Turistindustrien vokser fra år til år. Samtidig øker konkurransen om de reisende, både i Norge og i resten av verden. Budor har primært sitt marked i Norge, og det er mange krevende oppgaver som venter, både når det gjelder markedsføring, innovasjon og annen utvikling. Det er de siste kategoriene vi har konsentrert oss om i denne vitenskaplige avhandlingen. Vi undersøker om forutsetningene ligger til rette for at Budor skal henge med i kampen om markedsandeler i framtida. Dette har vi gjort både ved å se på generelle og demografiske utviklingstrekk ved marked og befolkning, vi har sett konkret på reiselivsnæringa og hyttebygging. Vi har undersøkt hva som er trender og utviklingstendenser i reiselivet, og hva Budor kan levere i forhold til dette. Vi har sett på Triple Helixsamarbeidet som en drivkraft for innovasjon som Løiten Almenning bør benytte seg av, og til slutt har vi undersøkt og analysert det kreative klimaet og forutsetningene for innovasjon i organisasjonen bak Budor; Løiten Almenning. Vi mener Budor har gode naturmessige forutsetninger for kreativitet og innovasjon, men for å få til dette kreves samarbeid og nettverksbygging, bl a med myndighetene, virkemiddelapparatet, FoU og destinasjonsselskapene, samt ikke minst tro på egne muligheter. Vi har lansert begrepet kvalitetsturisme! / The tourist industry is growing every year, together with the increasing competition among the travellers, both in Norway and in the rest of the world. The market for destination Budor is primarily Norway, and there are many important challenges waiting, both concerning marketing and innovation. Here we want to focus on the last mentioned item; innovation. We want to investigate if Budor has the appropriate conditions in order to continue competing for future costumers. We have done this by looking at both general and demographic developmental features connected to market and population, and we have especially been looking to the tourist industry and the building of Second homes. We have been investigating what kind of movements and innovations we see in the tourist business, and what Budor can do to meet these. We have been looking to Triple Helix theories as a power for innovations that Løiten Almenning could use, and finally we have investigated and analysed the creative climate and conditions for innovations in the organisation behind Budor; Løiten Almenning. Our opinion is that destination Budor has splendid natural conditions for both creativity and innovation. But, to cope with this you need cooperation and building of network together with national authorities, governmental business support apparatus i.e “Innovasjon Norge”, “FoU” and destination companies, and you need to believe in yourself and your own possibilities.

