This dissertation builds on existing work by members of the ‘Occupational Structure of Britain 1379-1911’ project, led by Leigh Shaw-Taylor and E.A. Wrigley. It addresses three central problems of the project, namely (a) the lack of geographical and temporal coverage by the project’s existing data sources before the nineteenth century, (b) the allocation of the numerous men with the indistinct denominator of ‘labourer’ to occupational sectors, and (c) the correction of occupational structures derived from single-occupation denominators for the (presumed) ubiquity of dual employments in the early-modern world. The solutions to these problems result in a set of estimates for the male occupational structure of England and Wales between 1600 and 1850, in twenty-year time intervals, at the level of sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary) and sub-sectors (farmers, miners, textile workers, transport workers, etcetera), at national, regional, and local geographical scales. These estimates raise important questions regarding the validity of conclusions drawn in the highly influential national accounts literature. Firstly, they place the structural shift from agriculture to industry firmly in the seventeenth and, to a lesser degree, even the sixteenth century, well before the Industrial Revolution. This, in turn, means that productivity growth in the secondary sector during the Industrial Revolution must have been much higher than previously thought, and thereby also the effects of technological and organisational innovation. Secondly, it provides strong evidence that although economic developments during the eighteenth and early-nineteenth century may seem to have been limited and gradual at the national scale, this surface calm hides diverging regional developments which were anything but limited and gradual, held together by a persistently growing transport sector. The result was a regionally specialised yet integrated economy, firmly in place at the eve of the Industrial Revolution which – in light of the known role of small, specialised regions as incubators of technological innovation and novel forms of economic organisation in present-day economies – may well have contributed to Britain’s precocious transition to modern economic growth.

Pedersen, N. Skoghagen, S. 2018. Virtuella och fysiska platsers betydelse för romantiska och intima möten – En kvalitativ studie på studenters attityder. Uppsatser Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet. Fler och fler människor träffas idag via virtuella mötesplatser så som dejtingsidor och dejtingapplikationer. Förändringen har dock inte varit lika påtaglig för yngre människor och det var först i och med introduktionen av Tinder år 2012 som även denna grupp började träffas virtuellt i större utsträckning. I Sverige dröjde det ytterligare ett par år innan applikationen blev populär men idag används den i stor utsträckning och har börjat bli ett alternativ till att möta nya människor på̊ fysiska platser såsom jobb, skola och nattklubbar. Uppsatsen undersöker vilken betydelse det virtuella rummet har för romantiska och intima möten och gör det genom att genomföra fyra fokusgruppsintervjuer med kvinnliga och manliga studenter. Studien fokuserar på̊ fem huvudområden där studenter ansåg att den virtuella platsen har inflytande på̊ intima och romantiska möten. Dessa är känslan av trygghet, vilka personer som gynnas, vilka syften till romantiska och intima möten som finns, inställningen till mötesplatserna samt riskerna med att ha en mötesplats som inte är bunden till en tid och plats. Studenterna ansåg att anonymiteten som det virtuella mötesplatser erbjuder både har för- och nackdelar. De ansåg vidare att även om de virtuella mötesplatserna blivit mer accepterade idag så finns det fördomar kvar kring den virtuella mötesplatsen som ett forum endast för sexuell kontakt som behöver överkommas för att dessa mötesplatser ska få ett mer positivt rykte.

