My thesis examines relations among practitioners of various religions, especially Christians and Jews, during the era when Jesus’ project went from being a Galilean sect, to a persecuted minority, to religio licita status, and eventually to imperial favor, all happening between the first century resurrection of Jesus and the fourth century rise of Constantine. There is an abiding image of the Church in wider public consciousness that it is unwittingly and in some cases antagonistically exclusionist. This is not a late-developing image. I trace it to the period that the church developed into a formal organization with the establishment of canons and creeds defined by Church councils. This notion is so pervasive that an historical retrospective of Christianity of any period, from the sect that became a movement, to the Reformation, to the present day’s multiple Christian iterations, is framed by the late Patristic era. The conflicts and solutions reached in that period provided enduring definition to the Church while silencing dissent. I refer here to such actions as the destruction of books and letters and the banishment of bishops. Before there emerged the urgent perceived need for doctrinal uniformity, the presence of Christianity provided a resilient non-militant opponent to and an increasing intellectual critique of all religious traditions, including that of the official gods that were seen to hold the empire together. When glaringly manifest cleavages in the empire persisted, the Emperor Constantine sought to use the church to help bring political unity. He called for church councils, starting with Nicaea in 325 CE that took no account for churches outside the Roman Empire, and many within, even though councils were called “Ecumenical.” The presumption that the church was fully representative without asking for permission from a broader field of constituents is just that: a presumption. This thesis studies the ancient world of Christianity’s growth to explore whether, in that age of new and untested toleration, there was a more advisable way of responding to the invitation to the political table. The answer to this can help us formulate, and perhaps revise, some of our conduct today, especially for Christians who obtain a voice in powerful places. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th. (Church History)

1 Michal Vázal: The Confucian Ideal of Harmonious Community according to the Norms of the Wu Lineage from Mingzhou Abstract Abstract: This paper aims to characterize the structure and values produced by rituals in a kinship community, and how these characteristics subsequently helped to shape a harmoniously working community and its ideological relationship with the state in terms of local governance. The rituals in question are partially confined in time and place, as they are observed on one particular community, and are examined only in the extent of the primary source named "The Norms and Rituals of the Wu Lineage of Mingzhou" (Mingzhou Wu Shi Jiadian) - a ritual manual authored mainly by Wu Di (died 1736) from the village of Mingzhou, which belonged to the Huizhou prefecture (the south of the present day Anhui province). On the other hand, this text is largely based on Zhu Xi's "Family Rituals" (Jiali) which were viewed across the country as the ritual standard. The most essential rituals used to govern the lineage were coming of age ritual, wedding rituals, funeral rituals and sacrifices to ancestors. A unifying principle behind the structure and values these rituals created was seniority. The lineage structure was created mainly by the system in which the branches of firstborn sons were superiors to...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEX SANDRO MARQUES.pdf: 7139616 bytes, checksum: f96912783b8a80ca4b7918ade2f51542 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-04 / The purpose of our search, to verify how mathematics was organized at junior high school in 1950 s, it s located between two fundamental moments in brazilian mathematics education history: the born of mathematics as a subject, in 1929, and the advent of Modern Mathematics Movement (MMM), in the beginning of 1960 s decade. Inicially, to analyse this question, we worked out on a synthesis about the educational reforms Francisco Campos and Gustavo Capanema, that are responsable for the criation of mathematics as a subject and junior high school, respectivily. After that, based on the new educational legislation, the Ministry Edict of 1951 we verified the estabilishment of Minimum Programs to be carried out obrigatorily, motivating a worry about the possibility of that among the teachers. On this context, we analysed the Annals of the 1st National Congress of Mathematics Teaching in High School, that happened in Salvador in 1955, witch counted on the participation of the teacher and author of the school books Osvaldo Sangiorgi, one of the protagonists of MMM in Brazil, and we verified that the discussion epicenter wasn t around the programs but had been dislocated to the quastion of weekly number of this subject classes. With the purpouse to get traces of the school daily we analysed the collection of the most representative brazilian school books of pre-modern times, that authorized us to certificate the subject estability on this decade. That way, we