I vårt arbete har vi undersökt sambandet mellan företagens kreativa klimat och personalrörlighet. Genomgång har även gjorts av olika teorier kring ledarskapets påverkan på företagets kreativa klimat. Den svenska arbetsrättslagstiftningens påverkan på personalrörlighet har behandlats både i ett nationellt perspektiv och i en internationell jämförelse. Vi har genomfört en enkätundersökning på 196 företag i Värmland, där vi undersökt sambandet mellan personalrörlighet och det kreativa klimatet i de företagen. Vårt urval bestod av företag som extremt mycket ökat respektive minskat antal anställda under 2005, samt de företag som hade en extremt låg förändring av antalet anställda under samma år. Delar av Ekvalls undersökningsinstrument (CCQ) har använts i enkäten, med fokus på de klimatdimensioner som verkar främjande för radikala innovationer. Materialet redovisas för respektive klimatdimension: frihet, debatt, risk och livfullhet. En geografisk uppdelning har även gjorts för östra Värmland, västra Värmland samt Karlstadregionen. Resultatet är även redovisat per bransch. Avslutningsvis diskuterar vi resultatet och sättet att genomföra undersökningen. Vi påpekar däri vikten av att förstå att det är företagsledningarna som har svarat på enkäten och inte de anställda. Det är alltså ledningens uppfattning om det kreativa klimatet i företaget som speglas i resultatet. De viktigaste slutsatserna vi kan dra efter analys av resultatet är att: Det upplevda kreativa klimatet bland företagens ledningsgrupper tycks öka då företagen kraftigt ökar antalet anställda. Företag som kommit ur sina svårigheter uppvisar också positiva resultat. Däremot tycks det kreativa klimatet vara på en något lägre nivå i företag med endast blygsamma förändringar av antalet anställda. Ledningsgrupperna i de värmländska företagen upplever sig som återhållsamma avseende risktagande, dvs: organisationens benägenhet att tolerera osäkerhet, att ta tillvara uppdykande tillfällen, att handla snabbt, att ta tillvara på uppdykande tillfällen och att prova hellre än utreda. De företag med endast små förändringar av antalet anställda, vågar ta större risker. De företag som kraftigt minskar antalet anställda är de som är minst riskbenägna. Företagen som kraftigt ökar antalet anställda uppvisar en riskbenägenhet som ligger mellan dessa två företagsgrupper. Den stora majoriteten av de värmländska företagen riskerar att stagnera klimatmässigt. För att bibehålla och öka sin konkurrenskraft, måste de därför vidta andra åtgärder för att öka och stärka sina kreativa klimat, exempelvis genom en ökad intern rörlighet och ett aktivt och långsiktigt samarbete med universitetet och företag som bidrar till att förbättra det kreativa klimatet. Avslutningsvis vill vi uppmana företagen i Värmland att börja våga anställa företagens viktigaste resurs, människorna, för att därigenom förbättra företagens kreativa klimat. På detta sätt stärks det värmländska näringslivets innovationskraft, och därmed en av framtidens viktigaste förutsättningar för Hållbar Värmländsk Växtkraft. / In this thesis we have investigated the influence of personnel mobility on the creative climate of the organization. Swedish labour law and its influence on employee mobility has been studied both in a national as well as an international perspective. We have conducted a survey of 196 companies in Värmland, in which we studied the relation of employee mobility and their creative climate. We choose to study companies that have increased or decreased their number of employees to a very large degree during 2005, and those companies that made very small changes of their number of employees during the same year. We have used parts of professor Ekvall’s Creative Climate Questionnaire instrument, CCQ, focusing on the dimensions of creative climate which primarily tend to benefit radical innovations. In the thesis, we have focussed on the dimensions concerning freedom, debate, risk, and liveliness. We divided the result geographically, as well as by type of business. It is important to be aware that the questionnaire has been answered by the management of the companies, and not the employees. The most important conclusions of this thesis are: The creative climate seems to benefit from a great increase in the number of employees. Companies that have improved their business from a low level, at which they had to drastically reduce the number of employees, also show signs of improved creative climate. It also seems that the creative climate of those companies that have had only marginal changes of their number of employees is somewhat lower than the others. The company management of the companies in Värmland, who reduced their number of employees drastically during 2005, describe themselves as not too keen on taking risks, which in this context concerns the readiness of organizations in tolerating uncertainties. Risk taking companies act prompt and quickly on emerging possibilities, arising opportunities are taken and concrete experimentation is preferred to detailed investigation and analysis. The companies with only small changes of their number of employees show higher degrees of risk taking, than those with higher numbers of personnel mobility. The companies that have drastically increased the number of employees seem to be in between the other two company groups. The great majority of companies in Värmland risk facing creative climate stagnation. In order to maintain and improve their company competitive abilities, the companies need to take measures to improve their creative climate, for example by increasing their internal employee mobility, and by developing an active cooperation with the university and other actors that contribute to improve the creative climate.

No description available.