Le fait que les activités d'innovation soient très concentrées dans l'espace, et en particulier dans les villes, a motivé un effort de recherche important pour comprendre les dynamiques spatiales de l'innovation. Si les flux de connaissances sont largement reconnus comme un facteur déterminant de la géographie de l’innovation, les mécanismes par lesquels ils se diffusent dans l'espace demeurent méconnus. En particulier, la littérature souligne l'importance de la mobilité des travailleurs qualifiés et des réseaux de collaboration scientifique. Cette thèse examine le rôle de la mobilité qualifiée dans la diffusion des connaissances, ainsi que la distribution spatiale des activités d’innovation qui en résulte. Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse procède en trois étapes. Le premier chapitre fournit un cadre conceptuel articulant trois courants de littérature dont la nouvelle économie géographique, les modèles de croissance endogène, ainsi que les contributions empiriques sur la géographie de l’innovation. Une des conclusions principales de ce chapitre est que les modèles alliant économie géographique et croissance endogène fournissent un cadre théorique pertinent, puisqu’ils reconnaissent le rôle de la mobilité qualifiée et des externalités de connaissances dans la répartition des activités d’innovation. Cependant, leurs conclusions demeurent incomplètes pour au moins deux raisons.Premièrement, les dynamiques de migration sont très simplistes, et l’introduction de travailleurs avec des caractéristiques et des préférences de localisation hétérogènes altère le mécanisme cumulatif à la base de l’agglomération. Le second chapitre analyse les trajectoires de mobilité des inventeurs entre les villes Européennes, ainsi que leur dimension spatiale. En utilisant ces résultats, un modèle de gravité avec filtres spatiaux est utilisé pour estimer formellement comment le marché du travail, les réseaux de collaborations ainsi que les aménités, influencent les flux de mobilité des inventeurs.Deuxièmement, ces modèles ne considèrent pas la mobilité qualifiées comme un mécanisme de diffusion des connaissances. La littérature empirique a établi que les individus qualifiés influencent les flux de connaissances par leur mobilité professionnelle, ainsi que par les réseaux de collaboration et la capacité d’absorption qui en résulte. Le troisième chapitre estime un modèle spatial de Durbin pour étudier ces trois mécanismes dans un cadre unifié. L'hypothèse sous-jacente est que la mobilité et les réseaux donnent accès aux connaissances externes, mais la proportion de ces connaissances utilisée pour l'innovation dépend de la capacité d'absorption.Ces résultats ont de nombreuses implications pour la géographie de l'innovation. Alors que la mobilité de long terme devrait constituer une force d'agglomération importante, le développement des mobilités de court terme ou circulaires constituent une force de dispersion. L'importance relative de ces deux effets demeure incertaine, car les choix de localisation sont hétérogènes, de sorte que les trajectoires de mobilité varient considérablement. Ces éléments pourraient fournir une explication partielle aux écarts de croissance entre les zones urbaines, et dans une perspective plus dynamique, si cette différence tend à s’accroître ou à se résorber au cours du temps. / The fact that innovative activity is remarkably concentrated in space, and in particular in cities, has motivated an important research effort to understand the spatial dimension of innovation, and the underlying mechanisms at work. While the literature has established the importance knowledge flows for location of innovation, the mechanisms through which they diffuse in space remain largely understudied. In particular, studies have insisted on the importance of skilled workers' mobility and the networked nature of knowledge production for innovation. Building on these considerations, this thesis investigates the role of skilled mobility in the diffusion of knowledge, and the resulting distribution of innovative activity. To answer this question, the thesis proceeds in three steps. The first chapter sets the conceptual framework and surveys the related literature. One of the main conclusion of this review is that some new economic geography and growth models provide a useful theoretical framework, because they recognize the importance of skilled mobility and knowledge externalities for the distribution of innovation. However, they fail to provide a reasonable answer to our research question for at least two reasons. First, the migration dynamics are very simplistic, and introducing heterogeneity in workers' characteristics and location preferences alters the cumulative mechanism of agglomeration. The second chapter provides a descriptive analysis on the patterns of inventors' mobility across urban areas, and their spatial dimension. Using these results, a spatial filtering gravity model is used to analyse formally how employment opportunities, professional networks and urban amenities, influence inventors' mobility flows. Second, these models do not consider workers' role in the diffusion of knowledge. The literature has established that skilled individuals influence the diffusion of knowledge by moving across organisation, creating network relationships and building absorptive capacities. The third chapter implements a spatial Durbin model to study these three mechanisms in an integrated framework. It is assumed that that mobility and networks provide access to knowledge, but the proportion of accessible knowledge used for innovation depends on absorptive capacity. These results have implications for the geography of innovation. While long-term mobility acts as a strong agglomeration force, the development of short-term, circular patterns of mobility should give rise to dispersion. The relative importance of these two effects is uncertain, because workers have different propensities and motivation to move, so that mobility patterns differ considerably. This should help explaining the persistence of long-run growth differentials among urban areas, and in a more dynamic setting, whether these gaps tend to widen or fall over time.

