El Perú es un prodigio en recursos naturales y en biodiversidad que se evidencia en la heterogeneidad de ecoclimas y paisajes que son el hábitat para el desarrollo de una diversidad de especies de flora y fauna, así como para culturas nativas. Estas condiciones sustentan la viabilidad de la práctica y desarrollo del ecoturismo como una industria sustentable y competitiva a nivel internacional, sin embargo al ser un país prodigioso está expuesto a verse afectado por los desequilibrios ecológicos que se producen por pérdida de algunas especies, originando la crisis ecológica que está atentando contra el bienestar de la humanidad. Durante las últimas seis décadas, el turismo y el ecoturismo han experimentado una permanente expansión y diversificación, con lo que han llegado a constituirse en uno de los sectores económicos más importantes y de mayor crecimiento a escala mundial. No obstante, el sector ecoturismo en la región Lambayeque aún se encuentra en un estado de lento crecimiento y poco desarrollo debido al escaso compromiso de los actores e instituciones necesarias para generar una oferta ecoturística al mundo, dependiendo el ingreso de nuevos competidores de la participación del Estado (nacional, regional y local), y de los gobiernos regionales concretando el desarrollo del ecoturismo en sus respectivas zonas, involucrando en la inversión , el proceso de comunicación con las comunidades . En efecto, la ejecución de proyectos de inversión pública relacionados con el turismo se ve retraída por la falta de capacidades de los actores responsables. Asimismo, el Perú, al ser un destino de larga distancia con respecto a los principales emisores, compite con otros destinos también lejanos ubicados en otras partes del mundo y con una oferta turística muy similar. La tendencia en el número de visitas a las áreas protegidas en la región Lambayeque es ascendente tanto para visitantes nacionales como extranjeros; como sector, mantiene un promedio de 13.8% de crecimiento anual, siendo el destino turístico de Chaparrí el de mayor crecimiento anual en número de visitantes (35%), seguido de Laquipampa (19%), y finalmente el Bosque de Pómac, con un promedio de crecimiento de (4%); cabe mencionar que aunque porcentualmente es el de menor valor, presenta el mayor número de visitantes. Este crecimiento, si bien es prometedor, requiere por parte de los entes rectores una planificación y administración adecuada de los recursos plasmados, entre otros, en la estipulación de la capacidad de carga, los límites aceptables de cambio y el manejo del impacto del visitante que cada destino puede sobrellevar, además de una constante comunicación con los pobladores. Las estrategias planteadas se basan en el desarrollo de proyectos conjuntos orientados a mejorar la accesibilidad a los destinos; Desarrollar y promocionar la marca Lambayeque como destino ecoturístico; promocionar los destinos ecoturísticos existentes, y desarrollo de nuevas actividades turísticas como la de observadores de aves, turistas de sol y playa, investigadores, personas de la tercera edad. El presente plan estratégico propone a los actores integrantes de la cadena de valor de la industria una herramienta de gestión que permita usar las fortalezas para beneficiarse de las oportunidades y neutralizar las amenazas; y mejorar las debilidades para aprovechar las ocasiones y evitar los peligros, a fin de alcanzar la visión propuesta y, por ende, el posicionamiento deseado. / Peru is a prodigy in natural resources and in biodiversity which is evidenced by the heterogeneity of echo climates and landscapes that provide habitat for the development of a diversity of flora and fauna, and native cultural expressions while transcendent. These conditions support the viability of the practice and development of the ecotourism as a sustainable industry worldwide, however to be a prodigious country is exposed to be affected by ecological imbalances that occur due to loss of some species, causing ecological crisis that is endangering the human welfare. During the last six decades the tourism and the echo tourism has experienced a permanent expansion and diversification, managing to be one of the most important economic sectors and of major growth on a worldwide scale. Even the sector ecotourism in the Region Lambayeque still is in a condition of slow growth and little I develop due to the scanty commitment of the actors and necessary institutions to generate an offer echo