Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-09-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 galvao_j_me_rcla.pdf: 2068891 bytes, checksum: 722de8d515b10324f3d77ce82f457591 (MD5) / O presente trabalho, tem por objetivo propor uma reflexão sobre o processo de elaboração e a constituição da Política Municipal de Desenvolvimento do Turismo Sustentável de Brotas (PMTS). Destacando a preocupação com o planejamento do turismo de natureza voltado para a aventura, e a importância do mesmo como forma de direcionamento para o desenvolvimento de uma atividade econômica em constante expansão e de significativos impactos positivos e negativos para a sociedade como um todo. O principal foco do estudo foi o processo de elaboração da PMTS, gerando uma discussão crítica sobre esse processo e avaliando a sua construção como forma de verificar acertos e erros, acreditando, ainda, poder traçar a partir daí o melhor caminho para o planejamento de um município turístico. Toda a discussão foi feita através da fundamentação de uma teoria de planejamento delimitada ao longo do trabalho e o processo de planejamento vivido em Brotas, que foi verificado por visitas de campo e entrevistas qualificadas. / The present work intend to propose a reflection about the organizational structure of Brotas Public Policy for developing a self-suficient tourism in the city. It will show up the plans of tourist environment for adventurous experiences and its importance as an economic activity in constant development with good and bad aspects for the whole society. The main focus of this paper-work was the process of Brotas Public Policy for its tourism. We were concerned to discuss about this system for analysing its mistakes and strengths, believing to be able to find out, at the end, how to plan a better way to any Town explores its tourist resources. The whole argument was done by comparing a planning theory limited through the paper-work and the real situation in Brotas which was checked by qualified interwiews and visits in field along the year.

Orientador: Roberto Braga / Banca: Rita de Cássia Ariza da Cruz / Banca: Pompeu Figueiredo de Carvalho / Resumo: O presente trabalho, tem por objetivo propor uma reflexão sobre o processo de elaboração e a constituição da Política Municipal de Desenvolvimento do Turismo Sustentável de Brotas (PMTS). Destacando a preocupação com o planejamento do turismo de natureza voltado para a aventura, e a importância do mesmo como forma de direcionamento para o desenvolvimento de uma atividade econômica em constante expansão e de significativos impactos positivos e negativos para a sociedade como um todo. O principal foco do estudo foi o processo de elaboração da PMTS, gerando uma discussão crítica sobre esse processo e avaliando a sua construção como forma de verificar acertos e erros, acreditando, ainda, poder traçar a partir daí o melhor caminho para o planejamento de um município turístico. Toda a discussão foi feita através da fundamentação de uma teoria de planejamento delimitada ao longo do trabalho e o processo de planejamento vivido em Brotas, que foi verificado por visitas de campo e entrevistas qualificadas. / Abstract: The present work intend to propose a reflection about the organizational structure of Brotas Public Policy for developing a self-suficient tourism in the city. It will show up the plans of tourist environment for adventurous experiences and its importance as an economic activity in constant development with good and bad aspects for the whole society. The main focus of this paper-work was the process of Brotas Public Policy for its tourism. We were concerned to discuss about this system for analysing its mistakes and strengths, believing to be able to find out, at the end, how to plan a better way to any Town explores its tourist resources. The whole argument was done by comparing a planning theory limited through the paper-work and the real situation in Brotas which was checked by qualified interwiews and visits in field along the year. / Mestre