O objetivo dessa dissertação foi retratar as principais evidências empíricas existentes até então, focando na equação de salários, uma das ferramentas mais utilizadas da Nova Geografia Econômica, segundo Hanson (1998).O estudo apresentou resultados consistentes sobre a importância da teoria para a explicação do diferencial de salário, focando no acesso ao mercado e, por conseguinte, no custo de transporte e retornos crescentes de escala como contundentes para se entender o padrão de aglomeração de determinada região. O estudo pretendeu também contribuir com o leque de evidências acerca da Nova Geografia Econômica como explicação para o padrão de aglomeração brasileiro. Para isso foi utilizado uma especificação concernente à teoria, buscando focar na acessibilidade do mercado por meio do teste dos três parâmetros estruturais da Nova Geografia Econômica e por fim, a última testou a aplicabilidade da equação de Fujita at al (2002) ao modelo brasileiro. Por meio da utilização de dados da PNAD para todos os Estados brasileiros, chega-se a conclusão de que o mercado potencial não deve ser desconsiderado pelos formuladores de políticas publicas ao se pensar na desigualdade brasileira de salários e, por conseguinte no padrão de aglomeração da atividade econômica que se verifica no país. / The goal of this dissertation was portraying the main empirical evidence available so far, focusing on the equation of wages, one of the most used tools of the New Economic Geography, according to Hanson (1998). The study showed consistent results on the importance of theory for the explanation of 'salary differential, focusing on market access and therefore the cost of transport and increasing returns to scale as remarkable for understanding the pattern of settlement in a region. The study also wanted to contribute to the range of evidence about the New Economic Geography as explanation for the pattern of agglomeration Brazil. For this we used a specification regarding theory, focus on seeking market access through the test of the three structural parameters of the New Economic Geography and finally, the last tested the applicability of the equation of Fujita at al (2002) to the Brazilian model. Through the use of data from PNAD for all Brazilian states, we reach the conclusion that the market potential should not be disregarded by policymakers when they are thinking of Brazilian inequality of wages and therefore in the pattern of agglomeration of economic activity that takes place in the country.

Orientador: Auro Aparecido Mendes / Banca: Bernadete Aparecida Caprioglio de Castro / Banca: Lélio Galdino Rosa / Resumo: Em um contexto marcado pela crescente busca pelo desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, a inovação surge como um componente viabilizador rumo ao progresso econômico e social. Nesse sentido, as transformações ocorridas por esses novos engendramentos impactam diretamente na organização territorial e determinam o grau de atuação de determinada nação frente ao mercado internacional. O conhecimento, fase anterior à implantação da inovação, apresenta-se como um fator preponderante e viabilizador do "ambiente inovador", configuração responsável por impulsionar os processos inovativos e caracterizar a tipologia dos sistemas peculiares à criação em vias de efetivação no mercado. A Universidade exerce um papel de suma importância, pois uma que vez que é produtora e disseminadora do conhecimento, através de pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas, é capaz de contemplar os interesses da sociedade gerando desenvolvimento econômico e social. Os NITs (Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica), tendo como prerrogativa a gestão do conhecimento produzido pelas Universidades, exercem um papel de destaque na configuração territorial, pois viabilizam as trocas de informação entre os agentes que compõem os Sistemas de Inovação, com as suas respectivas escalas espaciais de atuação / Mestre

O objetivo dessa dissertação foi retratar as principais evidências empíricas existentes até então, focando na equação de salários, uma das ferramentas mais utilizadas da Nova Geografia Econômica, segundo Hanson (1998).O estudo apresentou resultados consistentes sobre a importância da teoria para a explicação do diferencial de salário, focando no acesso ao mercado e, por conseguinte, no custo de transporte e retornos crescentes de escala como contundentes para se entender o padrão de aglomeração de determinada região. O estudo pretendeu também contribuir com o leque de evidências acerca da Nova Geografia Econômica como explicação para o padrão de aglomeração brasileiro. Para isso foi utilizado uma especificação concernente à teoria, buscando focar na acessibilidade do mercado por meio do teste dos três parâmetros estruturais da Nova Geografia Econômica e por fim, a última testou a aplicabilidade da equação de Fujita at al (2002) ao modelo brasileiro. Por meio da utilização de dados da PNAD para todos os Estados brasileiros, chega-se a conclusão de que o mercado potencial não deve ser desconsiderado pelos formuladores de políticas