O estudo tem como objetivo diagnosticar a competitividade da cadeia de produção agroindustrial de fécula de mandioca, enfatizando o segmento de produção de matéria-prima e os determinantes do processo de inovação tecnológica. Especificamente, pretende-se identificar quais as principais restrições para melhorar a competitividade da cadeia; calcular um indicador de competitividade que relacione as variações de preços do produto e dos insumos, assim como as decisões estratégicas de políticas públicas e privadas; determinar como os investimentos em tecnologia têm influenciado os níveis de competitividade do segmento agrícola e identificar quais fatores explicam e determinam a trajetória tecnológica implementada na cadeia. Para atingir esses objetivos, utilizou-se um instrumental que permite realizar predições quantitativas dos efeitos da adoção de políticas públicas e de decisões gerenciais internas às firmas que atuam na cadeia. Essas predições foram baseadas num indicador de competitividade fundamentado no conceito de quase-renda, o qual foi estimado por meio de um modelo lógite ordenado. No estudo dos aspectos relacionados à tecnologia, além das abordagens que privilegiam os sinais de mercados, utilizaram-se aquelas que reconhecem a importância do caráter sistêmico e interdependente dos fatores determinantes da decisão de inovar. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que a cadeia ainda não está suficientemente capacitada e organizada para transformar as potencialidades identificadas em verdadeiras oportunidades de mercado. Têm concorrido para isso a trajetória tecnológica seguida e o desempenho econômico observado no segmento agrícola. Esse segmento apresentou-se marginalmente competitivo, ou seja, a quase-renda gerada não foi suficiente para remunerar os fatores de produção específicos, utilizados no processo de produção, pelo menos no nível do custo de oportunidade considerado. Os principais fatores e condicionantes que estão restringindo a competitividade relacionam-se aos aspectos do lado da demanda; a limitações tecnológicas, tanto do segmento agrícola como do de processamento e a fatores estruturais e sistêmicos. As possibilidades de melhorar a competitividade vinculam-se a ações do lado da receita, ou seja, aumentos na produtividade média e/ou nos preços. Embora a capacidade de os produtores intervirem, de forma isolada, na trajetória dos preços seja mais remota, os resultados alcançados sinalizam que a variável preço assuma maior relevância no processo. Portanto, as políticas que reduzem a instabilidade nos preços são as mais seguras como estratégia de intervenção. Nesse sentido, a adoção de relações mais harmoniosas, que valorizem a forte dependência entre os elos da cadeia, promoverá ganhos competitivos. Quanto aos determinantes da trajetória tecnológica, destacam-se: as características intrínsecas da cultura, que lhe conferem rusticidade e adaptabilidade a condições ambientais adversas; a possibilidade de utilizar fatores de produção de baixo custo de oportunidade; o grau de apropriabilidade dos retornos dos investimentos em geração de tecnologia; o fato de ser uma cultura sobre a qual a quantidade de pesquisa ainda é relativamente baixa; os limites impostos pelo paradigma tecnológico vigente; o nível de demanda interna por mandioca e derivados, que ainda vem sendo atendido por uma oferta praticamente associada aos sistemas de produção tradicionais e a inexistência de grupos de interesse vinculados ao setor mandioqueiro. / This study is aimed at determining the cassava starch agro-industrial production chain competitiveness with special attention to the raw material production segment and the factors leading to technological innovation processes. It is specifically intended to identify the main constraints on gains in the production chain competitiveness, to compute a competitiveness index which relates the product’s price and the production costs, as well as public and private policy strategies, to determine how investments in technology have influenced the agricultural segment competitiveness, and to identify which factors explain and determine the production chain technological background. In order to meet these objectives, we used tools that allow quantitative predictions to evaluate the effects of public policies and companies’ internal managerial decisions. Such predictions were based on a competitiveness index underpinned by the quasi-rent concept computed through an ordered logit model. In the study of the technological aspects, besides the approaches that are based mainly on market signals, we considered the systemic and interdependent importance of factors leading to the decision to innovate. Results show that the production chain is not sufficiently able and organized to change the identified potentialities into real market opportunities, and the technological trajectory and economic performance of the agricultural segment have contributed to such a panorama. The agricultural segment showed to be marginally competitive, that is, the quasi-rent generated did not offset specific production factors, at least at the opportunity cost level considered. The main factors and conditions restricting competitiveness are related to characteristics related to the demand side, to technological constraints, not only in the agricultural segment, but also in processing, and to structural and systemic factors. Potential improvements in competitiveness are linked to actions on