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Se evaluó el nivel de competitividad de la región La Plata, Berisso y Ensenada, describiendo sus características y comparando con otras regiones. Los objetivos principales de la investigación fueron: · Identificar las dimensiones y sectores o sub-sectores en los cuales se presentan las mayores oportunidades o debilidades de competitividad en el ámbito regional. · Evaluar la eficacia con que la economía regional utiliza su stock de recursos. · Detectar las oportunidades para la mejora de la competitividad.

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Durante las últimas dos décadas, la expansión de las remesas ha sido un fenómeno notable en todo el mundo y en particular, en América Latina. El volumen de las mismas se multiplicó por seis entre principios de la década del noventa y la actualidad. Este hecho desencadenó un fuerte interés en la literatura económica, que se concentra en los efectos y determinantes del ingreso de grandes montos de divisas en las economías.

Revisión de los impactos de la crisis financiera internacional en la economía peruana

Analiza las posibilidades de lograr la integración económica de los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN), como un medio de lograr el desarrollo de los países latinoamericanos. Reflexiona acerca de los textos constitucionales vigentes en los países de la CAN y puntualiza en que se debe adoptar una serie de medidas que permitan realmente lograr la integración económica en América Latina, hecho que se considera posible si se tiene en cuenta que, los países europeos han logrado integrarse con mucha eficacia, pese a que entre sus miembros más conspicuos, Francia y Alemania, han pasado por dos guerras mundiales.