publicas ao se pensar na desigualdade brasileira de salários e, por conseguinte no padrão de aglomeração da atividade econômica que se verifica no país. / The goal of this dissertation was portraying the main empirical evidence available so far, focusing on the equation of wages, one of the most used tools of the New Economic Geography, according to Hanson (1998). The study showed consistent results on the importance of theory for the explanation of 'salary differential, focusing on market access and therefore the cost of transport and increasing returns to scale as remarkable for understanding the pattern of settlement in a region. The study also wanted to contribute to the range of evidence about the New Economic Geography as explanation for the pattern of agglomeration Brazil. For this we used a specification regarding theory, focus on seeking market access through the test of the three structural parameters of the New Economic Geography and finally, the last tested the applicability of the equation of Fujita at al (2002) to the Brazilian model. Through the use of data from PNAD for all Brazilian states, we reach the conclusion that the market potential should not be disregarded by policymakers when they are thinking of Brazilian inequality of wages and therefore in the pattern of agglomeration of economic activity that takes place in the country.

Observed trends in R&D expenditures reveal that the quantity and geographical distribution of such investments has changed over the years. Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are increasingly spending money on R&D investments, as they must continuously upgrade their processes, products and services for establishing long-term success in today’s increasingly competitive landscape. In the mist of this, MNEs from developed countries are increasingly making R&D investments in emerging markets. India and China has in this regard be termed “hotspots” and do today house several R&D clusters. Given the important role of R&D and the changing patterns of such investments,  the following thesis aims to address four related research gaps: (1) the limited understanding of how MNEs make location choices, (2) the limited recognition of the inherent differences between research and development oriented activities and how such differences impact location choices, (3) the relatively limited attention scholars have given India, although this country is attracting significant amounts of R&D investments, and (4) the limited understanding of how emerging markets differ on a sub-national level. Based on these issues, the following research question has been formulated: What are the differences and similarities between R&D city clusters in India, that are significant from a western R&D investment perspective?   The purpose of this research question is three-fold. It firstly serves to encourage the integration of International Business (IB) and Economic Geography (EG) literature for better understanding location choices for economic activities. Secondly, it serves to encourage researchers to acknowledge and take into account the inherent difference between research and development activities. And thirdly, it serves to highlight that regional variation exist in emerging markets on a sub-national level. A sub purpose of this is to encourage more research on India.   For addressing the research question in matter, this thesis has studied Bangalore and Gurgaon which are two growing clusters in India. They have been studied through a qualitative research methodology where interviews have been combined with secondary sources for understanding their differences and similarities, and subsequently their strengths and weaknesses from a research and development perspective respectively. By looking at factor-, demand-, industry-, firm rivalry- , network- and policy conditions, it has been found that several areas of similarities and differences exist between the two clusters. In regards to similarities, both have similar levels of costs in terms of human capital; both cities receive support from the national government and both cities largely serve customers across the world, including India, and do thus both provide environments where there is to some degree a pressure from sophisticated demand conditions to be more innovative. In regards to differences, Bangalore has relatively more talented human capital available; Bangalore is dominated by the IT industry whereas Gurgaon is not clearly dominated by a single industry; Bangalore has more proactive support from its local policy makers; Bangalore has more local network linkages whilst Gurgaon has more global network linkages; and lastly, Gurgaon has more local rivalry. Based on these similarities and differences, it has been argued that Gurgaon is a relatively better location for both research and development oriented R&D investments from a telecom industry perspective.   