tourist to the world, depending on the income of new competitors to the state's participation (national, regional and local), and regional governments specifying ecotourism development in each areas, involving investment, the process of communication with communities. The project execution of public investment related to the tourism meets retiring for the lack of capacities of the responsible actors. Peru to the being a destination of long distance with regard to the principal issuers, it competes with other destinations also distant located in other parts of the world and with a tourist very similar offer. The trend in the number of visits to the areas protected in the Region Lambayeque is ascending so much for national as foreign visitors; since sector supports an average of 13.8 % of annual growth, Being Chaparrí's tourist destination that of major annual growth in number of visitors (35 %), followed by Laquipampa (19 %), and finally Pómac's Forest with an average of growth of (4 %); It is necessary to mention that though in percentage terms it is that of minor value, the major number of visitors presents. This growth though promising needs of the governing entities a planning and suitable administration of the resources formed between others in the stipulation of the capacity of load, the acceptable limits of change and the Managing of the Impact of the Visitor that every destination can carry. The proposed strategies are based on the development of joint projects aimed to improve the accessibility of destinations, develop and promote the Lambayeque brand as ecoturism destination; promote ecotourism destinations existing and development of new tourism activities as observer birds, sun and beach tourists, researchers, senior age. The present strategic plan proposes to the integral actors of the chain of value of the industry a management tool that allows to use the strengths to benefit from the opportunities and to neutralize the threats; and to improve the weaknesses for seize the opportunities and to avoid the dangers, reaching finally the proposed vision and in consequence the wished positioning.

El Perú tiene una gran diversidad de ecosistemas, paisajes y recursos naturales, además cuenta con riqueza cultural en cada una de sus regiones, por lo que se puede considerar que el país posee un potencial turístico importante. El ecoturismo surge como una alternativa de desarrollo local, aprovechando, de manera sostenible, los recursos naturales y culturales. La provincia de Pomabamba, ubicada al noreste del departamento de Ancash, posee cuatro distritos (Pomabamba, Parobamba, Quinuabamba y Huayllán) que son conocidos y visitados principalmente por sus festividades culturales; sin embargo, sus áreas o zonas con potencial para el desarrollo del turismo de naturaleza, no han tenido difusión y no son administradas ni aprovechadas sosteniblemente por las autoridades locales ni la población. En la presente investigación se analiza y evidencia la potencialidad del distrito de Pomabamba, capital de la provincia, para el desarrollo del ecoturismo, resaltando sus recursos y paisajes naturales; además se destaca la disposición de la población local para participar en la implementación de ésta actividad puesto que podría surgir como una nueva alternativa de desarrollo para la localidad. / Peru has a great diversity of ecosystems, landscapes and natural resources. It also has cultural richness in each of its regions, which is why it can be considered that the country has an important tourist potential. Ecotourism emerges as an alternative to local development, taking advantage, in a sustainable way, of natural and cultural resources. The province of Pomabamba, located northeast of the department of Ancash, has four districts (Pomabamba, Parobamba, Quinuabamba and Huayllán) that are known and visited mainly for their cultural festivities; However, its areas or areas with potential for the development of nature tourism, have not been disseminated and are not managed or used sustainably by local authorities or the population. In the present investigation the potentiality of the district of Pomabamba, capital of the province, for the development of ecotourism, highlighting its resources and natural landscapes is analyzed and evidenced; It also highlights the willingness of the local population to participate in the implementation of this activity since it could emerge as a new development alternative for the locality.