the revenue side, that is, in average productivity and/or prices. Although the possibility of individual growers interfering in price trajectories is remote, results indicate that the variable price should have greater relevance in the process. Therefore, policies that reduce price instabilities are the safest intervention strategies. Consequently, the adoption of more harmonious relationships, which value a strong interdependence of the chain links, will generate gains in competitiveness. The technological trajectory determining factors that stand out are the crop’s intrinsic characteristics of rusticity and adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, the possibility of using production factors of low opportunity cost, the suitable payoff level of investments in technology, the relatively little research carried out on the crop, the limits imposed by the technological paradigm, the standard domestic demand for cassava and its by-products, which has been satisfied by a supply almost completely associated to traditional production systems, and the non-existence of interest groups linked to the cassava sector.

The dissertation thesis concentrates on financial reporting of professional sports franchises. The thesis is divided into eight sections. In addition to introduction and conclusion the thesis includes the section focus on sports economics and five sections consider specific issues of professional sports clubs from accounting perspective. Section 1 accents an increasing importance of sport in society involving growing allocation of financial resources. Entry into stock is way to obtain an external capital. However this entry increases user's requirements on financial statements. Section 2 focus on economic background of professional sports franchises. Understanding of economic relations in sports branche provides correct interpretation of economic phenomenons and their recognition. Section 3 emphasizes importance of intangible rights in sports branche and presents approaches of intangible asset accounting included in IFRS and US GAAP. Section 4 be engaged in most important issue in sports branche -- economic relations between players and sports franchises established in the player contracts. This section concern about initial recognition of player contracts depending on type of acquisition and accounting of longterm liabilities included in the player contracts. Section 5 shows economic implications of league franchise (especially teritorial exclusivity) which are crucial for fulfiling the recognition criteria to be classified as an (intangible) asset. Key problem of subsequent recognition of league franchise is determining the useful life of an intangible asset. Section 6 present the main sources of revenues for sports franchises (operating segments) and their influence on the structure of financial statements. This section concentres mostly on recognition of revenues from sale of broadcasting rights guaranteed in longterm contracts. Section 7 focus on some economic and accounting aspects of operating a sports facility (especially subvencion and longterm lease of sports facilities). Section 8 summarise the main ideas included in this dissertation thesis.

This thesis aims to analyze the efficiency of the leniency programme. This programme is currently the most important cartel fighting instrument in EU and Czech Republic. The first section deals with cartel agreements and their impact in general. It also shows reasons for implementation of the leniency programme and other cartel fighting instruments. Second section concerns on general principles of leniency programme and its position within current system of law. The next two parts contains description and history of leniency program in EU and Czech Republic. They also analyze decisions of European Commission and Office for the Protection of Competition in Czech Republic. This analysis creates the most important part of this section. The last section aims at juridical institutes able to endanger efficient functiong of leniency programme in future and defines their relation to this programme.

Résumé The presented work addresses the issue of the double-tracking nature of a dominant position in European competition law. The aim of the integration efforts during the establishment of the EU was the creation of an internal market, especially the customs union. In order to achieve this state, it was necessary to take a number of integration measures and create a legal framework, i.e. conditions, under which economic competition in the internal market could operate effectively. In this context a variety of legislation valid for the whole EU territory has been accepted. However, in the context of the economic competition this work analyzes the legislation on market dominance carried out first in Article 102 of TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) prohibiting restrictive business practices in the form of abuse of a dominant position and also in Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 and later in Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 regulating the control of concentrations between undertakings. In case of both the legislations the crucial question is the "dominant position" of an enterprise in the market, while Article 102 of TFEU represents the ex post control, i.e. applies only to the possible abuse of the dominant position, and in this sense the dominant position itself is not the...