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Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in the Department of Geography at University of Zululand, South Africa, 2000. / There has recently been an increase of clusters of informal business operators in different parts of the city of Pietermaritzburg. Allegations have been made that street vending causes pollution of the environment in the city and that it was an illegal activity associated with crime and other anti-social activities that were inimical to formal business enterprises and the viability and sustainability of the city of Pietermaritzburg. This dissertation was conducted in the context of Agenda 21 of the Rio Earth Summit which advocates for sustainable development of business enterprises, which governments worldwide were persuaded to adopt in their development planning policies. The Pietermaritzburg-Msunduzi Transitional Local Council (TLC) has recently initiated a move to implement the Local Agenda 21 programme as advocated by the Rio Declaration. The main aim of the dissertation was to examine the impact of the informal business enterprises on formal business and the environment, and thereby determine the sustainability of the city of Pietermaritzburg. It was found in this dissertation that street vending was related to the high rate of unemployment in Pietermaritzburg, and that both males and females in their productive years were involved in street vending. Informal businesses were found to be partially responsible for littering and environmental pollution in the city by generating litter from the items they sold on the streets. It was also found that many of the street vendors lived in squalid informal settlements or on the street pavements which contributed to the pollution of the city's environment. It was found that their actions resulted" from an involuntary and necessary condition of poverty. The Street vendors were actually actively engaged in cleaning up operations and environment education in accordance with local Agenda 21. The informal business enterprises were found to be recognised legal activities that cooperated with formal business, the city council and other stakeholders in the fight against environment pollution and crime. It was found that there was a complementary relationship between formal and informal business, which did not jeopardise formal commerce and industry and the sustainability of the city of Pietermaritzburg. It is argued in this dissertation that, with more positive encouragement and assistance, the informal sector is an essential means of alleviating the problems of unemployment and poverty. Guided in the correct direction, the informal business enterprises are a way of promoting the viability, development and sustainability of the city of Pietermaritzburg.

I strävan efter lösningar på den globala uppvärmningen har transportsektorn och dess utsläpp identifierats som ett stort hot mot de globala målen som Agenda 2030. Transportsektorn har länge varit dominerad av fordon drivna med fossilbränslen som huvudfokus, men nu skiftar fokuset till cykel som ett transportsätt. Detta ställer frågan vad kan göras för att utveckla cykelns roll i samhället och vad görs. Denna studie har undersökt hur samarbetet mellan kommuner, regioner och regeringen sker i cykelplaneringen. Samt vilka olika målsättningar, utmaningar och förhållningssätt man har till cykelns roll i samhället. Det undersöktes med hjälp av en litteraturstudie där Ystads kommun, Region Skånes och den nationella cykelstrategin analyserades genom kodning av nyckeldokument. Resultatet visar att fortsatt samarbete är av stor vikt, cykelplaneringen behöver befästas inom planorganen som en institutionell praktik fortsatt och fördjupat. Aktörerna behöver fortsätta sitt arbete för att harmonisera olika system med varandra. / In the search for solutions to combat global warming the transport sector and its emissions have been identified as a big threat to the global goals such as Agenda 2030. The transport sector has for a long time been dominated by motor vehicles as its main focus, but now the focus shifts towards the bicycle. The present paper asks what can be done to develop the role of the bicycle in the society and what is being done. This study has examined how the collaboration between municipalities, regional governments and the state is done when the bicycle is in focus. What goals, challenges and approaches that are present towards the bicycles roll in society. This was examined with a literature study of Ystads municipality, Region Skåne´s, and the national bicycle strategy which was coded. The result showed that a continuation of the existing collaboration is of great value, bicycle planning needs to be entrenched as an institutional practice. The actors needs to continue their work to harmonize different systems with each other.

This dissertation consists of three essays examining the influence of contextual factors on the patterns of knowledge-sourcing of firms. I argue that both the institutional framework and the geographical location exert an influence in the way firms search for innovative knowledge outside of their own boundaries and across geographical distances. The first essay explores the influence of location in a peripheral region on the patterns of collaboration for innovation. The second essay focuses on the effect of specific public policies on the characteristics of innovation practices. The third essay studies the changes in the patterns of innovation after a change of ownership produced by the privatization of formerly state-owned companies. The first essay focuses on the influence of geographical factors (in particular the location in a peripheral economy) on patterns of knowledge sourcing. Using patent data, I examine the dispersion of inventor networks in two countries located in the periphery of Europe. I find that in these settings, the disaggregation of innovation across national borders will depend on a combination of location, multinationality of the firm, knowledge tacitness and organizational capabilities in innovation. In the context of national systems of innovation in peripheral economies, economic actors connected to more innovative locations tend to be part of more geographically dispersed inventor networks. When these economic actors are engaged in tacit knowledge creation, their innovative activities tend to be co-located, unless the orchestrator of the innovation is a highly innovative company that is able to conduct this type of innovation in a dispersed fashion. The second essay explores whether publicly-funded schemes for innovation are related to an increase in the “openness” of firms’ innovation practices. Using survey data from 5,238 firms in 29 countries, I find that both monetary and non-monetary support policies for innovation are related to an increase in the degree of openness of individual firms. This openness is expressed both in terms of the number of external partners with whom they collaborate and the number of open innovation activities they perform. However, the relationship between the extent of public support and openness seems to be negatively moderated by the existence of previous innovative activity within the firm. Public support has more impact on less innovative firms and less influence when the firm is already innovative, which implies that it is important to target such supports in order to maximize their impact. Additionally, I find that non-monetary support is more critical than financial support in increasing openness. For policy makers facing salient financial constraints, this implies that institutions and government policies can play an important role in fostering open innovation. The third essay explores the patterns of knowledge sourcing of firms before and after privatization. Privatization of state-owned enterprises generates the adoption of new management practices and changes in the companies' objectives. While the literature has abundantly explored the consequences of privatization over different aspects of firm performance, its effects on innovation have been scarcely explored. While some studies suggest that privatization produces a subsequent reduction in the amount of R&D investment, little else is known about specific changes in the patterns of innovation of privatized firms. I hypothesize that privatized firms are likely to focus on a narrower set of technologies as a response to increased pressure for profitability and short-term results. I also analyze the competing arguments regarding the privatized firms' willingness to engage in collaborations with other firms and to disperse their innovation activities internationally. I used patent data for a sample of privatized firms from multiple countries to assess the validity of these hypotheses. / Business Administration/International Business Administration

