, and unit shape. These criteria were applied to various geographical units derived from administrative, health services and natural frameworks. Ultimately, the municipal geographical unit performed the best, given the specific objectives of the study. Future research areas for optimizing the choice of geographical unit were discussed. Another objective was to estimate and compare the associations between incidence and various environmental characteristics (poultry density, ruminant density, slaughterhouse, temperature, and precipitation) and demographic characteristics (population density, diploma) using seven different geographical units. Conditional autoregressive models were used for statistical modeling. In general, the number of significant predictors decreased as the aggregation level increased but directions of associations were consistent. More aggregated scales tended to show larger but more variable estimates for all variables, with the exception of the presence of slaughterhouses. This study highlighted the need for careful selection and analysis of geographical units when using ecological designs in epidemiological studies. Finally, the association between environmental characteristics and incidence in relation to four age groups and deux seasonal periods was studied. A multi-level Poisson regression model was used for modeling at the municipal level. High ruminant density was positively associated with incidence but decreased with age. High poultry density and presence of a large poultry slaughterhouse were also associated with higher incidence for people aged 16-34. Associations were also detected with population density and average daily precipitation. Except for population density, associations were constant across seasonal periods. Close contact with farm animals is most likely involved in the associations observed. Clearly, age and season must be considered in future studies on campylobacteriosis and in the design of preventive measures.

Esta tese é composta por três estudos ecológicos que incluíram as 27 capitais brasileiras. Esses três estudos foram os seguintes: 1- A associação entre a disponibilidade de cirurgiões-dentistas e a quantidade de procedimentos odontológicos nos serviços públicos de odontologia; 2- A associação entre a disponibilidade de cirurgiões-dentistas e a proporção de dentes restaurados (em relação ao total de dentes atacados pela cárie) em indivíduos de 15 a 19 anos ; 3- A associação da disponibilidade de cirurgiões-dentistas com a prevalência e severidade da cárie em indivíduos de 15 a 19 anos. As três investigações são apresentadas sob forma de artigos. Foram utilizados diversos bancos de dados secundários, disponíveis gratuitamente na internet. No primeiro estudo foi identificada associação do número de Equipes de Saúde Bucal do programa Saúde da Família (ESB) e de cirurgiões-dentistas no SUS de uma forma geral com o número de procedimentos odontológicos no serviço público; quanto mais ESB e cirurgiões-dentistas mais procedimentos odontológicos, tanto preventivos quanto restauradores. Mais dentistas no serviço público de odontologia significaram mais procedimentos preventivos e coletivos, porém um número relativamente pequeno a mais de restaurações. É preocupante a quantidade relativamente pequena de restaurações realizadas pelos dentistas do serviço público no Brasil diante do grande número de dentes com cárie não tratada, identificado pela pesquisa nacional de saúde bucal. O segundo estudo revelou que a quantidade de dentistas nas capitais brasileiras é muito grande e que, portanto, há capacidade instalada para atender todas as necessidades de tratamentos restauradores. Entretanto, o índice de cuidado odontológico em jovens de 15 a 19 anos revelou que menos da metade dos dentes atacados pela cárie tinham recebido o cuidado adequado, i.e., estavam restaurados. Este estudo concluiu que, o grande investimento da sociedade brasileira em odontologia, seja no setor público ou privado, não está tendo o retorno esperado, pelo menos para jovens de 15 a 19 anos. O terceiro estudo concluiu que fatores socioeconômicos amplos e flúor na água foram os principais determinantes da variação na prevalência e severidade da cárie em jovens de 15 a 19 anos e que a contribuição do dentista foi relativamente pequena. Diante do papel relativamente pequeno do dentista na prevenção da cárie, o esforço clínico do mesmo deveria, portanto, enfatizar tratamentos de maior complexidade, visando a restauração e reabilitação de danos relevantes para a função e bem estar (Serviço Pessoal de Saúde). Esforços efetivos para evitar a cárie dentária ocorrem principalmente no âmbito de estratégias preventivas populacionais (Serviço não Pessoal de Saúde), com uma contribuição relativamente pequena do trabalho clínico. / This thesis comprises three ecological studies including the 27 state capitals. These three studies were as follows: 1- The association between the availability of dentists and the amount of dental procedures in public dental services; 2- The association between the availability of dentists and the proportion of filled teeth (in relation to total teeth attacked by caries) in subjects 15-19 years; 3- The combination of the availability of dentists with the prevalence and severity of dental caries in individuals 15-19 years. The three investigations are presented in the form of articles. Many banks side, available freely on the internet data were used. In the first study association was found in the number of oral health teams of the Family Health Program (ESB) and dentists in the NHS in general with the number of dental procedures in the public service; ESB as more and more dentists dental procedures, both preventive as restorers. "Most dentists" in public dental services meant more collective and preventive procedures, but a relatively small number of the most restorations. Worryingly the relatively small amount of restorations performed by dentists of the public service in Brazil on the number of teeth with untreated caries, identified by a national survey of oral health. The second study revealed that the number of dentists in the Brazilian capital is very large and, therefore, there is capacity to meet all the needs of restorative treatments. However, the rate of dental care for young people aged 15 to 19 years revealed that less than half of the teeth attacked by caries had received proper care, for example, were restored. This study concluded that the large investment in Brazilian society in dentistry, whether in the public or private sector, is not having the expected return, at least for young people 15-19 years. The third study found that larger socioeconomic factors and fluoride in the water was the major determinant of variation in the prevalence and severity of dental caries in young people 15-19 years and that the contribution of the dentist was relatively small. Given the relatively small role of dental caries prevention, clinical effort it should therefore emphasize more complex treatments, aimed at the restoration and rehabilitation of significant damage to the function and well-being ("Personal Health Service"). Effective efforts to prevent tooth decay occur primarily in population-based prevention strategies ("no Personal Health Service"), with a relatively small contribution of clinical work.