O estudo tem como objetivo diagnosticar a competitividade da cadeia de produção agroindustrial de fécula de mandioca, enfatizando o segmento de produção de matéria-prima e os determinantes do processo de inovação tecnológica. Especificamente, pretende-se identificar quais as principais restrições para melhorar a competitividade da cadeia; calcular um indicador de competitividade que relacione as variações de preços do produto e dos insumos, assim como as decisões estratégicas de políticas públicas e privadas; determinar como os investimentos em tecnologia têm influenciado os níveis de competitividade do segmento agrícola e identificar quais fatores explicam e determinam a trajetória tecnológica implementada na cadeia. Para atingir esses objetivos, utilizou-se um instrumental que permite realizar predições quantitativas dos efeitos da adoção de políticas públicas e de decisões gerenciais internas às firmas que atuam na cadeia. Essas predições foram baseadas num indicador de competitividade fundamentado no conceito de quase-renda, o qual foi estimado por meio de um modelo lógite ordenado. No estudo dos aspectos relacionados à tecnologia, além das abordagens que privilegiam os sinais de mercados, utilizaram-se aquelas que reconhecem a importância do caráter sistêmico e interdependente dos fatores determinantes da decisão de inovar. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que a cadeia ainda não está suficientemente capacitada e organizada para transformar as potencialidades identificadas em verdadeiras oportunidades de mercado. Têm concorrido para isso a trajetória tecnológica seguida e o desempenho econômico observado no segmento agrícola. Esse segmento apresentou-se marginalmente competitivo, ou seja, a quase-renda gerada não foi suficiente para remunerar os fatores de produção específicos, utilizados no processo de produção, pelo menos no nível do custo de oportunidade considerado. Os principais fatores e condicionantes que estão restringindo a competitividade relacionam-se aos aspectos do lado da demanda; a limitações tecnológicas, tanto do segmento agrícola como do de processamento e a fatores estruturais e sistêmicos. As possibilidades de melhorar a competitividade vinculam-se a ações do lado da receita, ou seja, aumentos na produtividade média e/ou nos preços. Embora a capacidade de os produtores intervirem, de forma isolada, na trajetória dos preços seja mais remota, os resultados alcançados sinalizam que a variável preço assuma maior relevância no processo. Portanto, as políticas que reduzem a instabilidade nos preços são as mais seguras como estratégia de intervenção. Nesse sentido, a adoção de relações mais harmoniosas, que valorizem a forte dependência entre os elos da cadeia, promoverá ganhos competitivos. Quanto aos determinantes da trajetória tecnológica, destacam-se: as características intrínsecas da cultura, que lhe conferem rusticidade e adaptabilidade a condições ambientais adversas; a possibilidade de utilizar fatores de produção de baixo custo de oportunidade; o grau de apropriabilidade dos retornos dos investimentos em geração de tecnologia; o fato de ser uma cultura sobre a qual a quantidade de pesquisa ainda é relativamente baixa; os limites impostos pelo paradigma tecnológico vigente; o nível de demanda interna por mandioca e derivados, que ainda vem sendo atendido por uma oferta praticamente associada aos sistemas de produção tradicionais e a inexistência de grupos de interesse vinculados ao setor mandioqueiro. / This study is aimed at determining the cassava starch agro-industrial production chain competitiveness with special attention to the raw material production segment and the factors leading to technological innovation processes. It is specifically intended to identify the main constraints on gains in the production chain competitiveness, to compute a competitiveness index which relates the product’s price and the production costs, as well as public and private policy strategies, to determine how investments in technology have influenced the agricultural segment competitiveness, and to identify which factors explain and determine the production chain technological background. In order to meet these objectives, we used tools that allow quantitative predictions to evaluate the effects of public policies and companies’ internal managerial decisions. Such predictions were based on a competitiveness index underpinned by the quasi-rent concept computed through an ordered logit model. In the study of the technological aspects, besides the approaches that are based mainly on market signals, we considered the systemic and interdependent importance of factors leading to the decision to innovate. Results show that the production chain is not sufficiently able and organized to change the identified potentialities into real market opportunities, and the technological trajectory and economic performance of the agricultural segment have contributed to such a panorama. The agricultural segment showed to be marginally competitive, that is, the quasi-rent generated did not offset specific