US economic sanctions, in the opinion of most observers, have not succeeded in attaining the desired objectives. Sanctions often impact US businesses negatively as well as other domestic and foreign constituencies. Our review of economic sanctions suggests that the US should adopt a phased approach in imposing sanctions. In the pre-economic sanctions phase, the US Government should pursue a strategy of engagement using specific incentives (and penalties) to change a targeted country's offensive behaviour. If engagement is unsuccessful, the second phase should include identifying a range of economic sanctions to achieve clearly stated objectives and assessing their potential impact on various groups. In the third phase, the US Government would impose sanctions, monitoring them regularly to determine if they should be adjusted or rescinded. The framework in this paper for all three phases may help to develop a systematic process for applying sanctions.

US economic sanctions, in the opinion of most observers, have not succeeded in attaining the desired objectives. Sanctions often impact US businesses negatively as well as other domestic and foreign constituencies. Our review of economic sanctions suggests that the US should adopt a phased approach in imposing sanctions. In the pre-economic sanctions phase, the US Government should pursue a strategy of engagement using specific incentives (and penalties) to change a targeted country's offensive behaviour. If engagement is unsuccessful, the second phase should include identifying a range of economic sanctions to achieve clearly stated objectives and assessing their potential impact on various groups. In the third phase, the US Government would impose sanctions, monitoring them regularly to determine if they should be adjusted or rescinded. The framework in this paper for all three phases may help to develop a systematic process for applying sanctions.

Economic sanctions can result in more than a 70% decrease in business activities in a sanctioned country. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to identify the strategies import and export small business owners use to sustain businesses under economic sanctions. The population for this study was import and export small business owners in the state of Khartoum, Sudan. General systems theory served as the conceptual framework and underpinned the study. The data collection included semistructured interviews and government financial reports. Adhering to an interview protocol, conducting transcript reviews of participants' interviews, member checking, and methodological triangulation represented the measures to ensure dependability, trustworthiness, creditability, transferability, and confirmability of the research. The thematic data analysis involved data cleaning, uploading the transcribed interviews into qualitative data analysis software, reorganizing the data, coding relevant information, and methodological triangulation against financial reports from the Central Bank of Sudan and the World Development Bank Indicators. The results from the thematic data analysis led to the identification of some major themes, notably, innovative strategies to secure funding and increase business sustainability despite the unfavorable economic climate consequent to the prevalent economic sanctions. The consensus among participants denoted that creative strategies presented the only choice to overcome the adverse business climate. The study findings may contribute to positive social change as the knowledge from it may aid in the improvement of employment, the living standards, and the prosperity of small businesses and societies in Sudan.

Economic sanctions are a tool of achieving peace and have become increasingly important in research lately, as it is a more current question than ever. With the Russian war on Ukraine, countries have been sending sanctions in the hopes of financially straining Russia. The purpose of the study is to investigate how sending sanctions to a main trading partner is associated with the economic development of the sender. The study was based on the gravity model as well as economic development determinants. We employed a panel data analysis regarding 19 countries. A Fixed Effect model was used in order to regress the relationship between sending sanctions and the economic development of the sanctioning states economy between the years 1990 and 2021. At a 5% significance level, we did not find any correlation between annual growth of Gross Domestic Product per capita and sanctioned years, however the findings showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between sending sanctions and the economic growth of the sender at a 10% significance level. Governmental institutions can use these findings to carefully consider sanction decisions and their potential impact on the economy in the future.

This thesis examines the potential effects of a price cap sanction on semi-finished steel products against the Russian steel industry. The research question is: "What are the effects on the Russian economy of a price cap on semi-finished steel products?”. By constructing a theoretical model and applying empirically-based parameters, estimation of the sanction's effects on Russia and the world is possible. The findings suggest that a severe price cap, such as capping Russian steel prices at 72 $/tonne (90 % of original price), only results in a 2,7 % decrease in supplied quantity but causes a significant loss of profit (approximately 10 billion dollars annually). In the long-run, market rebalancing somewhat diminishes these losses. An alternative model however indicates that Russian exporters would cease exports at a minimum price of 502,5 $/tonne, leading to a dramatic increase in global prices. Therefore, a recommended price cap of 30 % or less of the current market price is advised – leading to 3,4 billion dollars in annual Russian losses. This study contributes to the understanding of sanctions as an economic tool and informs the ongoing debate on the efficacy of price cap sanctions against a sizable economy like Russia's and on inelastic products such as semi-steel.