Esta tese é composta por três estudos ecológicos que incluíram as 27 capitais brasileiras. Esses três estudos foram os seguintes: 1- A associação entre a disponibilidade de cirurgiões-dentistas e a quantidade de procedimentos odontológicos nos serviços públicos de odontologia; 2- A associação entre a disponibilidade de cirurgiões-dentistas e a proporção de dentes restaurados (em relação ao total de dentes atacados pela cárie) em indivíduos de 15 a 19 anos ; 3- A associação da disponibilidade de cirurgiões-dentistas com a prevalência e severidade da cárie em indivíduos de 15 a 19 anos. As três investigações são apresentadas sob forma de artigos. Foram utilizados diversos bancos de dados secundários, disponíveis gratuitamente na internet. No primeiro estudo foi identificada associação do número de Equipes de Saúde Bucal do programa Saúde da Família (ESB) e de cirurgiões-dentistas no SUS de uma forma geral com o número de procedimentos odontológicos no serviço público; quanto mais ESB e cirurgiões-dentistas mais procedimentos odontológicos, tanto preventivos quanto restauradores. Mais dentistas no serviço público de odontologia significaram mais procedimentos preventivos e coletivos, porém um número relativamente pequeno a mais de restaurações. É preocupante a quantidade relativamente pequena de restaurações realizadas pelos dentistas do serviço público no Brasil diante do grande número de dentes com cárie não tratada, identificado pela pesquisa nacional de saúde bucal. O segundo estudo revelou que a quantidade de dentistas nas capitais brasileiras é muito grande e que, portanto, há capacidade instalada para atender todas as necessidades de tratamentos restauradores. Entretanto, o índice de cuidado odontológico em jovens de 15 a 19 anos revelou que menos da metade dos dentes atacados pela cárie tinham recebido o cuidado adequado, i.e., estavam restaurados. Este estudo concluiu que, o grande investimento da sociedade brasileira em odontologia, seja no setor público ou privado, não está tendo o retorno esperado, pelo menos para jovens de 15 a 19 anos. O terceiro estudo concluiu que fatores socioeconômicos amplos e flúor na água foram os principais determinantes da variação na prevalência e severidade da cárie em jovens de 15 a 19 anos e que a contribuição do dentista foi relativamente pequena. Diante do papel relativamente pequeno do dentista na prevenção da cárie, o esforço clínico do mesmo deveria, portanto, enfatizar tratamentos de maior complexidade, visando a restauração e reabilitação de danos relevantes para a função e bem estar (Serviço Pessoal de Saúde). Esforços efetivos para evitar a cárie dentária ocorrem principalmente no âmbito de estratégias preventivas populacionais (Serviço não Pessoal de Saúde), com uma contribuição relativamente pequena do trabalho clínico. / This thesis comprises three ecological studies including the 27 state capitals. These three studies were as follows: 1- The association between the availability of dentists and the amount of dental procedures in public dental services; 2- The association between the availability of dentists and the proportion of filled teeth (in relation to total teeth attacked by caries) in subjects 15-19 years; 3- The combination of the availability of dentists with the prevalence and severity of dental caries in individuals 15-19 years. The three investigations are presented in the form of articles. Many banks side, available freely on the internet data were used. In the first study association was found in the number of oral health teams of the Family Health Program (ESB) and dentists in the NHS in general with the number of dental procedures in the public service; ESB as more and more dentists dental procedures, both preventive as restorers. "Most dentists" in public dental services meant more collective and preventive procedures, but a relatively small number of the most restorations. Worryingly the relatively small amount of restorations performed by dentists of the public service in Brazil on the number of teeth with untreated caries, identified by a national survey of oral health. The second study revealed that the number of dentists in the Brazilian capital is very large and, therefore, there is capacity to meet all the needs of restorative treatments. However, the rate of dental care for young people aged 15 to 19 years revealed that less than half of the teeth attacked by caries had received proper care, for example, were restored. This study concluded that the large investment in Brazilian society in dentistry, whether in the public or private sector, is not having the expected return, at least for young people 15-19 years. The third study found that larger socioeconomic factors and fluoride in the water was the major determinant of variation in the prevalence and severity of dental caries in young people 15-19 years and that the contribution of the dentist was relatively small. Given the relatively small role of dental caries prevention, clinical effort it should therefore emphasize more complex treatments, aimed at the restoration and rehabilitation of significant damage to the function and well-being ("Personal Health Service"). Effective efforts to prevent tooth decay occur primarily in population-based prevention strategies ("no Personal Health Service"), with a relatively small contribution of clinical work.