I det här kapitelbidrag ger jag några exempel på hur det inom såväl förvaltning som forskning pågår olika maktspel som påverkar förutsättningarna för människors delaktighet i den lokala utvecklingen och bäddar för att de invånare som reformen riktas mot i stället diskrimineras och utesluts från deltagande. För att sätta dessa aspekter i relation till en större filosofisk diskussion resonerar jag kring den deliberativa/kommunikativa vändning som kort presenterades i antologins inledningskapitel. Därefter ger jag mig i kast med tre olika aspekter av planeringens och urbanforskningens arbete med medborgarnas delaktighet i planeringen som har diskriminerande innebörder. Dessa aspekter utgör några av de oförutsedda konsekvenser som insatser mot strukturell diskriminering kan ha. Den första handlar om att den regionala politiken bär på ett utifrånperspektiv som hindrar lokala krafter från att formulera de åtgärder de anser vara nödvändiga för att främja integrationen av boende på mångkulturella platser, såväl till varandra som till regionen. Den andra aspekten handlar om att det, bortom regionalpolitikens utifrånperspektiv, finns en bestämd förankringsrationalitet bland tjänstemännen på lokal nivå. Den vilar på ett förhållningssätt gentemot medborgarna som begränsar tjänstemännens möjligheter att faktiskt etablera en intersubjektiv kommunikation eller dialog med boende. Den tredje aspekten handlar om att det, vid sidan av detta utifrånperspektiv och denna förankringsrationalitet, finns en universalistisk forskardiskurs, som prioriterar rationella överväganden framför demokratiska värden. Trots en vilja att värna en mer demokratisk urban planering, i enlighet med den så kallade kommunikativa/deliberativa vändningen, så tenderar denna hållning att bortse från maktdimensionen och hur den gestaltar sig på mångkulturella platser, i möten mellan tjänstemän och invånare. Eftersom en sådan hållning har genomsyrat väsentliga delar av utvärderingen av tjänstemännens arbete med Storstadssatsningen, kan den i sig gjort det svårare för tjänstemännen att bli varse och ta itu med den diskriminerande förankringspraktik de är involverade i. Sammanflätningen av dessa tre aspekter har sannolikt bidragit till att flera av intentionerna bakom storstadspolitiken inte har kunnat uppnås som det var tänkt. Politiken har snarare cementerat den diskriminering och exkludering som drabbat – och fortsatt drabbar – invandrade och andra boende på mångkulturella platser.

Building on recent work in economic geography, evolutionary economics, and international business, I examine how firms that enter from outside a region alter the knowledge and opportunity structure for potential entrepreneurial entrants and indigenous incumbents in that region. In particular, I examine the short and long run effects of both greenfield and acquisition entry on entrepreneurial entry, as well as on the exit and growth of indigenous incumbents in industry clusters. A comprehensive dataset of all firms in the Canadian biotech industry between 1976 and 2003 is used to study the dynamic effects within all regions that have experienced an external entry. The results show a complex set of processes at work. Newer greenfield and acquisition entrants have consistently opposing effects, with newer greenfields enhancing entrepreneurial entry, but dampening growth and survival of indigenous incumbents in the longer run. Older greenfields, those that have a long presence in a given region and are primarily traditional pharmaceutical firms, have a similar effect to that of acquisitions. Moreover, the level of agglomeration moderates the influence of ‘outsiders’ on the indigenous industry, especially in the case of acquisitions. The results suggest that legal constraints on labor mobility barriers have an important influence on the observed patterns. The overall patterns suggest that the search and site selection of outsiders is an important mechanism driving local industry evolution, complementary to other traditional mechanisms.

Knowledge, learning, and innovation are vital elements in facilitating economic development and growth. Technological change, which is a synonym for generating knowledge, the diffusion thereof, and subsequent application in the marketplace in the form of novel products and processes, i.e. innovations, has a strong effect on the collective wealth of regions and nations. Knowledge spillovers, which are unintended knowledge flows that take place among spatial (geography) and sectoral (industry) units of observation, provide a rationale for diverging growth rates among spatial units, well beyond what might be explained by variations in jurisdictional factor endowments, and thus are of particular interest in this context. Measuring and quantifying the creation and diffusion of knowledge has proven to be a challenging endeavor. One way to capture technical and economically valuable knowledge is by means of patent and patent citation analysis. Following this approach, and utilizing a novel patent database that has been specifically developed for this purpose, the present dissertation investigates the spatio-sectoral patterns of knowledge spillovers in the Canadian economy over the time period 1983 to 2007. The employed research methodology addresses existing limitations in this stream of research, and contributes to the continuing debate regarding the significance of sectoral specialization versus diversity, and local versus non-local knowledge spillovers as the main driver of knowledge formation processes leading to innovation at the sub-regional scale. The findings indicate that knowledge spillovers are localized, and furthermore, that this localization effect has increased over time for both spillovers within a particular industry, as well as between industry sectors. The analysis of micro-geographic industry specific spatio-sectoral knowledge formation processes, and the inquiry into local sectoral knowledge spillover patterns, outlines how regional evolutionary technology trajectories potentially shape the rate and direction of technological change, and consequently influence economic growth, at a particular place.