production factors, at least at the opportunity cost level considered. The main factors and conditions restricting competitiveness are related to characteristics related to the demand side, to technological constraints, not only in the agricultural segment, but also in processing, and to structural and systemic factors. Potential improvements in competitiveness are linked to actions on the revenue side, that is, in average productivity and/or prices. Although the possibility of individual growers interfering in price trajectories is remote, results indicate that the variable price should have greater relevance in the process. Therefore, policies that reduce price instabilities are the safest intervention strategies. Consequently, the adoption of more harmonious relationships, which value a strong interdependence of the chain links, will generate gains in competitiveness. The technological trajectory determining factors that stand out are the crop’s intrinsic characteristics of rusticity and adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, the possibility of using production factors of low opportunity cost, the suitable payoff level of investments in technology, the relatively little research carried out on the crop, the limits imposed by the technological paradigm, the standard domestic demand for cassava and its by-products, which has been satisfied by a supply almost completely associated to traditional production systems, and the non-existence of interest groups linked to the cassava sector.

The objectiv of my dissertation is mainly to introduce the problems of economic competition to the readers and to refer to the incidents of anti-competitive practices. In the introduction I defined the European Community from the historical aspect and I named all the legislative rules and contracts, that are pivotal to the European Community. In order to define in more profound terms I applied myself to Treaty of the establishement of the European community (articles 81 and 82 EC). Moreover, the readers can gain insights into various forms of violating the rules of economic competition such as abuse a position of dominance, dumping, mergers and acquisition, cartels, developing countries, ect. The practical part is based on the most serious anti-competitive practices in the European Community, which was handled by the European Commission, European Court of First Instance and by the antimonopol offices. At the end of my work, there are some practical tips for the companies, which either consciously or unconsciously behave anti-competitively which influences the common European market. The main sources of my dissertation were the basic treaties of the European Community, the Treaty of Maastricht, the Treaty of Amsterdam and treaty of Nice.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o sistema produtivo e quantificar as fontes de crescimento da orizicultura no Mato Grosso, em competição com a cotonicultura, a milhocultura e a sojicultura, no período de 1980 a 2001. Nota-se grandes avanços tecnológicos empregados na cultura do arroz sob o sistema terras altas, diminuindo a diferença produtiva entre este e o arroz irrigado. Diante destas alterações e da carência de informações no tocante ao cultivo de terras altas, são necessários estudos que demonstrem essas alterações de forma sistematizada. Utilizou-se a metodologia “shift-share” na mensuração das fontes de crescimento das atividades agrícolas, tendo como fatores explicativos da evolução da produção os efeitos área, rendimento, composição da produção e localização geográfica. As alterações na área cultivada das culturas foram quantificadas pelos efeitos escala e substituição, realizadas na análise individual por cultura. Com enfoque no arroz, as demais culturas estudadas foram o algodão, o milho e a soja, escolhidas por competirem em maior grau com o arroz na ocupação da área agrícola. Apesar das pastagens apresentarem grande relação com a orizicultura, estas não foram incluídas no estudo, devido à ausência de informações referentes à área e ao rendimento para as microrregiões em todo o período. Verificou-se que o arroz de terras altas continua carregando o estigma de abertura de área para domesticação da terra e posterior substituição pela cultura da soja ou pastagens. A orizicultura tem seu uso também relacionado à recuperação de pastagens e rotação com soja. As culturas do algodão e do milho pouco se relacionam diretamente com o arroz, ao contrário da soja e das pastagens. Constataram-se alguns entraves ao desenvolvimento da orizicultura no estado, como a oferta insuficiente de sementes, problemas de mistura varietal na principal variedade cultivada no estado, assim como a falta de estrutura de secagem e armazenagem própria dos produtores, ocasionando dificuldades na comercialização. Todas as culturas analisadas tiveram crescimento da produção de 1980 a 2001. A cultura do arroz apresentou crescimento da produção à taxa de 2,4% a.a., devido aos efeitos rendimento e localização geográfica, enquanto o efeito área foi negativo à taxa de 0,99% a.a.. A cultura