Essentially strong enough evidence for the identified similarities and differences has not always been found due to limited data. They are nevertheless indications of regional variations that could serve as a basis for future research to have a closer look at. As indications of similarities and differences that affect the location choice of research and development activities differently has been found - using an approach integrating insights from IB and EG - this paper has served its purpose in terms of encouraging further research related to identified research gaps.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 takami_st_me_rcla.pdf: 2166229 bytes, checksum: 8d50663138a8a759dd2f8eb04ef1fa97 (MD5) / O êxodo dos estabelecimentos industriais, em direção às periferias urbanas, pode ser explicado por inúmeras causas, dentre as quais se destacam: o alto preço dos terrenos nas áreas centrais das cidades, a falta de espaço para a ampliação das unidades produtivas, a existência de incentivos para a localização em distritos industriais, principalmente. Tais mudanças na dinâmica locacional intraurbana podem ocorrer de forma espontânea ou de forma planejada, através de políticas públicas e privadas, visando o desenvolvimento territorial. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as políticas públicas e privadas adotadas na implantação de Distritos Industriais e para o desenvolvimento territorial em Piracicaba (SP) e analisar os aspectos socioeconômicos e espaciais das indústrias instaladas. Atualmente, o município de Piracicaba possui 3 Distritos Industriais, onde estão instaladas indústrias de grande porte de capitais locais, nacionais e estrangeiros. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo, ainda, compreender a importância das políticas de desenvolvimento local adotadas na atração do grande capital e quais as condições necessárias para a sua reprodução / The exodus of industrial establishments, toward the urban periphery, can be explained by many causes, among which stand out: the high price of land in the central areas of cities, the lack of space for expansion of production unit, the existence of incentives for locating in industrial districts, mostly. These changes in intraurban locacional dynamic may occur spontaneously or in a planned way, through public and private politics, seeking the territorial development. This research has the objective to evaluate the public and private politics adopted in the implementation of Industrial Districts and territorial development in Piracicaba (SP) and analyze the socioeconomic and spatial characteristics of industries installed. Currently, the municipality of Piracicaba has 3 Industrial Districts, they are large of capital local, national capital and international capital. This research, also, has the objective to understand the importance of local development politics adopted in attraction of huge capital and the conditions necessary for its reproduction

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_tra_me_rcla.pdf: 1702013 bytes, checksum: 4d8528c483bbc79770b1e1bcb6029665 (MD5) / A presente dissertação realiza uma análise da competitividade das indústrias de cerâmica artística do Arranjo Produtivo Local Potencial de Porto Ferreira – SP em relação a alguns elementos do território local. Tal análise parte da hipótese de que as indústrias atuais se tornam mais competitivas ao se apropriarem dos recursos específicos dos territórios os quais estão inseridos como a identidade territorial, a mão de obra especializada, o meio inovador e a governança territorial. O município de Porto Ferreira é marcado pela presença do Arranjo Produtivo Local Potencial de Cerâmica Artística, que em vista da existência de aproximadamente 72 empresas e pela produção de vasos, estatuetas, objetos decorativos e utensílios de mesa como pratos, travessas, canecas, bules e xícaras se tornou conhecido como a “Capital da Cerâmica Artística”. Tal setor é muito importante para a economia brasileira, pois ao produzir mercadorias artesanais é responsável pela geração de milhares de empregos. No entanto, após a abertura econômica que ocorreu na década de 90, este mercado tem sofrido uma drástica diminuição do número de indústrias devido à falência destas, as quais são afetadas pela elevada competitividade decorrente dos produtos importados da Ásia, que chegam a este setor. Desta forma as indústrias têm se apropriado dos recursos específicos do território local visando um aumento da competitividade. Esses recursos foram analisados ao longo do texto, tanto de forma teórica quanto de maneira empírica. Para se compreender a atual competitividade do Arranjo Produtivo Local Potencial em sua relação com o território, realizaram-se diversas entrevistas quantitativas e qualitativas, assim como o levantamento de dados secundários, permitindo então que o objetivo proposto fosse alcançado, utilizou-se também o quadro... / This thesis makes an analysis of the competitiveness of the Potential Artistic Ceramics Cluster of Porto Ferreira - SP regarding some elements of the local territory. This analysis starts from the assumption that the current industries become more competitive by incorporating specific features of the territories which they are inserted such as territorial identity, the skilled labor, the