Farm budgets based on survey data a r e used to calculate the net revenue for average irrigated and unirrigated farms for four tenure classes on the Milagro irrigation project, Ecuador. Differences in net revenues between irrigated and unirrigated farms within each tenure class are assumed to be the return to investment in irrigation capital, assuming homogeneity of all other production factors. The internal rate of return is calculated on investment in irrigation capital assuming returns to such an investment are the difference in net revenues between irrigated and unirrigated farms. Investment in such capital is found to be highly profitable assuming the opportunity cost of capital is 12 per cent. However, small size farms (minifundios) are relatively more profitable than larger farms. Also, the pure economic profit (rent) accruing to each hectar of land is determined. This is done by finding the water tariff that causes the internal rate of return to fall to 12 per cent and subtracting the current water tariff per hectar (S/. 200) from the maximum tariff. The difference is rent per hectar, which is greater for small farms than larger ones. However, when total land area by tenure class is considered, larger farms capture the greatest share of the economic rent from the project.

Realiza un análisis de la gestión de la comunicación corporativa y su impacto en la atención al usuario en los hospitales de tercer nivel del seguro social del Ecuador. Para su desarrollo se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico y del nivel empírico de la investigación científica, así como matemáticos y estadísticos. La actividad investigativa programada se desarrolló en dos fases, la primera tuvo un carácter exploratorio, lográndose diagnosticar la situación existente en los tres centros hospitalarios objeto de estudios, adoptándose como referencia evaluativa el estado de opinión del personal médico, administrativo y de los usuarios atendidos en el año 2014. En la segunda se analizaron los resultados, los que podrían modificar la situación existente en las entidades ya referidas. Arribándose a la conclusión que la gestión de comunicación corporativa en los hospitales del tercer nivel del seguro social del Ecuador impacta de manera negativa en la atención al usuario, siendo las principales causas, las vías utilizadas para precisar la cita, la poca información que tienen los usuarios al respecto, así como la falta de conocimiento sobre la utilización de los canales de comunicación corporativa lo que obstaculiza la fluidez de la lista de espera, situación que condicionó, la necesidad de elaborar vías de carácter metodológico dirigidas a facilitar la comprensión y consecuente utilización del canal de comunicación corporativa y con ello mejorar la atención al usuario. / Tesis

No description available.

This study was conducted in two locations: Pucará (2,413m above sea level) and Mojandita (2,922m above sea level), both of which are found in the province of Imbabura, Ecuador. The objectives of this study were to: characterize the morphological and agronomic traits as well as the overall quality of the ten amaranth accessions in this study; identify the accessions with the highest yield and biomass; determine the nutritional characteristics of the experimental accessions; and determine the cost of production of amaranth per hectare. The following null hypothesis was assumed: the agronomic and nutritional characteristics of the ten accessions in this study are equal in both locations. A randomized block design with ten treatments and three repetitions was employed for each location. The following tests of significance were performed: Tukey test at the 5% significance level for accessions, DMS at 5% for locations and Combined Analysis for the variety x location interaction. The following lines were used: ECU-0014, ECU-0113, ECU-2210, ECU-4737, ECU-4744, which represented pale-seeded grain types, and ECU-0069, ECU-0082, ECU-0102, ECU-0123 and ECU-0162 represented dark-seeded grain types. These accessions were analyzed for: plant height, diameter of the base of the stem, stem length, panicle length, grain/plot yield. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that no significant difference exists between the accessions on the basis of plant height and stem length in either location. For stem diameter, panicle length, and yield, however, significant differences among the accessions were detected. Between locations, the most promising results were observed in Pucará. The accession ECU-2210 gave the highest yield in Mojanda, with 1,300 kg/ha, while the accession ECU-0014 had the highest yield in Pucará, with 1,400 kg/ha. Overall, the best protein and iron content was observed in Mojanda; the accessions ECU-0162 and ECU-4744 had the highest percentage of protein, with 14.93% and 14.58% respectively. The highest observed iron content was 465.0 ppm in the accession ECU-0102. The cost of producing one hectare of cultivated amaranth grain is $1,543.95. The sale of this investment totaled $2,520, giving a cost-benefit ration of $0.63. Growing the accessions ECU-0612 and ECU-4744 is recommended if high protein content is desired, while the accession ECU-0102 is recommended in order to obtain the highest iron content. To obtain the highest yield per square meter, the accessions ECU-2210 is recommended at altitudes of 2,900m above sea level, while ECU-0014 is recommended for altitudes less than 2,600m. Based on the results of this study, it is not recommended that amaranth be planted at altitudes higher than 3,000m.