do arroz foi a única a ceder área agrícola para as demais culturas (208.003 ha), na década de 1980. Os efeitos composição da produção (4,56% a.a.) e área (4,04% a.a.) foram os mais importantes na explicação do crescimento do valor da produção das culturas no estado no período de 1980 a 2000; os efeitos rendimento e localização geográfica também foram positivos. Esses resultados indicam que o crescimento do valor da produção decorre de uma alteração na composição das culturas, ao se substituir ou aumentar a área plantada com culturas mais rentáveis, e decorre também da incorporação de novas áreas, verificada na década de 1990. A elevação do rendimento (3,83% a.a.) indica o aumento da produtividade das culturas e o efeito localização geográfica (0,72% a.a.) denota a mudança de cultivo para regiões que apresentam melhores condições de cultivo, como solo e condições climáticas. / The current study aims to describe the rice production system and to quantify its sources of growth in the state of Mato Grosso, while competing with cotton, corn and soybean crops, between 1980 and 2001. Great technological advances have been observed in upland rice growing, reducing productive differences between the upland and the irrigated rice. In face of these changes and the lack of information regarding the upland rice, studies showing these alterations in a systematized way are required. The shift-share approach was used to measure the sources of growth of agricultural activities, having as determining factors of production increase the area, yield, crop combination and geographical location effects. Changes in the cultivated area were quantified by the scale and substitution effects, in the individual analysis by culture. Cotton, corn, soybean and rice were the cultures studied, with emphasis to the last one. They were chosen due to the large degree of competition with rice in the utilization of the agricultural area. Despite the strong relation between rice and pastures, they were not included in this study. It is due to the lack of information regarding the area and the yield of pastures in those micro-regions, during the analyzed period. It was observed that the upland rice still has a stigma of opening up rural areas, for domestication of land and following substitution by soybean plantation or pasture. Rice growing is also related to pasture recovery and soybean rotation. Its relation with corn and cotton growing, in turn, is not as direct. Some obstacles to the development of rice cultivation in the state of Mato Grosso were detected. As examples: the insufficient supply of seeds; varietal mixture problems in the major variety cultivated in the state; the lack of drying and storage structures for the growers, which hampers commercialization. All of the cultures analyzed registered an increase of production from 1980 to 2001. Rice production grew at an annual average rate of 2.4%, due to yield and geographical location effects, while the area effect was negative by 0.99% per year. Rice was the only culture that transferred agricultural area to the others (208,003 ha) in the eighties. The crop combination (4.56% per year) and the area (4.04% per year) effects were the most important effects in the explanation of production value growth of these crops, from 1980 to 2000, in Mato Grosso. Yield and geographical location effects were also positives. These results indicate that the production value growth derives from an alteration in crops combination – when the plantation is substituted or the area cultivated with a more profitable culture is expanded. It derives, as well, from the aggregation of new areas, as observed in the nineties. The increase of yield (3.83% per year) indicates the growth of these crops productiveness. The geographical location effect (0.72% per year) denotes a move of the cultivation to regions that present better growing conditions, as soil and weather conditions.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o sistema produtivo e quantificar as fontes de crescimento da orizicultura no Mato Grosso, em competição com a cotonicultura, a milhocultura e a sojicultura, no período de 1980 a 2001. Nota-se grandes avanços tecnológicos empregados na cultura do arroz sob o sistema terras altas, diminuindo a diferença produtiva entre este e o arroz irrigado. Diante destas alterações e da carência de informações no tocante ao cultivo de terras altas, são necessários estudos que demonstrem essas alterações de forma sistematizada. Utilizou-se a metodologia "shift-share" na mensuração das fontes de crescimento das atividades agrícolas, tendo como fatores explicativos da evolução da produção os efeitos área, rendimento, composição da produção e localização geográfica. As alterações na área cultivada das culturas foram quantificadas pelos efeitos escala e substituição, realizadas na análise individual por cultura. Com enfoque no arroz, as demais culturas estudadas foram o algodão, o milho e a soja, escolhidas por competirem em maior grau com o arroz na ocupação da área agrícola. Apesar das pastagens apresentarem