innovative environment and the territorial governance. The municipality of Porto Ferreira is marked by the presence of the Potential Artistic Ceramics Cluster, which has the existence of about 72 companies, which produces vases, figurines, decorative items and tableware such as plates, platters, mugs, teapots, cups, in this way the place became known as the Capital of Artistic Ceramics. This sector is very important for the Brazilian economy, since by producing handcrafted goods is responsible for generating thousands of jobs. However, after the economic liberalization that occurred in the 90s, this market has suffered a drastic decrease in the number of industries due to the failure of these, which are affected by the high competitiveness of the imported products from Asia, arriving in this sector. Thus industries have appropriated to specific features of the local territory aimed at increasing competitiveness. These features were analyzed throughout the text, both theoretically as empirically. To understand the current competitiveness of the Potential Cluster in its relation with the territory, there were several quantitative and qualitative interviews, as well as the collection of secondary data, thus allowing the proposed objectives were achieved, we also used the framework methodology developed by Pecqueur and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Élson Luciano Silva Pires / Banca: Auro Aparecido Mendes / Banca: Marco Aurélio Saquet / Resumo: A presente dissertação realiza uma análise da competitividade das indústrias de cerâmica artística do Arranjo Produtivo Local Potencial de Porto Ferreira - SP em relação a alguns elementos do território local. Tal análise parte da hipótese de que as indústrias atuais se tornam mais competitivas ao se apropriarem dos recursos específicos dos territórios os quais estão inseridos como a identidade territorial, a mão de obra especializada, o meio inovador e a governança territorial. O município de Porto Ferreira é marcado pela presença do Arranjo Produtivo Local Potencial de Cerâmica Artística, que em vista da existência de aproximadamente 72 empresas e pela produção de vasos, estatuetas, objetos decorativos e utensílios de mesa como pratos, travessas, canecas, bules e xícaras se tornou conhecido como a "Capital da Cerâmica Artística". Tal setor é muito importante para a economia brasileira, pois ao produzir mercadorias artesanais é responsável pela geração de milhares de empregos. No entanto, após a abertura econômica que ocorreu na década de 90, este mercado tem sofrido uma drástica diminuição do número de indústrias devido à falência destas, as quais são afetadas pela elevada competitividade decorrente dos produtos importados da Ásia, que chegam a este setor. Desta forma as indústrias têm se apropriado dos recursos específicos do território local visando um aumento da competitividade. Esses recursos foram analisados ao longo do texto, tanto de forma teórica quanto de maneira empírica. Para se compreender a atual competitividade do Arranjo Produtivo Local Potencial em sua relação com o território, realizaram-se diversas entrevistas quantitativas e qualitativas, assim como o levantamento de dados secundários, permitindo então que o objetivo proposto fosse alcançado, utilizou-se também o quadro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis makes an analysis of the competitiveness of the Potential Artistic Ceramics Cluster of Porto Ferreira - SP regarding some elements of the local territory. This analysis starts from the assumption that the current industries become more competitive by incorporating specific features of the territories which they are inserted such as territorial identity, the skilled labor, the innovative environment and the territorial governance. The municipality of Porto Ferreira is marked by the presence of the Potential Artistic Ceramics Cluster, which has the existence of about 72 companies, which produces vases, figurines, decorative items and tableware such as plates, platters, mugs, teapots, cups, in this way the place became known as the "Capital of Artistic Ceramics". This sector is very important for the Brazilian economy, since by producing handcrafted goods is responsible for generating thousands of jobs. However, after the economic liberalization that occurred in the 90s, this market has suffered a drastic decrease in the number of industries due to the failure of these, which are affected by the high competitiveness of the imported products from Asia, arriving in this sector. Thus industries have appropriated to specific features of the local territory aimed at increasing competitiveness. These features were analyzed throughout the text, both theoretically as empirically. To understand the current competitiveness of the Potential Cluster in its relation with the territory, there were several quantitative and qualitative interviews, as well as the collection of secondary data, thus allowing the proposed objectives were achieved, we also used the framework methodology developed by Pecqueur and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre