The thesis deals with the tax measures adopted in the EU countries in the context of the global economic crisis. The objective of this thesis was to describe the tax changes and evaluate their effectivity. The adopted measures were evaluated with regard to the theoretical principles of taxation. In my thesis I used the method of secondary analyses of the EU and OECD materials; to evaluate the effectivity of the tax changes I have used the method of comparison and deduction. I made detailed analysis of tax reforms in Hungary, Greece and Germany. The tax measures in all compared countries confirmed the recent trend -- a shift from direct to indirect taxation. In my work I also focused on the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth. During the crisis the EU countries tried to support the economy by fiscal incentives which led to the high state debt and in some countries almost to a state bankruptcy. It is very complicated to explain how much influence had the taxes in the combat with the crisis. However it is quite certain that without the fiscal help a number of states would be still in recession.

The diploma thesis provides an analysis of development of tax systems and tax legislation of the Visegrad Group countries during the period of global economic crisis, i.e. between the years 2008 and 2010. The thesis deals with assessment of anti-crisis measures and influence of impacts of the economic crisis on tax revenues and tax mix in the Visegrad Group countries. Within separates chapters describes the wide range of measures which were accepted in the countries during crisis. The paper covers the main characteristics of tax systems and their position within European Union and shows a comparison of dynamic development of tax systems of the Visegrad countries. The thesis tries to provide a complete view on the tax trends in the four Central European countries.

By the end of the year 2007 and the beginning of the year 2008, the financial crisis struck the world market and over time the labor market as well. The thesis focuses on the analysis of establishing the labor market in the South Moravian region by comparing districts Brno-city and Vyskov. In the theoretical part, I explain relevant definitions in the field of labor markets and a definition of economic recession. Next, I discuss the South Moravian region's characteristics, which promote the district's means to resist the recession. I point out its weaknesses in the labor market as well. The practical part compares general indicators of labor markets in the districts Brnocity and Vyskov. The measures used are employment and unemployment rates. Towards the end, the thesis shifts its focus on employment policies. The Active Employment Policy is the main subject of concern in this chapter. Directors of various labor offices commented on the Active Employment Policy and its means of control, which helped clarify some inconsistencies resulting from the statistics.

In my diploma thesis I inquire into mutual comparison of the two of the main communication industries in a marketing mix -- advertising and public relations. I also look deeper into how much the recent global economic crisis of 2009 -- 2010 has an impact on a development of those two industries in the Czech Republic. I am try to describe their common and different attributes, their possibilities in the communication mix, as well as I try to estimate a future development of both of the industries, based on a theoretical background and questionnaire research amongst advertising, PR and marketing professionals.

The purpose of the diploma paper is to provide complex view on the impact of the global economic crisis on tourism in the Czech Republic. The analysis focuses on the inbound, outbound and domestic tourism, determines the most important factors influencing the tourism demand together with the economic crisis and evaluates the impact of the changes in the demand on the tourism industry in the Czech Republic.

The main goal of the diploma thesis is the analyse of government interventions during the economic crisis and the evaluation of the efficiency on the example of the economy of Unites States of America. The thesis is divided into three main parts: Part I is a theoretical approach to the interventions and focuses on the impact of monetary and fiscal tools. Part II analysis the fundamental background of the crisis with the empasis on unique circumstances. Part III is the longest shows the real interventions on the example of USA and analysis the success of them. At the very end of the thesis is a comparison of the interventions with the European Union.