conclued that the pre-modern times didn t represent an ideal setting for a revolution on this subject; on the contrary, were years of agreement among the teachers about the methods and contents to be taught, were years of estability / O objeto de nosso trabalho, a verificação de como estava organizada a matemática escolar do ginásio nos anos 1950, está situada entre dois momentos fundamentais da história da educação matemática brasileira: o nascimento da disciplina matemática, em 1929, e o advento do Movimento da Matemática Moderna (MMM), no início do decênio de 1960. Inicialmente, para análise desta questão, elaboramos uma síntese sobre as reformas educacionais Francisco Campos e Gustavo Capanema, responsáveis pela criação da disciplina matemática e do ginásio, respectivamente. Em seguida, partindo da nova legislação educacional, a Portaria Ministerial de 1951, verificamos o estabelecimento de Programas Mínimos a serem cumpridos obrigatoriamente, motivando uma preocupação entre os professores em relação à viabilidade de tal medida. Nesse contexto, analisamos os Anais do I Congresso Nacional de Ensino da Matemática no Curso Secundário realizado em Salvador no ano de 1955, que contou com a participação do professor e autor de livros didáticos Osvaldo Sangiorgi, um dos protagonistas do MMM no Brasil, e verificamos que o epicentro das discussões não estava em torno dos programas e havia se deslocado para a questão do número de aulas semanais para a disciplina matemática. Com a finalidade de obter indícios do cotidiano escolar analisamos as coleções de livros didáticos brasileiros mais representativas dos tempos pré-modernos, o que nos autorizou atestar sobre a estabilidade da disciplina nessa década. Assim, concluímos que os tempos pré-modernos não representavam um cenário ideal para uma revolução na disciplina; pelo contrário, foram anos de consenso entre os professores sobre métodos e conteúdos a serem ministrados, foram anos de estabilidade

Cette thèse étudie les modalités et les conséquences politiques de la crise qui ébranle l’autorité royale française durant le très court règne du jeune François II et fait basculer le royaume dans le temps des troubles de religion. Dans le contexte de la fin des guerres d’Italie et après la tragique mort d’Henri II, l’avènement d’un roi âgé de quinze ans refusant le pouvoir qui lui revient, déclenche une contestation politique inédite dans la France du XVIe siècle. La situation s’envenime d’autant plus pour l’autorité monarchique que le gouvernement royal, conduit par les Guise, oncles du roi, répond par une sévère répression antihérétique au succès de la Réforme protestante. En mars 1560, la conjuration manquée d’Amboise révèle au pouvoir l’ampleur et l’imbrication de ces mécontentements à la fois politiques que religieux. À la faveur d’acteurs aussi essentiels pour la France du XVIe siècle que Catherine de Médicis, le cardinal de Lorraine ou Michel de l’Hospital, un processus d’inflexion politique majeure s’initie alors : le pouvoir opte pour une modération religieuse et une politique d’apaisement qu’il s’efforce d’ajuster à la « nécessité des temps » autant qu’à l’accélération des élans catholiques et protestants. Si le règne de François II ouvre le temps des troubles civils, il ouvre donc aussi celui des tentatives et des expérimentations politiques dont les édits des guerres de Religion seront les héritiers. Appuyé sur une fine analyse de l’enchaînement événementiel, le présent travail s’efforce de révéler la complexité de ce règne « à la croisée des temps » autant que son caractère décisif pour la réflexion politique du second XVIe siècle français. / This thesis focuses on the processes and political consequences of the crisis which destabilizes the French royal authority during the short-lived reign of young Francis II and propels the kingdom into the French troubles of religion. In the wake of the Italian Wars and the tragic death of Henry II, the accession of a fifteen-year-old king who refuses the power that is handed down to him entails a political contestation that is unprecedented in sixteenth-century France. The situation further deteriorates for the monarchical authority since the royal government led by the King’s uncles, the Guises, responds to the successful Protestant Reformation with severe repressive measures against heretics. In March 1560, the failed Amboise conspiracy reveals to the royal authority the extent and interconnectedness of the political and religious discontents. Thanks to figures of paramount importance to sixteenth-century France, such as Catherine de’ Medici, the Cardinal of Lorraine or Michel de l’Hospital, a process of major political reorientation is then initiated : the royal authority opts for religious moderation and an appeasement policy it tries to adapt to both the “necessities of times” and the increasing Catholic and Protestant momentums. Though the reign of Francis II opens the era of civil wars, it also opens that of political trials and experimentations which will eventually bring about the Wars of Religion edicts. This work is based on a detailed analysis of the chain of events, and endeavours to reveal the complexity of a reign “at the crossroads of times” as well as its determining role in the political reflection of the second half of the sixteenth century in France.