The aim is the improvement of the company's strategy Prada Group in the Russian market during the economic crisis and sanctions against Russia. Objectives of the study: - Classify the overall exit strategy of the company to foreign markets; - Identify the features of formation of exit strategies of foreign companies (clothing manufacturers) on the Russian market; - To analyze the conditions of Prada Group; - Identify the forms of interaction Prada Group with Russian companies; - To propose changes in the strategy of Prada Group on economic activity in the conditions of the use of economic sanctions against Russia. The object of investigation is the problem of choosing the right exit strategy Prada Group in the Russian market. The subject of research is the gradual promotion of Prada Group in the Russian market, while analyzing the micro and macro environment in foreign markets, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the company. Scientific novelty of the research is to develop a theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis and use of strategic decisions for the formation of a package of measures to change the strategy of foreign companies, taking into account characteristics of sectors and risk in the administration of the sanctions measures. Among the most important scientific results that define the scientific novelty and significance of the research, should be highlighted: 1) The proposed steps of forming a marketing strategy yield in emerging markets in the context of globalization; 2) The peculiarities of the Russian clothing market, affecting the output of foreign companies into the market; 3) Develop guidelines for choosing the exit strategy of the company Prada Group in the Russian market. The practical significance of the results of the research is both theoretical and methodological and applied character. The proposed recommendations can be applied at the exit of foreign companies to the Russian market. The work carried out situational analysis to develop marketing strategies exit of foreign companies in the clothing market. / Целью работы является совершенствование стратегии компании Prada Group на российском рынке в условиях экономического кризиса и санкций против России. Задачи исследования: - классифицировать общие стратегии выходы компании на зарубежные рынки; - выявить особенности формирования стратегий выхода зарубежных компаний (производителей одежды) на российский рынок; - проанализировать условия развития Prada Group; - выявить формы взаимодействия Prada Group с российскими компаниями; - предложить изменения в стратегии Prada Group на экономическую деятельность в условиях применения экономических санкций к России. Объектом исследования являются проблема выбора правильной стратегии выхода Prada Group на российский рынок. Предметом исследования выступает поэтапное продвижение Prada Group на российский рынок, анализируя при этом микро- и макроокружения на внешних рынках, а также преимущества и недостатки фирмы. Научная новизна диссертационного исследования состоит в разработке теоретико-методических подходов к анализу и использованию стратегических решений для формирования комплекса мероприятий по изменению стратегии иностранных компаний с учетом особенностей отраслей и рисков в условиях введения санкционных мер. В числе наиболее важных научных результатов, определяющих научную новизну и значимость проведенных исследований, следует выделить: 1) Предложены этапы формирования маркетинговой стратегии выхода компаний на развивающиеся рынки в условиях глобализации; 2) Выявлены особенности российского рынка одежды, влияющие на выход иностранных компаний на данный рынок; 3) Разработаны рекомендации по выбору стратегии выхода компании Prada Group на рынок России. Практическая значимость результатов проведенных исследований носит как теоретико-методический, так и прикладной характер. Предлагаемые рекомендации могут найти применение при выходе иностранных компаний на рынок России. В работе проведен ситуационный анализ для разработки маркетинговых стратегий выхода иностранных компаний на рынок одежды.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore order fulfilment under the pressure of disruptionin the supply chain of international private organisations in the context of economic sanctions. Aconcept’s development was intended with the newest academic stud ies when the paper was written. Methodology and approach - It is an empirical research which uses qualitative methods ofresearch. The methods are an integrative literature review and case studies with interviews ofcompanies’ workers on companies facing e nvironmental and economic sanctions. Findings - The private companies prepare the supply chain disruptions mainly after encounteringsuch problems. The strategies against the disruptions amongst the network improve the resilient.The risk mitigation and th e management of this type of crisis are discovered in this study. Research limitations and implications - The low number of respondents and authors reduces theimpact and the possibilities of the research. The methods used limit the results as well as thesampling method. Practical implications - The theories and strategies built from previous researches are facing thecases of companies. And it shows that the access to various markets by the companies have alsoeffects on the reactivity of the supply chain of the companies. Originality or value - The context of supply chain disruptions in environmental disruptions andeconomic sanctions in the case of European sanctions against the Russian federation and coups inAfrica are explored. Type of paper - Master thesis with empirical research.

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The thesis results from a research project, combining elements of European law and public international law. The project focuses on the different forms of the use of force by the European Union in the sphere of the Common Security and Defence Policy as an integral part of the EU’s common foreign and security policy. It examines the conditions under which the European Union can engage in military crisis management missions from the perspective of European Union law as well as from the perspective of public international law. The main emphasis of the thesis is put on the former, analysing the EU’s ambitions to become an international security actor from an inside-out perspective. When addressing the vertical dimension of the EU and the use of force in more detail, the thesis analyses the extent to which the Member States are constrained in the conduct of their national foreign and security policy through decisions by the European Union in the sphere of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. With regards to the EU’s legal relationship with the United Nations, the thesis examines whether and if so to what extent the European Union, although not a member of the United Nations, is bound by UN Security Council resolutions in respect of the use of force. Based on the assumption that the EU is bound by UN Security Council resolutions imposing economic sanctions, the thesis uses a comparative method in order to show that the EU as an international organisation is bound by decisions of the UN Security Council in the sense that the EU is obliged to respect the wording and limits of a UN Security Council mandate to use force once it decides to contribute with an EU mission. If the EU decides not to accept a UN Security Council mandate, the thesis argues that the EU is under the obligation not to undermine the success of a UN authorised military intervention, in the spirit of a loyalty obligation. Apart from analyzing the interaction of the EU and the international legal framework, the thesis also uses a speculative approach in order to examine the implications of silence in the context of the use of force.

The subject of this thesis is the embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. The first part of the thesis examines embargo as an instrument of foreign policy as well as its place in US foreign policy. The second part deals with the evolution of the embargo toward Cuba in political context from events preceding its declaration until recent months. The last part analyses impact of the embargo on the economies of Cuba and the United States.