The concept of Region is one of the elements which has differentiated Regional Economics from other fields of Applied Economics. In spite of this, however, researchers in this field of economic analysis have not paid a great deal of attention to this concept. All too often, Regions have been identified with the politico-administrative units into which nationstates have divided their territory and for which statistical information is widely available. However, a Region can be defined in many different ways. Frameworks which define regions according to analytical/theoretical criteria provide greater scope for applied studies and permit a more complete interpretation of the results contained therein. In this research we have proposed a concept of Region which goes beyond the administrative division of territory. Our regional aggregation has been based on agglomeration economies, one of the fundamental concepts in the fields of Economic Geography and Urban and Regional Economics. In accordance with the work of Polèse et al. (2007), the territory has been classified into analytical regions which take into account the size of the population and the distance from the main urban areas. In doing so, we achieve an aggregation which corresponds with the differences in agglomeration economies across space. However, their robustness in comparison with the administrative units commonly used has - to date - not been evaluated.The objective of the first chapter of this thesis was to prove that the functional regions defined under such economic criteria provide better defined regions - in terms of greater compactness and separation - than the administrative ones commonly used to carry out labour market studies at sub-national level. Using micro data from the last available Spanish Census, the functional and administrative regions are evaluated using the Theil index and the Davies-Bouldin Validation index. Applied to employment (by gender, industry and level of qualification and occupation), both indexes show better results for the analytical regions than for any of the ordinary administrative ones (NUTS I, II or III regions). In other words, the analytical classification generates areas where the distribution of employment is more homogeneous within and more heterogeneous between the regions. Agglomeration economies and distance (to the metropolis) seem to be relevant for understanding the patterns of distribution of employment, either by gender, by industry or by level of qualification and occupation. In practice, this provides a clearer way for identifying local labour markets and explaining their differences and similarities. In light of the results from the first chapter, we suggest the use of this alternative classification -subject, of course, to the availability of data - when carrying out Labour Economics studies that include a spatial dimension. The following chapters have provided two applications of this analytical division of the territory to Labour Economics issues: the factors affecting the probability of being employed (Chapter 2) and the effects that labour mobility and commuting have on the central regions (Chapter 3). In the second chapter, we presented a spatial analysis of employment at local level where, among other factors, the demographic and geographical characteristics can and do affect the outcome. The empirical results support the hypothesis that size - in terms of population - and location - in terms of distance to a metropolis - are explanatory variables for the probability of being employed. In other words, employment depends not only on the personal characteristics of the individuals (level of education, age, sex, etc.) but also on the type of analytical region - as defined in Chapter 1 - where they live. Regarding the importance of location, our results show a significant gap in the chances of being employed between "central" and "peripheral" types of regions, i.e., the closer the region is to the metropolis, the higher the concentration of economic activity and therefore employment. Likewise, the types of regions, i.e., the closer the region is to the metropolis, the higher the concentration of economic activity and therefore employment. Likewise, theexpected negative relationship between employment and the size of the region where the individual lives is confirmed, and this seems to be stronger for non-skilled individuals than for people with university studies. In terms of employability, the largest Spanish metropolitan areas (MA1) seem to be enjoying the full benefits of agglomeration economies while the smaller metropolitan areas (MA2) seem to be suffering their negative effects. Likewise, for urban areas that cannot be considered "metropolitan areas" (UA1 and UA2), size does not seem to be as important as their central-peripheral location. In rural areas (less than 50,000 inhabitants), both size and distance seem to be relevant determinants of employability. In other words, regardless of the level of studies, there are fewer chances of being employed in rural areas as opposed to urban areas and in peripheral rural areas as opposed to central rural areas. Recognizing the importance of these spatially differentiated results should have a significant impact on current policy discussions, shifting the focus from general solutions to more spatially customized ones where size and location are considered. Just as differences in age, gender or industrial structure are taken into account in the design of employment policies (at national or local level), these results suggest that an additional spatial dimension that somehow includes the size and location of the local area where the person lives should be considered. Some important migration policy implications can also be derived when using these alternative functional regions to analyze the direct and indirect effects that the arrival of workers has in the core regions. Spain has experienced over the last two decades an intense arrival of both immigrants and in-migrants to its central regions, and as a consequence (though not exclusively) of these inflows, we can observe internal migrations and/or commuting to some areas that might be more attractive. Using the last available Census, the estimations for Spain of an input-output multi-regional model that includes the possibility of commuting show that the arrival of in- and im-migration to the core generates a set of effects induced by the redistribution of population among other regions. The arrival of workers from the periphery to the core provokes reallocations of residence in all cases (displacement effect).However, the intensity of these reallocations increases with size, which shows the existence of some agglomeration diseconomies associated with big cities. When the possibility of commuting is also considered, the arrival of workers from the periphery to the core generates the reallocation of both jobs (economic activity) and residences. The larger cities are the ones pushing out more residents to other areas, while keeping most of the jobs. In other words, they are becoming attractive areas to work in, but not to live in (due to, among other reasons, high housing costs, congestion or other negative externalities). The oppposite is true for the smaller cities, which are attractive for residing in but for working in. The distributional pattern of residences proves to be different to the distributional pattern of jobs. These results highlight the idea that the effects of the arrival of population are not only felt by the recipient region/city but may generate comparatively far larger effects on other regions in the form of internal migration and commuting flows, something that policy makers should bear in mind. To conclude, surpassing the administrative division of the territory, this classification manages to have explanatory power in spatial Labour Economics topics while including relevant geo-economic characteristics such as location and agglomeration economies. The use of this classification has proved to offer a better understanding of the patterns of distribution of employment (by gender, by industry or by level of qualification and occupation), job opportunities, and of the probabilities of being employed depending on the level of qualification or the degree of attractiveness of a region for working or living purposes. Some other questions spatially related to the performance of regional labour markets remain unanswered. Future lines of research include the application of this classification to the study of labour economic issues such as the determinants of unemployment, inter-industrial labour mobility or the existence of overqualification taking into account spatial factors (i.e. the type of analytical region where the potential worker lives) which are usually ignored.Agglomeration economies and distance play an important role in the location of economic activity, and therefore should affect the labour outcomes once the worker has decided to live in certain type of region. Obviously, such a decision does not have to be permanent, and workers can move in order to improve their labour opportunities. Therefore, a further possible question of relevance is the internal migration decisions between and within analytical regions. That is, can certain regularities be observed? Are people moving from peripheral regions to central or metropolitan areas or the other way round? Are internal migrations better explained in terms of size, i.e. in terms as counter-urbanization or urbanization? Are these movements linked to job opportunity decisions? Can we observe any differences according to their level of qualification? Even more, workers can be employed in a certain type of region but live in another, i.e., we could observe migration on a daily basis (commuting). Is one type of analytical region attracting workers or attracting residents? Do people tend to live and work in the same type of region? Could the analytical division be improved in order to specifically include the commuting criteria used in the local labour markets literature? We believe that these questions provide a fascinating and important future research agenda.