The Peruvian government has used a top-down colonial approach to nature-based conservation. This approach has effectively marginalized Indigenous people located in designated protected areas. For the Matsiguenka communities inhabiting Manu National Park, such an approach has created socioeconomic and political problems. Ecotourism is given to them as the only socioeconomic development option for the acquisition of supplementary income to their subsistence lifestyle and for their integration into the global capitalist economy. My research questions include: 1) whether or not marginalized Indigenous groups are given a chance to negotiate their own cultural values, knowledge and practices within the context dominated by global capitalism forces, such as the international tourism industry, and 2) how neo-liberal strategies such as ecotourism, which is sold as an economic panacea for communities in out-of-the-way-places such as the Peruvian rainforest, work in practice. I draw upon narratives on ecotourism, collected in my five-month fieldwork, as told by the multiple stakeholders of ecotourism. I use these narratives to highlight the complexities, pitfalls and incongruent, hegemonic and predatory nature of ecotourism as it plays out in Manu National Park. Through their Multicommunal Enterprise Matsiguenka, these traditionally hunter and gatherer people are courageously and creatively venturing into the ecotourism industry hoping to benefit their communities. However, the “wild” competition in the “green” capitalist market makes this type of venture a great challenge. / October 2007

The Peruvian government has used a top-down colonial approach to nature-based conservation. This approach has effectively marginalized Indigenous people located in designated protected areas. For the Matsiguenka communities inhabiting Manu National Park, such an approach has created socioeconomic and political problems. Ecotourism is given to them as the only socioeconomic development option for the acquisition of supplementary income to their subsistence lifestyle and for their integration into the global capitalist economy. My research questions include: 1) whether or not marginalized Indigenous groups are given a chance to negotiate their own cultural values, knowledge and practices within the context dominated by global capitalism forces, such as the international tourism industry, and 2) how neo-liberal strategies such as ecotourism, which is sold as an economic panacea for communities in out-of-the-way-places such as the Peruvian rainforest, work in practice. I draw upon narratives on ecotourism, collected in my five-month fieldwork, as told by the multiple stakeholders of ecotourism. I use these narratives to highlight the complexities, pitfalls and incongruent, hegemonic and predatory nature of ecotourism as it plays out in Manu National Park. Through their Multicommunal Enterprise Matsiguenka, these traditionally hunter and gatherer people are courageously and creatively venturing into the ecotourism industry hoping to benefit their communities. However, the “wild” competition in the “green” capitalist market makes this type of venture a great challenge.

The Peruvian government has used a top-down colonial approach to nature-based conservation. This approach has effectively marginalized Indigenous people located in designated protected areas. For the Matsiguenka communities inhabiting Manu National Park, such an approach has created socioeconomic and political problems. Ecotourism is given to them as the only socioeconomic development option for the acquisition of supplementary income to their subsistence lifestyle and for their integration into the global capitalist economy. My research questions include: 1) whether or not marginalized Indigenous groups are given a chance to negotiate their own cultural values, knowledge and practices within the context dominated by global capitalism forces, such as the international tourism industry, and 2) how neo-liberal strategies such as ecotourism, which is sold as an economic panacea for communities in out-of-the-way-places such as the Peruvian rainforest, work in practice. I draw upon narratives on ecotourism, collected in my five-month fieldwork, as told by the multiple stakeholders of ecotourism. I use these narratives to highlight the complexities, pitfalls and incongruent, hegemonic and predatory nature of ecotourism as it plays out in Manu National Park. Through their Multicommunal Enterprise Matsiguenka, these traditionally hunter and gatherer people are courageously and creatively venturing into the ecotourism industry hoping to benefit their communities. However, the “wild” competition in the “green” capitalist market makes this type of venture a great challenge.

O Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), no Estado de São Paulo, é um importante centro receptivo de ecoturismo inserido em significativo contínuo remanescente de Mata Atlântica, tendo como característica marcante a existência de inúmeras cavernas. A crescente demanda de visitação na região, especialmente no Núcleo Santana, e respectivos serviços turísticos no Bairro da Serra acarretam riscos ao patrimônio natural da região. Este estudo objetivou verificar impactos ambientais associados ao ecoturismo, sobretudo quanto a poluição de corpos d’água por esgotos domésticos e manejo de resíduos sólidos. Foram realizadas 16 coletas de água em pontos distintos no Rio Betarí e em afluentes, as quais foram analisadas em laboratório quanto a parâmetros indicadores de qualidade de água. Também foram efetuadas visitas técnicas em locais de disposição final de resíduos sólidos e visitas a atrativos naturais dentro e fora da unidade de conservação. O Rio Betarí apresentou índices que demonstram poluição por esgotos domésticos, principalmente em pontos influenciados por cargas poluidoras oriundas do Bairro da Serra, onde dois afluentes do referido rio apresentaram forte poluição e inconformidades com a legislação pertinente. O manejo dos resíduos sólidos demonstrou caráter de externalização do impacto ambiental, sendo que o lixo coletado no parque e no Bairro da Serra é levado para outras localidades e disposto de maneira irregular. O crescente fluxo turístico e a intensa visitação registrada em feriados prolongados conferem agravo à problemática ambiental identificada, inclusive oferecendo riscos de impactos aos atrativos naturais. As condições de saneamento ambiental verificadas apontam para riscos de saúde pública, favorecendo a proliferação de doenças parasitárias intestinais e demais doenças de veiculação hídrica. / The Alto Ribeira State Tourist Park (PETAR) in the State of Sao Paulo is an important center for ecological tourism inserted in a significant continuum of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The presence of numerous caverns is one of the parks marked characteristics. The increased visitation demand to the region, particularly to the Santana Headquarters and corresponding tourist services to the Serra District threaten the natural resources of the region. The objective of this study was to substantiate the environmental impacts associated with ecological tourism, mainly in reference to the pollution of water bodies by domestic sewers and management of solid waste. A series of sixteen water samples were collected from specific points of the Betari River and its tributaries. The water samples were analyzed in laboratory as to parameters indicators of water quality. In addition, technical visits to localities of final solid waste deposit and visits to natural attractions in and out of the conservation unit were made. The Betari River presented indexes that demonstrated pollution by domestic sewers, particularly in points influenced by polluters originated from the Serra District, where two tributaries of the Betari River revealed significant pollution and unconformity with pertinent legislation. The management of solid waste demonstrated an environmental impact externalization character where the trash collected in the park and in the Serra District was taken to other localities and disposed of in an irregular manner. The increased tourist flow and the intense visitation observed during long holidays aggravate the identified environmental problem, as well as being hazardous to the region’s natural attractions. The environmental conditions verified in this study reveal risks to public health increasing the proliferation of intestinal parasitic diseases and other water borne pathogens.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o ecoturismo. Buscou-se averiguar a existência de uma preocupação com a educação ambiental (e quais os princípios que a regem) nas atividades e pacotes ecoturísticos comercializados pelo mercado. Para atingir tal objetivo, procurou-se conhecer o termo ecoturismo a partir das perspectivas da cultura de consumo e da sociedade do espetáculo e sob tal enfoque discutir suas relações com temas como turismo e consumo, natureza e educação ambiental; buscou-se também identificar as bases filosóficas do trabalho ecoturístico (particularmente em sua relação com a questão da educação ambiental) desenvolvido pelas operadoras de tais atividades; e por fim, realizar crítica conceitual acerca das relações entre os assuntos abordados pela dissertação. Foram entrevistadas 03 operadoras do mercado ecoturístico e 03 pesquisadores de áreas relacionadas aos temas propostos. O texto da dissertação foi produzido a partir das informações obtidas por levantamento bibliográfico em diálogo com as opiniões obtidas nas entrevistas no trabalho de campo. Concluiu-se que o ecoturismo como atividade de mercado é pouco utilizado para a disseminação da consciência ambientalista por conta das operadoras terem uma visão da educação ambiental que a aproxima da educação formal e que tal característica não deve ser integrada às atividades turísticas momentos de diversão e lazer; constatou-se também que o ecoturismo é uma atividade que produz subjetividade consumista nos participantes do processo e reafirma o tempo espetacular do capital. / The present work aims to study the ecotourism. It has investigated the existence of a preoccupation with the environmental education (and its leading principles) in the activities and ecotourism packages traded on the market; to achieve such aim it has searched to understand the term ecotourism from the culture of consumption and society of the spectacle perspective, and under such view, to discuss its relation with themes such as tourism and consumption, nature and environmental education; It has searched to identify the philosophical basis of the ecotourism work (particularly in its relation with the environmental education matter) developed by the operators of such activities; and finally, to do a conceptual critic on the issues considered on this essay. 03 operators of the ecotourism market and 03 researchers of areas related to the theme here proposed were interviewed. This essay was written based on the information collected through bibliographic research and opinions gathered in the interviews on the field work. It was concluded that the ecotourism as a market activity isnt much used to spread the environmental awareness due to the fact that the operators have a view of environmental education close to a formal education and such characteristic shouldnt be integrated to the tourism activities fun moments and leisure; it was also noticed that the ecotourism is an activity that evokes consumption patterns among its participants and reassures the capital´s spectacular time.

O Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), no Estado de São Paulo, é um importante centro receptivo de ecoturismo inserido em significativo contínuo remanescente de Mata Atlântica, tendo como característica marcante a existência de inúmeras cavernas. A crescente demanda de visitação na região, especialmente no Núcleo Santana, e respectivos serviços turísticos no Bairro da Serra acarretam riscos ao patrimônio natural da região. Este estudo objetivou verificar impactos ambientais associados ao ecoturismo, sobretudo quanto a poluição de corpos d’água por esgotos domésticos e manejo de resíduos sólidos. Foram realizadas 16 coletas de água em pontos distintos no Rio Betarí e em afluentes, as quais foram analisadas em laboratório quanto a parâmetros indicadores de qualidade de água. Também foram efetuadas visitas técnicas em locais de disposição final de resíduos sólidos e visitas a atrativos naturais dentro e fora da unidade de conservação. O Rio Betarí apresentou índices que demonstram poluição por esgotos domésticos, principalmente em pontos influenciados por cargas poluidoras oriundas do Bairro da Serra, onde dois afluentes do referido rio apresentaram forte poluição e inconformidades com a legislação pertinente. O manejo dos resíduos sólidos demonstrou caráter de externalização do impacto ambiental, sendo que o lixo coletado no parque e no Bairro da Serra é levado para outras localidades e disposto de maneira irregular. O crescente fluxo turístico e a intensa visitação registrada em feriados prolongados conferem agravo à problemática ambiental identificada, inclusive oferecendo riscos de impactos aos atrativos naturais. As condições de saneamento ambiental verificadas apontam para riscos de saúde pública, favorecendo a proliferação de doenças parasitárias intestinais e demais doenças de veiculação hídrica. / The Alto Ribeira State Tourist Park (PETAR) in the State of Sao Paulo is an important center for ecological tourism inserted in a significant continuum of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The presence of numerous caverns is one of the parks marked characteristics. The increased visitation demand to the region, particularly to the Santana Headquarters and corresponding tourist services to the Serra District threaten the natural resources of the region. The objective of this study was to substantiate the environmental impacts associated with ecological tourism, mainly in reference to the pollution of water bodies by domestic sewers and management of solid waste. A series of sixteen water samples were collected from specific points of the Betari River and its tributaries. The water samples were analyzed in laboratory as to parameters indicators of water quality. In addition, technical visits to localities of final solid waste deposit and visits to natural attractions in and out of the conservation unit were made. The Betari River presented indexes that demonstrated pollution by domestic sewers, particularly in points influenced by polluters originated from the Serra District, where two tributaries of the Betari River revealed significant pollution and unconformity with pertinent legislation. The management of solid waste demonstrated an environmental impact externalization character where the trash collected in the park and in the Serra District was taken to other localities and disposed of in an irregular manner. The increased tourist flow and the intense visitation observed during long holidays aggravate the identified environmental problem, as well as being hazardous to the region’s natural attractions. The environmental conditions verified in this study reveal risks to public health increasing the proliferation of intestinal parasitic diseases and other water borne pathogens.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:54:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO RODRIGUES DO PRADO.pdf: 7429369 bytes, checksum: f5b85a8774747c758d83873cc3147121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Currently, there is a great concern in the relationship among demographic advance, consumption and environmental impact, especially in regions that have natural reserve that draw attention for its biodiversity. Therefore, the State of Goiás inserted in the Cerrado biome, was divided into ten priority tourist regions and in each of these regions the main municipalities with tourism potential were identified. Among them, the Gold Region, that attracts much attention not only for eco-tourism potential of the region, but also it includes municipalities by the Institute of Historical and Artistic Patrimony of Humanity (IPHAN) as Pirenópolis and Goiás, beside Jaraguá, Abadiânia, Corumbá de Goiás and Cocalzinho de Goiás. In this study, it was analyzed the Sustainable Development index of the six cities, through the Sustainability Panel method (Dashboard of Sustainability). This tool is characterized by the