My thesis examines relations among practitioners of various religions, especially Christians and Jews, during the era when Jesus’ project went from being a Galilean sect, to a persecuted minority, to religio licita status, and eventually to imperial favor, all happening between the first century resurrection of Jesus and the fourth century rise of Constantine. There is an abiding image of the Church in wider public consciousness that it is unwittingly and in some cases antagonistically exclusionist. This is not a late-developing image. I trace it to the period that the church developed into a formal organization with the establishment of canons and creeds defined by Church councils. This notion is so pervasive that an historical retrospective of Christianity of any period, from the sect that became a movement, to the Reformation, to the present day’s multiple Christian iterations, is framed by the late Patristic era. The conflicts and solutions reached in that period provided enduring definition to the Church while silencing dissent. I refer here to such actions as the destruction of books and letters and the banishment of bishops. Before there emerged the urgent perceived need for doctrinal uniformity, the presence of Christianity provided a resilient non-militant opponent to and an increasing intellectual critique of all religious traditions, including that of the official gods that were seen to hold the empire together. When glaringly manifest cleavages in the empire persisted, the Emperor Constantine sought to use the church to help bring political unity. He called for church councils, starting with Nicaea in 325 CE that took no account for churches outside the Roman Empire, and many within, even though councils were called “Ecumenical.” The presumption that the church was fully representative without asking for permission from a broader field of constituents is just that: a presumption. This thesis studies the ancient world of Christianity’s growth to explore whether, in that age of new and untested toleration, there was a more advisable way of responding to the invitation to the political table. The answer to this can help us formulate, and perhaps revise, some of our conduct today, especially for Christians who obtain a voice in powerful places. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Church History)

La femme des débuts de l'Empire romain jouit d'une autonomie certaine. Nous nous sommes demandé ce qu'il en advenait lorsque la civilisation romaine était confrontée à l'installation durable de populations germaniques sur son sol. Nous nous sommes donc penchée sur cette époque charnière des Ve - VIIe siècles. Comment les dispositions législatives afférentes aux femmes, héritées du Code Théodosien évoluent-elles lorsque les rois barbares promulguent à leur tour une législation écrite ? Pour peser l'impact d'une mesure législative sur la société, nous nous sommes appuyée sur les témoignages d'auteurs contemporains, et nous avons confronté la lettre des textes législatifs aux formulaires des praticiens. Pour mesurer l'influence chrétienne sur les constitutions impériales et sur les textes germaniques, nous nous sommes attachée à lire les pères de l'Eglise et les décisions conciliaires. Nous avons tenté de saisir les raisons qui avaient incité à l'adoption de telle mesure. Nous avons voulu établir s'il était possible de parler « des droits de la femme », de l'Empire romain aux royaumes burgonde, franc, wisigoth et ostrogothique. Il apparaît que le droit romain est le fil conducteur qui permet de passer de l'Empire aux royaumes barbares sans cassure définitive. Il modèle le nouveau visage de la femme dans ces sociétés désormais germano-romaines. La fusion des populations passe par le droit et par l'imprégnation de la société des moeurs romaines. Bien sûr, quelquefois, les coutumes germaniques persistent. Nos législations vont puiser parfois dans le terreau fécond de la pensée chrétienne. Nous nous sommes efforcée dans notre étude de cartographier ces courants. / At the beginning of the Roman Empire era Women enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy. We wondered how it evolved when Roman civilisation had to face the durable installation of Germanic populations on its lands. We undertook to study the turning-point during the 5th to the 7th century. How did legal provisions regarding women, which were derived from the Codex Theodosianus, evolve when Barbarian kings decided in turn to enact written laws? To evaluate the impact of legislative measures on society, we have drawn upon the comments of contemporary authors and compared the text of legal dispositions with practitioners' forms. In order to measure Christian influence on imperial constitutions and on Germanic texts, we read the Fathers of the Church and conciliar decisions. We tried to grasp the reasons for the adoption of particular measures. We have attempted to examine whether it is possible to refer to "women's rights", from the Roman Empire to the Burgundian, Frankish, Visigoth and Ostrogoth kingdoms. Roman law appears to be the common thread which links the Empire to the Barbarian kingdoms, without breaking. It shaped the way women were considered in societies which had become Romano-Germanic. Law and societies' permeation by Roman mores contributed to the merging of peoples. Some Germanic customs obviously survived. Legislation sometimes drew on the fertile ground of Christian thought. We have attempted, in our research, to map these currents.