The general objective of this study was that of giving food, health, and nutrition education via educational lessons based on a diagnostic of teachers' and children's knowledge at the Cuambo school. The study is descriptive and transverse and lasted from October 2000 through June 2001. The study included 100% of the attending children and teachers of the Cumabo community school, being 42 in number. Variables were: topics on eating, nutrition, and health that complete the plan of basic studies, along with training of students and teachers. Since the project was eminently educational, it implied carrying out the respective educational lessons with adaptations for each community. There were 10 educational lessons done for each community, which consisted of topic, audience, message, objective, techniques, materials, preliminary preparation, initial evaluation, classroom development, review, reinforcement, final evaluation, and analysis. The support educational materials used were the Healthy Schools pamphlets, which were made into the principal source of education.

The general objective of this investigation was to implement and strengthen family orchards for the diversification of the diet and improvement of the consumption of vegetables and fruits available in the communities of the Rinconada and Cuambo. They collaborated in the implementation and strengthening of the family orchards and by means of focal group techniques determined the readiness, seasonal variance, and alimentary habits of the available vegetables and fruits. They made 10 nutritive preparations in each community in participating shops with the foods that were harvested in the orchards and with the help of consistent educational material as 2 three-page leaflets about the “Importanceâ of Iron in the Daily Dietâ and el Importance of Vitamin A in the Daily Diet, mothers were trained. Among the principle results they were able to determine that the women were very interested in having family orchards, since it allowed them to have fresh vegetables without the need of going to the market. The majority of families have gardens and orchards for both vegetables and fruits. In the community of the Rinconada they cultivate yellow carrot, chard, cabbage, and onion. In the community of Cuambo, tomato kidney, pepper, onion paitena, and pickle any time of the year are cultivated. Families from the Rinconada have more orchards with fruit than those of the Cuambo which produce tree tomato, taxo, and blackberries. In Cuambo they produce banana, papaya, watermelon, mango, lime, avocado, guava and custard apple. The vegetables and fruits most ready, determined through focal groups, are the same ones that are produced in the orchards and families from both communities donât have the habit of buying vegetables in the market. In Rinconada, the cultivations are seasonal and the surpluses of the harvests are wasted because they have not applied appropriate elaboration and conservation techniques. All the families in the communities investigated like all the vegetables and fruits that they harvest in their family gardens, the vegetables preferably added to soups and very little to salads. The majority of mothers in these communities know that these foods are important to eat every day if they want to grow strong and prevent illness. However, these mothers donât know how to prepare, for which reason they proceeded to prepare recipes that were adapted to the habits and tastes of the consumers, the same ones that were accepted in the communities, this action helped to increase the consumption of vegetables in the different times of eating, like in lunch and dinner in the two communities, where few families eat breakfast. The consumption of fruits is minimal in Rinconada, and in Cuambo the situation improves as long as they consume it during different times of eating.

This investigation was conducted in the rural community of Cuambo, located in the northeast of Imbabura province, in the Mira river basin of Salina parish, at 1530 meters above sea level and with an average temperature of 19 C. The principal objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of four levels of substitution of fish meal for earthworm meal in broiler chicken diets. The fieldwork occurred in two stages over the course of 20 months: A. Creation of the feed: This step lasted from the installation of an earthworm culturing area through the cultivation, harvest, and drying of the worms until obtaining the flour and then the feed with the respective formulas and acquisition of primary materials. B. Cultivation of broiler chickens: This was carried out in a community member's house adapted to function like a chicken coop that had been previously prepared to receive the chicks. The study lasted 7 weeks. A completely random design (CRD) was used with five treatments and five repetitions per treatment, with five chickens per experimental unit. ANOVA, Tukey analysis at 5%, and orthogonal polynomial analysis were used to evaluate the data. The factor under study was the percentage of earthworm flour in a basic diet. The treatments were as follows: T0: Control (Pronaca commercial feed) T1: 100% earthworm meal T2: 75% earthworm meal T3: 50% earthworm meal T4: 25% earthworm meal Analyzed variables: Weekly weight gain, Weekly food conversion, Accumulated food conversion, Total food consumption, Efficiency index, Yield, Organoleptic analysis, Economic analysis. From the results obtained, we conclude that treatment 0 (T0) is the best because it gave the best results in weight gain, food conversion, efficiency index, yield, and cost of production. In the organoleptic analysis T4 received the most points for appearance and flavor; T3 received the most for color, smell, and texture. The treatment with greatest acceptability was T4, with the most points. In production costs, the least expensive was T1, but it is not recommended for use because the chickens had poor results in the studied variables.

During 43 weeks three communities belonging to the Chambo-Guano irrigation system (María Auxiliadora, San Antonio, and Tunshi San Javier) were studied. Each family had 0.662 ± 0.149 producing cows, 0.115 ± 0.048 dry cows, 0.381 ± 0.095 heifers, 0.252 ± 0.068 young bulls, 0.158 ± 0.052 bulls, and 0.568 ± 0.096 calves. The age at first mounting (21.696 ± 9.28 months) showed that the cows enter reproduction late. Of the cows, 71.94 ± 5.26% were of household varieties. To feed them, alfalfa was used at 79.86 ± 4.5%, undergrowth 56.83 ± 5.62%, corn stalks 48.2 ± 6.02%, kikuyu 19.42 ± 4.63%, crop aftermaths 18.71 ± 4.29%, zig-zig 17.27%, agave 9.35 ± 3.5%, ray grass (8.63 ± 2.98), banana waste 8.63 ± 3.28%, and oats 2.88 ± 1.96%. There were 280 ± 85.27 mother sheep, 64 ± 33.697 male reproducers, 174 ± 54.62 young sheep, and 198 ± 65.76 lambs. The age at first mounting was 18.45 ± 9.55 months and time between shearings was 12.62 ± 2.91 months with a production of 7.46 ± 3.99 pounds of wool. 53.24 ± 5.82% of the sheep were household breeds. As sources of food there were underbrush (46.04 ± 5.79%), pasturing (41.73 ± 5.77%), alfalfa (25.9 ± 5.25%), crop aftermaths (12.95 ± 3.99%), ray grass (5.76 ± 2.64%), and corn stalks (5.04 ± 2.65%). There were 672 ± 310.302 pigs. The age at first birthing was 18.108 ± 1.153 months with 8.237 ± 0.713 piglets per birthing, with only 5.536 ± 0.472 weaned at an age of 2.419 ± 0.156 months. As a food source, there was underbrush (56.12 ± 5.94%), banana waste (51.8 ± 5.85%), kitchen scraps (48.2 ± 5.95%), crop aftermaths (38.85 ± 5.26%), bran (28.06 ± 5.37%), alfalfa (26.62 ± 5.19%), and quiquyo (4.32 ± 2.33%). The guinea pig population was 3608 ± 683.653 with 2.52 ± 0.1 young per birthing. Outstanding food sources were alfalfa (79.86 ± 4.74%), chilca (34.53 ± 5.72%), underbrush (24.46 ± 5.18%), and kitchen scraps (11.51 ± 3.77%). The bird population was 1140 ± 226.856 animals. The majority are household chickens (47.48 ± 11.79%) used for egg production. Predominating foods were dried corn (72.66 ± 5.26%), barley (35.97 ± 5.62%), and wheat (1.44 ± 1.40%). The communities studied tend toward using bovine milk production. Even when the cows have low reproduction rates, they have important levels of milk production. The number of calves per birth could be adequate, but the levels of weaning are low. In guinea pigs and birds there were not any precarious forms of tenancy; possibly there are family property forms. It is recommended that the study be deepened in order to establish the influence of irrigation water, implement profitable programs of exploitation, and establish plans to help forward ecological tourism.

