Bayreuth, University, Diss., 2002.

El artículo no presenta resumen.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Políticas Públicas / Los sistema contributivos de seguridad social, como el de Ecuador, adolecen de serios problemas para obtener las cotizaciones a las cuales se asocian los derechos de aquellos trabajadores que ejercen sus labores en el segmento informal del mercado de trabajo, El empleo informal representa una buena parte (no siempre registrados) de los ingresos de la economía nacional, tiene múltiples caras y dimensiones. Los ciclos económicos, la pobreza y rigidez del mercado laboral hacen que las personas se involucren con facilidad a este sector y lo vean como una fuente de ingresos importante ya sea como una alternativa temporal al desempleo o la única opción de sobrevivencia. Las condiciones bajo las cuales éste se desarrolla conllevan ausencia de seguridad social, precariedad del trabajo y desigualdades laborales importantes. Ecuador tiene un sistema de seguridad social que, por su naturaleza contributiva y tripartita, limita el acceso e incentivos de afiliación para los trabajadores informales. Por ende carecen de prestaciones al no cotizar al sistema Esta situación se contrapone a la normativa establecida en la Nueva Constitución de Ecuador ya que el contexto económico ecuatoriano hace que el tamaño del sector informal sea grande y se dificulte el acceso a las prestaciones de la seguridad social, bajo esquemas exclusivamente contributivos. Las experiencias internacionales indican que este es un problema recurrente en América Latina, y existen importantes experiencias para superarlos. Este trabajo se ocupa de indagar hacia dónde se debiera dirigir la política pública en materia del financiamiento para lograr la protección social de los trabajadores informales a través de un concepto amplio de la seguridad social. En tal sentida la combinación de prestaciones contributivas y no contributivas dentro de un sistema único e integrado de seguridad social, parece ser la solución más pertinente. El principal desafío se encuentra en el diseño de los beneficios para no crear incentivos perversos a la cotización de aquellos trabajadores informales afiliados al sistema y con capacidad cotizar

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Determina el stock de carbono orgánico presente en el suelo y biomasa en el páramo del Igualata (parroquia San Isidro) - Ecuador para cubrir las necesidades experimentales del sector hacia los procesos de adaptación mediante un muestreo factorial fijo balanceado completamente al azar, durante 3 periodos de tiempo (2012, 2013 - 2014 y 2015) a 5 altitudes que van desde 4090 a 4130 msnm, en cada altitud se determinaron 3 puntos de muestreo con 3 repeticiones, se tomaron muestras de 6 materiales: 4 de biomasa (paja, paja raíz, almohadilla, almohadilla raíz) y 2 de suelo a diferentes profundidades: 0.0 - 0.70m y 0.70 - 1.20 m las cuales se analizan mediante el método colorimétrico de Walkley - Black. La determinación de la densidad del suelo se realiza mediante el método del cilindro y para la flora el método Gloria. Concluye la investigación con una propuesta de medidas de adaptación hacia el cambio climático. A pesar de ser un tema complejo, es clave por los servicios eco sistémico que ofrece este sector como almacenador de carbono orgánico y abastecedor de agua para el diseño de las políticas públicas. / Tesis

This thesis explores how gender and sexuality are expressed in southern Manabí Province, Ecuador. The study employs ethnographic methods to recruit local people who identify as LGBTQ (called LGBTI regionally) to participate in interviews on sexuality and gender identity/expression. Based on this research, I explore the construction of “gay” in this part of Ecuador as identity and performance; additionally, reflective viewpoints of those who self-identify as “gay” are thematically incorporated. The term “gay” is used to describe a spectrum of identities that include: homosexual, transformista, travestí, transexual, and transgénero. These identities are not necessarily static, as many individuals traverse categories in a culturally specific progression that I describe. I propose that coastal Ecuadorians utilize a structuring of sexualities and genders within the region that challenges Western LGBTQ+ labels. This research suggests a new regional depiction of non-conforming identities and their manifestations through language, shared strife, communal beliefs, and individual experience. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (MA)--Florida Atlantic University, 2021. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Nominal Rates of Protection (NPR) were calculated to quantify the degree of pesticide subsidy in Ecuador from 1991 to 1996. Equilibrium exchange rates were computed first to determine the indirect and total NPR's in addition to the direct NPR's. The computed equilibrium exchange rates from 1987 to 1996 indicated a decreasing trend in Sucre overvaluation. The direct NPR's indicated a small tax on pesticides due to a tariff and customs tax, and the indirect NPR's indicated a decreasing trend of subsidization due to the reduction in Sucre overvaluation. In sum, total NPR's indicated that the subsidy on pesticides has decreased substantially. A demand function for pesticides was estimated to quantify the effect of price distortions on pesticide demand. Due to the limited degrees of freedom, a statistically significant function was not obtained. However, pesticide price, agricultural credit, and overvaluation of the Sucre were statistically significant in influencing pesticide demand. Policy implications were drawn based on empirical results and background information. Since the agricultural profitability of small farms producing outputs for domestic consumption is most affected by the current economic liberalization, the Ecuadoran government may need to find a means for supporting the profitability of these farms to protect national agricultural productivity. Policies that aid these farmers in the adoption of inexpensive integrated pest management (IPM) technologies would help achieve this end, while reducing the environmental and health problems caused by pesticide use. / Master of Science

One of the largest problems that face communities located high in the Andres Mountain range is the lack of crop diversity due to the climate characteristics of this zone. Because of this, the Benson Institute created a small subterranean greenhouse called a "panqar-huyu," which in Aymara means "flower garden," that allows cultivation of small and medium-sized crops. This study's objective is to modify and adapt this system to cultivate table (kidney) tomatoes, for which one was enlarged, a drip irrigation system was installed, channels were dug to drain groundwater from the interior, etc. This study was done in the community of La Rinconada. Two varieties of tomato were cultivated in three different soils: sand, scraps, and a mix, becoming thus a hydroponic crop. The goal of this combination is to observe if there are physical, chemical, and organoleptic changes during the crop's development and later the harvested fruit, which will be used to make tomato sauce. At the end of the investigation, it was found that the results were favorable in different aspects: The farmers in this region found a new alternative crop which helps them avoid a loss of capital at harvest time due to climate effects. The daily diet improved, as did the nutrition level, since tomatoes are rich sources of vitamins A, B, and C, malates, and citric acids that are very important in regulating uric acid in the blood. It was demonstrated that cultivating table tomatoes hydroponically in a panqar-huyu did indeed influence the physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics of the cultivated varieties.

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