En ce qui concerne la crise de 1816-1817, sans doute moins brutale que les crises d'avant la révolution, notamment sur le plan démographique, un certain nombre d'auteurs, y compris Colette Girard, Pierre-Paul Viard, Maurice Vergnaud et Louis Guéneau, ont publié des articles tels que « La disette de 1816-17 dans la Meurthe » , «Les conséquences démographiques de la famine de 1816-1817 dans le département de la Meurthe » , « la crise de 1816-17 , particulièrement en Côte-d’Or » , « Agitation politique et crise de subsistances à Lyon de septembre 1816 à juin 1817 » , « La disette de 1816-1817 dans une région de production de blé, la Brie » . Le plus souvent, ils ont essayé d'associer les analyses de Labrousse ou de Chabert avec les observations spécifiques relevées au niveau local. Les angles, sous lesquels les historiens traitent le sujet des crises varient beaucoup: étude des conséquences politiques, description des phénomènes démographiques, dépouillement de sources inédites sur la justice. . Grâce au recours aux archives locales, ces auteurs ont pu tirer des conclusions originales, mais dans le cadre de monographies limitées à l'histoire locale. Ce travail repose sur l'étude du contexte politique et climatique de la crise, qui en explique, en général, les causes principales et les plus directes. Les mesures de la crise dans l'agriculture suppose une analyse précise fondée sur l'emploi des nombreuses statistiques que recèlent les archives tant nationales que provinciales. La comparaison des prix permet de compléter les travaux d'Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , ou de Nicolas Bourguinat, qui ont essayé d'examiner le système de circulation des grains sous l'angle de l'idéologie du gouvernement sans mettre suffisamment en valeur, pour le second, l'influence des éléments naturels. Ces deux auteurs présentent chacun des avantages respectifs. Si l'on se place d'abord dans une perspective internationale, l'ouvrage d'Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie consacré à l'histoire du climat depuis l'an 1000 aide à identifier les pays qui, avant de souffrir de la disette, ont d'abord été touchés par des dérèglements climatiques. Si, au contraire l'on se concentre sur la France, Nicolas Bourguinat, grâce à des dépouillement précis d'archives et de registres, apporte de nombreux éclairages sur la micro-histoire post-révolutionnaire. / The crisis in 1816-17 is regarded as the last crisis of the “Ancien régime économique” in this thesis, because with many particular characteristics, it started at the first time in the agriculture and developed most of the time in this sector. The crisis, provoked by an anomaly climate at the beginning of 1816, has shaken the french society The poor harvest caused a lot of troubles to the circulation of the grains. The wheat was in that epoch the principal food to the French people, and the government took feeding his people as a bounden duty. So we can say that, the problem concerning the food supply was an interface between the government and the people's livelihood. In a word, this subject involves not only the historical techniques, but also the knowledges of sociology, economics, statistics and so on. With the help of all these techniques, we will have a glance of the reality in this period which seems far from us. What’s more, this research tries to figure out the elements of the nature of the crisis: the last crisis of “ancien régime”, in order to clear some suspicions and to remove some misunderstandings.

Thesis advisor: Paul Gray / Thesis advisor: Paul Schervish / The current economic crisis resembles a type of "critical situation" wherein everyday assumptions and routines sustaining hegemonic ideologies and their corresponding forms of social power are prone to be disrupted (Giddens 1987). Such situations provide opportunities for the relative strength of such hegemonies, and how they are effectively restored and/or challenged, to be uncovered. In undertaking this study I sought to discover the social and economic implications and lessons MBA students associate with the current economic crisis and how they frame and rationalize such perceptions. In so doing, I further aimed to uncover specific ideological processes they perform in preserving and/or challenging conventional tenets of liberal capitalism. I reexamine the sociological concept of ideology in reference to the empirical data, and test the capacity of Giddens' (1979, 1984) and Mannheim's (1949) combined methodologies in uncovering interconnections of consciousness, ideology and agency. I conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 MBA students from five universities in Boston, and used a combination of grounded theory and theory testing to analyze the data. Findings reveal not only the specific content comprising hegemonic notions of what constitutes economic and social reality among respondents, but also reflect how ideology functions as a holistic process of social and self understanding and how it reproduces, and is reproduced by, the performance of agencies within particular corporate and educational structures. I argue that the tenets espoused and enacted by many respondents reveal a stark challenge to future social change. Even amid the current crisis -the largest since the Great Depression -most respondents acknowledge that this event had little impact on how they view their professional vocations or the macro economic system. This finding not only speak strongly to the rigidity of conventional tenets underscoring our liberal capitalist culture, but also implies the urgent need to reconsider how our educational institutions should play a greater role in challenging conventional notions of reality espoused so fervently by burgeoning business professionals. I further argue that critical, systematic evaluations of consciousness and ideology should take a more substantial role in the social sciences in determining the restraints and possibilities for social change. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la relation entre l'économie et sa représentation sociale, entre la science et son sens commun. Dans un premier chapitre, théorique, nous démontrons que les représentations sociales des individus profanes jouent un rôle dans la modélisation économique et dans la mise en oeuvre des politiques économiques. Dans un second chapitre, empirique, nous décrivons d'abord la représentation sociale de la crise économique de 2008 en France et montrons que les différences de représentation peuvent être dues à la perception des menaces financières personnelles. Ces dernières conduisent à différents types d'actions pour faire face (ou non) à la crise économique. Dans un troisième chapitre, empirique, nous étudions la possibilité d'un ajustement cognitif entre les représentations profanes des théories économiques qui expliquent les crises économiques et ces théories économiques. Nous étudions également l'influence des différences sociodémographiques et psychologiques (telles que les opinions politiques et la croyance en un monde juste) sur ces théories économiques. Enfin, dans un dernier chapitre empirique, nous examinons les représentations sociales de l'euro et abordons la notion d'illusion monétaire ainsi que la perception des politiques monétaires européennes en France. / In this thesis we focus on the relationship between economics and social representations, between science and common sense. First in a theoretical chapter, we discuss how social representations of lay individuals can potentially play a role in economic modeling and in the implementation of economic policies. Secondly, in an empirical chapter, we firstly describe the social representation of the 2008 economic crisis in France and link it to the perception of personal financial threats. We then proceed to demonstrate that this difference can lead to different types of actions in order to cope (or not) with the economic crisis. The third chapter investigates empirically the possibility of a cognitive fit between lay representations of economic theories that explain economic crises and economic theories themselves. The influence of sociodemographic and psychological differences (such as political opinions, and Belief in a Just World) over these economic theories is also studied. The final chapter examines the social representations of the euro and approaches the notion of monetary illusion as well as the perception of European monetary policies among the French population.