The nutritional food situation in our country is alarming, by what has been classified as a major public health problem, their principle manifestation is the protein malnutrition- energy, with a high prevalence in urban zones- marginal and rural population. It is considered that the main causes that originate on one hand are still deteriorating at a level of income in the popular sectors with the consequent impossibility of access to basic services such as housing, education, stable jobs, health services (drinking water, sewage, etc.) appropriate food regimes, greatly affecting those vulnerable groups such as children and women in fertile years. (1) The nutritional problem is so bad where a major part of the pregnant women in the country live, that they compromise not only their physiological conditions but what is even more serious, the irreversible attention to uterine development of children, causing degeneration in growth and development. (2) (3) Around a half a million women in the world die annually due to complications related with pregnancy and delivery, 99 percent of these deaths coming from countries in development. Women of said countries have a greater number of pregnancies and reduced access to adequate medical services in developing countries. A good number of maternal deaths could be prevented through routine prenatal and obstetric services. (4) As such in 1998 at a national level they determined that 60% of pregnant women died from anemia due to the lack of iron, 30-40% suffered from some type of malnutrition and 30% of Ecuadorian women had children without previous assistance. (5) According to CEPAR, in Ecuador the reason for maternal mortality estimated by ENDEMAIN -94 during the period of 1988-1994, was 160 maternal deaths per 1000 live births for women between the ages of 15-49; this means that approximately 460 women die each year due to causes of pregnancy, childbirth or postpartum. (6) Moreover, our country is generating a social process - organized to strengthen the farming organization and to seek alternatives that address this serious situation and, upon further analysis of these causes, more concerns and realities are born that require special attention such as the women situation, whose role is fulfilled within the family and community. (19) Due to the migration of man to different workplaces in search of a better life for the family, the indigenous woman faces the responsibility of double shifts that link the poverty condition and neglect of members of the family, causing serious nutritional disorders. Faced with this situation, the Faculty of Nutrition and Health Education, in agreement with the Benson institute, has started a study on feeding behavior and health of indigenous women during the period of pregnancy, with the purpose of contributing to the change of their way of life and thus avoid possible risk factors.

The present investigation was made in the Experimental Farm "La Pradera", located in the province of Imbabura, the parish of San José de Chaltura, to 1350 meters above sea level and an average temperature of 16, 4⁰ C. To analyze the effect of the chemical and organic fertilization in amaranth of variety INIAP "Alegría" was the primary target of the investigation. The field work was made in a lapse of 6 months. The design of complete blocks (DBCA) with 15 treatments was used at random and three repetitions by treatment. The experimental unit was 18 m². It was evaluated by means of analysis of variance and the Turkey test at 5%. The factors in this study are constituted by the elements N, P, S and organic fertilizer. The analyzed variables were: number of plants; days to the flowering; days to the harvest; height of plants; biomass; extraction of nutrients; and grain yield. The number of plants presented significant difference to 1% for treatments and to 5% for blocks, the treatments that reached the greater number of plants are T11 (80-60-40-0) and T14 (0-0-0-10) with an average of 30 and 29 plants of amaranth in 0.50 linear m respectively. The treatment T4 (120-60-20-0) presented the greater height at 45 days of seedtime, with an average of 24.10 cm. The height of plants at flowering I present significant statistical results highly is the T4 (120-60-20-0) and T5 (160-60-20-0) respectively present values of height of 119.30 and 103.40 centimeters. The height of plants at the harvest determines significant difference for treatments the highest being the T5 (160-60-20-0), the one that reached the greatest height with an average of 148, 11 centimeters. The days to the flowering of the amaranth were between 70 and 85 days from seedtime and the days to the harvest were between 143 and 152 days. The treatment that reached the greater mean efficiency was the T5 (160-60-20-0) with 2583, 69 Kg/ha unlike the control who reached an average of yield of 686, 66 Kg/ha. In the organic treatments the greater yield registry in T15 (0-0-0-15) where 15 tons of organic fertilizer by hectare was used resulting in 1672.59 Kg/ha.