grande relação com a orizicultura, estas não foram incluídas no estudo, devido à ausência de informações referentes à área e ao rendimento para as microrregiões em todo o período. Verificou-se que o arroz de terras altas continua carregando o estigma de abertura de área para domesticação da terra e posterior substituição pela cultura da soja ou pastagens. A orizicultura tem seu uso também relacionado à recuperação de pastagens e rotação com soja. As culturas do algodão e do milho pouco se relacionam diretamente com o arroz, ao contrário da soja e das pastagens. Constataram-se alguns entraves ao desenvolvimento da orizicultura no estado, como a oferta insuficiente de sementes, problemas de mistura varietal na principal variedade cultivada no estado, assim como a falta de estrutura de secagem e armazenagem própria dos produtores, ocasionando dificuldades na comercialização. Todas as culturas analisadas tiveram crescimento da produção de 1980 a 2001. A cultura do arroz apresentou crescimento da produção à taxa de 2,4% a.a., devido aos efeitos rendimento e localização geográfica, enquanto o efeito área foi negativo à taxa de 0,99% a.a.. A cultura do arroz foi a única a ceder área agrícola para as demais culturas (208.003 ha), na década de 1980. Os efeitos composição da produção (4,56% a.a.) e área (4,04% a.a.) foram os mais importantes na explicação do crescimento do valor da produção das culturas no estado no período de 1980 a 2000; os efeitos rendimento e localização geográfica também foram positivos. Esses resultados indicam que o crescimento do valor da produção decorre de uma alteração na composição das culturas, ao se substituir ou aumentar a área plantada com culturas mais rentáveis, e decorre também da incorporação de novas áreas, verificada na década de 1990. A elevação do rendimento (3,83% a.a.) indica o aumento da produtividade das culturas e o efeito localização geográfica (0,72% a.a.) denota a mudança de cultivo para regiões que apresentam melhores condições de cultivo, como solo e condições climáticas. / The current study aims to describe the rice production system and to quantify its sources of growth in the state of Mato Grosso, while competing with cotton, corn and soybean crops, between 1980 and 2001. Great technological advances have been observed in upland rice growing, reducing productive differences between the upland and the irrigated rice. In face of these changes and the lack of information regarding the upland rice, studies showing these alterations in a systematized way are required. The shift-share approach was used to measure the sources of growth of agricultural activities, having as determining factors of production increase the area, yield, crop combination and geographical location effects. Changes in the cultivated area were quantified by the scale and substitution effects, in the individual analysis by culture. Cotton, corn, soybean and rice were the cultures studied, with emphasis to the last one. They were chosen due to the large degree of competition with rice in the utilization of the agricultural area. Despite the strong relation between rice and pastures, they were not included in this study. It is due to the lack of information regarding the area and the yield of pastures in those micro-regions, during the analyzed period. It was observed that the upland rice still has a stigma of opening up rural areas, for domestication of land and following substitution by soybean plantation or pasture. Rice growing is also related to pasture recovery and soybean rotation. Its relation with corn and cotton growing, in turn, is not as direct. Some obstacles to the development of rice cultivation in the state of Mato Grosso were detected. As examples: the insufficient supply of seeds; varietal mixture problems in the major variety cultivated in the state; the lack of drying and storage structures for the growers, which hampers commercialization. All of the cultures analyzed registered an increase of production from 1980 to 2001. Rice production grew at an annual average rate of 2.4%, due to yield and geographical location effects, while the area effect was negative by 0.99% per year. Rice was the only culture that transferred agricultural area to the others (208,003 ha) in the eighties. The crop combination (4.56% per year) and the area (4.04% per year) effects were the most important effects in the explanation of production value growth of these crops, from 1980 to 2000, in Mato Grosso. Yield and geographical location effects were also positives. These results indicate that the production value growth derives from an alteration in crops combination - when the plantation is substituted or the area cultivated with a more profitable culture is expanded. It derives, as well, from the aggregation of new areas, as observed in the nineties. The increase of yield (3.83% per year) indicates the growth of these crops productiveness. The geographical location effect (0.72% per year) denotes a move of the cultivation to regions that present better growing conditions, as soil and weather conditions.