In this thesis, I propose that bike courier delivery is not merely a convenient service for clients but an important function in the operation of successful economies. By allowing the regions to function at higher speeds, same-day courier networks seem to play an active role in generating positive economic outcomes. The availability of courier networks is found to be as uneven as economic vitality itself. Cities like New York and Toronto have large, dense courier networks, capable of delivering items within an hour while smaller cites, do not support same-day courier service at all. They do this, in part, by allowing for couriers to cope with the precariousness of their work, and in part by providing supportive sub-cultures. These findings point to the role of service workers, and wider eco-systems in fostering regional advantage.

In this thesis, I propose that bike courier delivery is not merely a convenient service for clients but an important function in the operation of successful economies. By allowing the regions to function at higher speeds, same-day courier networks seem to play an active role in generating positive economic outcomes. The availability of courier networks is found to be as uneven as economic vitality itself. Cities like New York and Toronto have large, dense courier networks, capable of delivering items within an hour while smaller cites, do not support same-day courier service at all. They do this, in part, by allowing for couriers to cope with the precariousness of their work, and in part by providing supportive sub-cultures. These findings point to the role of service workers, and wider eco-systems in fostering regional advantage.

Building on recent work in economic geography, evolutionary economics, and international business, I examine how firms that enter from outside a region alter the knowledge and opportunity structure for potential entrepreneurial entrants and indigenous incumbents in that region. In particular, I examine the short and long run effects of both greenfield and acquisition entry on entrepreneurial entry, as well as on the exit and growth of indigenous incumbents in industry clusters. A comprehensive dataset of all firms in the Canadian biotech industry between 1976 and 2003 is used to study the dynamic effects within all regions that have experienced an external entry. The results show a complex set of processes at work. Newer greenfield and acquisition entrants have consistently opposing effects, with newer greenfields enhancing entrepreneurial entry, but dampening growth and survival of indigenous incumbents in the longer run. Older greenfields, those that have a long presence in a given region and are primarily traditional pharmaceutical firms, have a similar effect to that of acquisitions. Moreover, the level of agglomeration moderates the influence of ‘outsiders’ on the indigenous industry, especially in the case of acquisitions. The results suggest that legal constraints on labor mobility barriers have an important influence on the observed patterns. The overall patterns suggest that the search and site selection of outsiders is an important mechanism driving local industry evolution, complementary to other traditional mechanisms.

Knowledge, learning, and innovation are vital elements in facilitating economic development and growth. Technological change, which is a synonym for generating knowledge, the diffusion thereof, and subsequent application in the marketplace in the form of novel products and processes, i.e. innovations, has a strong effect on the collective wealth of regions and nations. Knowledge spillovers, which are unintended knowledge flows that take place among spatial (geography) and sectoral (industry) units of observation, provide a rationale for diverging growth rates among spatial units, well beyond what might be explained by variations in jurisdictional factor endowments, and thus are of particular interest in this context. Measuring and quantifying the creation and diffusion of knowledge has proven to be a challenging endeavor. One way to capture technical and economically valuable knowledge is by means of patent and patent citation analysis. Following this approach, and utilizing a novel patent database that has been specifically developed for this purpose, the present dissertation investigates the spatio-sectoral patterns of knowledge spillovers in the Canadian economy over the time period 1983 to 2007. The employed research methodology addresses existing limitations in this stream of research, and contributes to the continuing debate regarding the significance of sectoral specialization versus diversity, and local versus non-local knowledge spillovers as the main driver of knowledge formation processes leading to innovation at the sub-regional scale. The findings indicate that knowledge spillovers are localized, and furthermore, that this localization effect has increased over time for both spillovers within a particular industry, as well as between industry sectors. The analysis of micro-geographic industry specific spatio-sectoral knowledge formation processes, and the inquiry into local sectoral knowledge spillover patterns, outlines how regional evolutionary technology trajectories potentially shape the rate and direction of technological change, and consequently influence economic growth, at a particular place.