Seminario para optar al grado de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Economía / Chile es un país pequeño, pero muy largo que alcanza aproximadamente 4.300 kilómetros de extensión en el Pacífico Sur. Según un estudio encargado por el gobierno, Chile es reconocido a nivel mundial por ser un país rico en paisajes más que por su identidad o cultura, como pasa con países como Perú, Brasil o Argentina (SERNATUR, 2010). Se destaca por la gran cantidad de climas y microclimas de su geografía y territorio, que incluyen desde el desierto más árido del mundo, pasando por los valles, las islas, los volcanes, lagos, lagunas, glaciares y fiordos, y que rematan, al extremo sur, en el desierto blanco y helado de la Antártica. Sin embargo, el año 2012, de cerca de 1.035 millones de turistas a nivel mundial (OMT, 2013), Chile logró capturar poco más de 3,4 millones de visitas (SERNATUR, 2013), que corresponde a sólo 0,33% y que constituyó una cifra récord para el país. Además alrededor de 40% de estos visitantes corresponde a turistas argentinos que arriban durante el año, naturalmente con mayor presencia en los meses de verano. La gran parte del turismo receptivo del país es intra-regional, es decir, tiene su origen en los mismos países sudamericanos, por lo que con poca frecuencia la grandiosidad de las postales de la geografía de Chile salen más allá del continente sudamericano. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar mediante modelos teorométricos1, las variables que afectan la demanda turística hacia Chile y sus importancias relativas. Se utiliza los 5 países con mayor participación en la llegada de turistas y que explican aproximadamente el 80% del turismo receptivo del país. Se realiza estimaciones por mínimos cuadrados ordinario (MCO) y modelos de series de tiempo, como AR(p) y ARMA(p,q). La variable independiente a estimar es el logaritmo del flujo mensual de turistas. Las variables explicativas incorporadas al modelo estimado son el rezago de la variable independiente además del logaritmo del PIB per cápita promedio, los meses del año, las diferencias de los índices (IPC) de los 5 países estudiados respecto del de Chile, etc. A priori se espera que los rezagos tengan incidencia 1 Modelos teóricos y econométricos asociados al turismo (Alcaide 1964). positiva en los modelos estimados. También se espera que la elasticidad ingreso del turismo receptivo del país sea positiva y mayor a 1, debido a la presunción teórica y la evidencia empírica que señalan que el turismo constituye un bien de lujo.

Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Economía / Chile es un país que se caracteriza por el alto nivel de centralización política, económica y administrativa. Esto en conjunto con un comportamiento a nivel regional muy heterogéneo, existen regiones que a través de los años han presentado un comportamiento muy superior a otras en términos de desarrollo económico y social. Es esto lo que nos motiva a analizar la convergencia económica regional en Chile. Nuestro análisis presenta una metodología de carácter deductivo, comienza con una presentación del país en términos generales, mediante la cual se puede concluir que efectivamente existe un alto nivel de centralización, luego con el método de los cuadrantes realizamos una clasificación de las regiones, para así saber cómo se han comportado durante los últimos años de forma particular cada una de las 15 regiones. Luego, en el siguiente capítulo, analizamos si existe convergencia y los resultados no son significativos ya que en el modelo hay variables difíciles de medir que no fueron incluidas, pero sí tienen gran influencia, como las instituciones. Para finalizar, se realiza un estudio acabado de dos regiones que presentan comportamientos muy distintos, que son la Región de Tarapacá y la Región de la Araucanía, es en base a este análisis profundo que detectamos que la principal razón que genera desigualdad entre las regiones es la institucionalidad. La institucionalidad se refiere a las reglas del juego que rigen las decisiones económicas y políticas de un país, y para el caso de Chile, esta institucionalidad difiere entre regiones, pretendemos que este trabajo sea una guía que indique posibles medidas de nivel de políticas públicas que permitan impulsar un desarrollo económico regional, y que también sea una guía que permita realizar estudios de otras regiones, y analizar cuál es el rol que actualmente cumplen las instituciones en el desarrollo de nuestro país.