Objectives of this thesis is concentrate on problems of advertising in business and economic competition within the frame of EU. Thesis analyse advertising as such. In this thesis, there is a description of notion advertising, history of advertising, functions, objectives{\dots}etc. Consenquently there is a description of medium for advertising. In Czech republic, the advertising is legally regulate by public law and by private law. At the same time, it use also nonlegal instruments for regulation. It is self-regulation by the help of Ethics code. Ethics code is published by RPR (Rada pro reklamu). It watch over ethics and mind of advertising. Unfair competition is behaviour in economic competition, which is in violation of good manners and is qualified to evocate injury of others competitors or consumer. Unfair competition is for example false advertising, embracery, impeachment{\dots}etc. Economic competition is regulate and controlled by ÚOHS (Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže). It create condititons for subvention and protection. Competition law is used in case of violation against conditions of economic competition. It is for example abuse of dominant position, association of competitors or forbidden agreements. Within the frame of law, it exists sanctions for protections againts infringement of economic competition and unfair competititon. Concerning advertising in the European Union, it is analogous to advertising in Czech republic. For regulation, there is many EC directives regulating advertising.

L'analyse concurrentielle du marché pertinent du football professionnel européen fait ressortir le saisissant contraste présent entre la force de l'exigence d'une concurrence "libre" et "non faussée" et la relativité de son existence sur le marché. Depuis l'arrêt "Bosman" et la reconnaissance par la Cour de justice de la liberté de circulation des sportifs professionnels, l'économie concurrentielle du marché en cause est inégalitaire et le sort de la compétition économique prévisible. En supprimant les clauses de nationalité, qui limitaient les flux transnationaux de joueurs et l'impact de l'hétérogénéité des systèmes fiscaux sur le processus concurrentiel, les juges de Luxembourg ont structurellement remis en cause les conditions de concurrence du marché. En effet, les clubs au "coin socio-fiscal du travail" élevé ont vu leur liberté concurrentielle être affectée et leur chance de réussir, dans la compétition économique, considérablement se réduire. Leur incapacité fiscale à proposer, à coût égal, des rémunérations attractives et compétitives aux facteurs de concurrence que sont les joueurs, s'est traduite, dans le contexte de la libéralisation du marché, par un "état d'infériorité structurelle". Cette situation immédiatement contraire aux objectifs des Traités a engendré une allocation inefficace des richesses du marché et une qualité disparate de l'offre de spectacle sportif au sein de la Communauté. / The competitive analysis of the relevant market of the European professional football highlights the striking contrast between the strength of the requirement of a “free” and “undistorted” competition and the relativity of its existence on the market.Since the “Bosman” decision and the recognition by the European Court of Justice of the freedom of movement for professional sportsmen, the competitive economy of the relevant market is non-egalitarian and the result of economic competition is predictable. By suppressing the nationality clauses which limited the transnational flows of the players and the impact of heterogeneity of tax systems on the competitive process, the judges of Luxembourg structurally altered the competitive conditions into the market. Indeed, football clubs at “the wedge between labour costs and net wages” saw their competitive freedom being affected and their chance to succeed in the economic competition considerably reduced. Their tax incapacity to propose, at equal cost, attractive and competitive payments to the competition factors that are the players, has translated, in the context of the liberalization of the market, by a “structural inferiority state”. This situation at once went against the objectives of the Treaties causing an inefficient allowance of the wealth in the market, as well as an ill-assorted quality of the sport entertainment offer within the Common Market.