Prior research on trust has deemed that negotiations and showing disagreements in professional settings are instrumental for improving learning processes. This thesis attempts to use this prior knowledge to distinguish the patterns of negotiations. How they are initialised, sustained, and reach a ‘balanced outcome’. Because there has yet not been any clear mention of what the ‘agreements’ in negotiations might be, I employed a unique binary categorisation where agreements and disagreements were noted during negotiations. It was found that negotiations are highly dependent on the surrounding environment, and negotiations are improved when actors are supplied with the appropriate geographies where agreements/disagreements become natural to express. Although, initially beliefs were that this could be a convenient approach for using a trust-based framework, it led to the recognition that ’agreements’ in negotiations instead should be distinguished as ’consensus’. When actors had established some consensus on important issues at conferences it was observed that it improved negotiations. Furthermore, this proposed that conclusions achieved from these 'patterns of negotiations' were more likely to be transferred from formal-to-informal and informal-to-formal milieus. / Förhandlingar och missnöjesuttryck är en tongivande faktor när det kommer till kunskapsdelning i professionella sammanhang, enligt tidigare forskning. Denna uppsats tar avstamp i detta och försöker konkret skildra hur förhandlingar fungerar i praktiken; och de samband som kan ses med hjälp av ett tillitsbaserat ramverk. Målet är att förstå på vilket sätt förhandlingarna inleds, pågår och slutligen når 'balanserade lösningar'. Eftersom det råder ett underskott av beskrivningar på vilket sätt 'enighet' tar sig uttryck i förhandlingar, har jag försökt att beskriva denna tillitsbaserade process genom en unik binär utväxling mellan enighet/oenighet. Det bekräftades att förhandlingar beror av den omgivande miljön och att de berikas av olika nöjes- och missnöjesuttryck. Samt, att graden av enighet/oenighet passar mer eller mindre bra beroende på var aktörerna befinner i just det tillfället. Även om angreppssättet kändes rimligt initialt visade det sig att 'enighet' bäst kan förstås som 'konsensus'. När konferensdeltagarna etablerat konsensus kring viktiga sakfrågor blomstrade gängse förhandlingar mellan dem. Dessutom pekade resultatet på att de lösningar som uppnåtts genom att aktörerna först etablerar konsensus och sedan får möjlighet att visa på ömsesidigt engagemang i diskussioner där missnöjesuttryck känts lämpliga; gör att lösningar enklare förflyttas från formella till informella miljöer, och vice versa.

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of human and social capital in start-up creation process. Specifically it reveals the types of interaction between “soft” factors and institutional characteristics of the regions and investigates to what extent does the role of human and social capital varies in different institutional settings. To address this questions a multilevel model has been used which allows to capture relationships both in time and space. The data used in this paper stem from regional macrodata on human and social capital as well as industrial structure of Swedish economy. The study revealed important facts about start up creation processes, namely dual characteristic of entrepreneurship patterns in Sweden. In the metropolitan regions of the country human and social capital play much more important role than in the other regions, where the entrepreneurial activity is to large extent a result of current economic conditions and industrial settings.

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