four-dimensional that approach: Environmental, Economic, Social and Institutional. Thus, 35 indicators were used that are distributed to each of the respective dimensions. Besides that, it was made analysis of satellite images of the region for the ascertainment of data on the use of land and the percentage of preserved area. According to the analysis, we observed the correlation between these two variables. According to the results, the city of Pirenópolis is the most sustainable of the region followed by Jaraguá, Goiás, Abadiânia, Cocalzinho and Corumbá de Goiás, however, none of these cities have a satisfactory situation. Therefore it is possible that the results are changed to the detriment of the indicators. And besides, it can infer that the municipalities under study have arising economic base of agriculture, but with great ecotourism appeal, to the detriment of the several natural attractions. / Atualmente, observa-se grande preocupação na relação existente entre avanço demográfico, consumo e impacto ambiental, principalmente em regiões que possuem reservas naturais que chamam a atenção pela sua biodiversidade. Sendo assim, o Estado de Goiás inserido no bioma Cerrado, foi dividido em dez regiões turísticas prioritárias e, em cada uma destas regiões foram identificados os principais municípios com potencial turístico. Dentre elas, a do Ouro chama bastante atenção não só pelo potencial ecoturístico da região, mas, também, por comportar municípios tombados pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico da Humanidade (IPHAN), como Pirenópolis e Goiás, além de Jaraguá, Abadiânia, Corumbá de Goiás e Cocalzinho de Goiás. Neste trabalho, foi analisado o índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável destas seis cidades, através do método Painel de Sustentabilidade (Dashboard of Sustainability). Esta ferramenta tem como característica a abordagem de quatro dimensões: Ambiental, Econômica, Social e Institucional. Desse modo, foram utilizados 35 indicadores distribuídos em cada uma das respectivas dimensões. Além disso, foi feita a análise de imagens de satélite da região para a averiguação de dados quanto ao uso da terra e a porcentagem de área preservada e, de acordo com a análise, foi possível observar a correlação entre estas duas variáveis. De acordo com os resultados, a cidade de Pirenópolis é a mais sustentável da região seguida por Jaraguá, Goiás, Abadiânia, Cocalzinho de Goiás e Corumbá de Goiás, contudo, nenhuma das cidades possui uma situação satisfatória. Entretanto, é possível que os resultados se alterem em detrimento dos indicadores utilizados. E, além disso, pode-se inferir que os municípios em estudo possuem base econômica advinda da agropecuária, mas com grande apelo ecoturístico, em detrimento das inúmeras atrações naturais.

En la presente tesis se analiza desde el enfoque de la Gerencia Social, el turismo rural comunitario y la cogestión implementada en el circuito ecoturístico Lomas de Lúcumo, y su contribución al desarrollo económico local del Centro Poblado Rural Quebrada Verde, ubicado en el distrito de Pachacamac, departamento de Lima; identificando para ello sus componentes, actores, procesos, logros y desafíos. El período de investigación abarca los años 2015 - 2016, y la estrategia de investigación utilizada fue el “Estudio de Caso”, con metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa. El empleo de esta estrategia metodológica, con técnicas de investigación como la encuesta, observación, análisis documental y entrevistas semiestructuras, permitió un análisis sistémico del territorio y de la gestión de los actores involucrados en él, conocer sus potencialidades, cultura, participación, cuellos de botella y perspectivas a futuro. Los hallazgos de la investigación muestran que la población ha sabido aprovechar de forma responsable el capital natural y ecológico de su territorio, las Lomas de Lúcumo, a través de la implementación del Turismo Rural Comunitario (TRC) en la zona, creando así una importante fuente generadora de ingresos. Tal es así, que en la actualidad, el TRC es la principal actividad económica desarrollada en el Centro Poblado. Asimismo, se evidenció la presencia de cogestión en el territorio, a través de la participación, cooperación y relaciones de confianza entre instituciones públicas, privadas y organizaciones sociales de base. Estos aspectos han contribuido a que se promueva el desarrollo económico local en el Centro Poblado Rural Quebrada Verde. En la tesis se menciona además, que existen acciones por mejorar, como el generar la participación de más organizaciones de base sectoriales, fortalecer las relaciones de confianza entre los actores intervinientes en el desarrollo económico local de Quebrada Verde; y de esta manera optimizar la cogestión y la actividad turística en el territorio, concibiéndolos como ejes claves para lograr un mayor impacto a favor de la economía local. / Tesis