Em 1668, D. Pedro assumiu o governo português, ainda como regente, devido a incapacidade de seu irmão D. Afonso VI. A conjuntura econômica, de finais do século XVII, não era favorável a Portugal. Muitas das possessões do Oriente estavam perdidas e o comércio de especiarias drasticamente reduzido, reflexo do conflito contra a República das Províncias Unidas. A Guerra da Restauração também infligiu grandes perdas aos cofres régios, mesmo com o fim das hostilidades os custos com a desmobilização das tropas foram sentidos por vários anos. O açúcar, que no início do século tinha gerado grandes lucros, sofria com a competição internacional e amargava constantes quedas nos preços. Nesse contexto de redução das receitas e aumento das despesas, medidas foram implementadas visando diversificar as fontes de rendimentos e, aumentar a eficiência dos mecanismos de controle da arrecadação de impostos, com intuito de diminuir os descaminhos das rendas régias. A aclimatação de especiarias, o fomento da economia do Maranhão, o aumento da fiscalização sobre a cultura do tabaco, estão entre as medidas empreendidas no período. A essas ações soma-se a tentativa de revitalizar a indústria açucareira. No presente trabalho pretendemos examinar se as ações implementadas no período foram fruto de um planejamento sistemático, ou, não podem ser consideradas como concorrentes, tendo sido apenas respostas as vicissitudes do período. As conclusões nos permitem afirmar, que observadas pela ótica das ideias econômicas que circulavam por Portugal no século XVII, essas reformas administrativas inseriam-se em um planejamento. / In 1668, D. Pedro assumed the Portuguese government, still as regent, due to the incapacity of his brother D. Afonso VI. The economic situation of the late seventeenth century was not favorable to Portugal. Many of the possessions of the East were lost and the trade of spices drastically reduced, reflecting the conflict against the United Provinces. The Restoration War also inflicted heavy losses on royal coffers, even with the end of hostilities the costs of demobilizing troops were felt for several years. Sugar, which at the beginning of the century had generated large profits, suffered from international competition and bitterly declined in prices. In this context of reducing revenues and increasing expenditures, measures were implemented to diversify sources of income and increase the efficiency of tax collection control mechanisms, in order to reduce the ruin of royal incomes. The acclimatization of spices, the promotion of the economy of Maranhão, and the increase in tobacco control are among the measures undertaken in the period. To these actions is added the attempt to revitalize the sugar industry. In the present work we intend to examine whether the actions implemented were not the result of a systematic planning, or, can not be considered as competitors, and were only responses to the vicissitudes of the period. The conclusions allow us to state that, observed from the perspective of the economic ideas that circulated in Portugal in the seventeenth century, these administrative reforms were part of a planning.