Abstract Taiwan is an island country, the topography of the adjacent territorial waters is diversified, multiple ocean currents converge here and there are rich basic production capabilities, all of which give birth to various marine organisms in Taiwan and help to form the favorable conditions for Taiwan to develop its offshore fishery. However, due to the lack of control of the production capabilities of offshore waters in the last few decades, plus the constant upgrading of fishing techniques and methods, as well as the lack of effective management, the fishery resources have been greatly impacted and the total fishery production continues to decline. Fishery resource management needs correct fishing location, fishing effort and catch totals as the scientific basis for fish stock assessment, in order to achieve effective management targets. The greatest problem for the offshore waters of Taiwan is that we could not obtain detailed information on the fishing location, operation time (fishing effort) and catch totals. At present, the above data were all obtained through investigations or by interviewing with captains to fill in report forms. However, out of fear of disclosing trade secrets and owing to omissions, the obtained data could not help in revealing the real fishery resource situation. The Coast Guard Administration of the Executive Yuan integrally established a coast radar system along the coast of Taiwan, which monitors all ships within the scanning area through 24-hour uninterrupted scanning, and digitally records the navigation data on ships. The data contains time, ship number, speed, course, latitude and longitude (location); by sorting out these data, we could discern the actual fishing location of the fishing boats. The objective of this study was to utilize the data collected by the coast radar system to determine the fishing location of the fishing boats, acquire the port entry and exit data of the fishing boats through the security examination system, work out the fishing effort, and by collecting the catch and sales data from five fishery harbors, derive the respective total amount of the 10 main fish species caught, in order to investigate the fishery dynamics of Southern Taiwan sea. Research results show that by applying the coast radar system along with the use of port entry and exit data on the fishing boats recorded in the security examination system, as well as the catch and sales data of the fishing boats, and through comparison of the above data, we could obtain proper estimations of fishing effort and fishing location of the fishing boats, as well as the catch per unit effort (CPUE) and the distribution of species composition. Keywords: coast radar, Tainan coastal and offshore fisheries, fishing effort, fishing location¡Acatch per unit effort

The bluetooth technology encompasses a simple low-cost, low-power, global radio system for integration into mobile devices to solve a simple problem: replace the cables used on mobile devices with radio frequency waves. Such devices can form a quick ad-hoc secure "piconet" and communicate among the connected devices. While WLANs had good ad-hoc networking capabilities, there was no clear market standard among them. Moreover, there were no global standards that can be integrated and implemented into small handheld devices. Some market analysts predict that there will be some 1.4 billion Bluetooth devices in operation by the year 2005 [1]. That is the reason we replace the cable from the "Network Adapter" with a low-cost RF link that we now call Bluetooth. However, the current specification1.1 [2][3] does not describe the algorithms or mechanisms to create a scatternet due to a variety of unsolved issues. Since the upper layers are not defined in Bluetooth, it is not possible to implement scatternet in current specification. Hence in this research, we need make some modifications to Bluetooth protocol in order to support the transmissions of packets in scatternet. In this paper we describe a novel scatternet architecture, and present link performance results of the proposed architecture.

Researchers must consider the role of context when examining the behavior and characteristics of an individual. An individual must alter development, characteristics, and behavior, to adequately meet the challenges presented within their ecology. The following dissertation presents three manuscripts that examine individual differences while considering the role ecological (spatial) and developmental (temporal) context plays on the individual. Each paper utilizes Life History Theory to examine and to integrate the study findings into a cohesive framework. Life history theory is an evolutionary-developmental theory that focuses on how allocation of bioenergetic and material resources to different developmental facets will have long-term implications for behavior, traits, and health. Each paper collectively highlights key contextual factors throughout the lifespan and seeks to understand how life history strategies emerge. Study I examined the role mother's behavior had on the development of the child unpredictability schema (i.e., worldview where children view their environment and others as unreliable). The study included 65 children and their mothers. Results revealed that child unpredictability schema was predicted by mother's mating and parental effort. A quadratic effect was also found, whereby child unpredictability schema became constant at lower levels of parental effort. Study II utilized retrospective reports of childhood parental effort from extended kin family, positive emotional environment, and traditional social values from a sample of 200 Mexican and Costa Rican college students. High levels of childcare assistance from patrilineal and matrilineal kin were associated with more positive family environment, and the association was partially mediated between kin care and slow life history. Positive associations were also found between matrilineal kin childcare and traditional Latin social values. Study III utilized a nationally-representative, all-female sample to test whether higher reproductive effort increases physical/mental deterioration in women. Results reveal that reproductive effort and illness were mediated by both antioxidant defenses and inflammation. The results of the three studies broadly support hypotheses generated from Life History Theory. Contextual factors during key developmental stages have an impact on how an individual will allocate time and bioenergetic resources - thus contributing to specific behavioral life history strategies.

The purpose of the study was to predict mathematics achievement with self-confidence in mathematics, actual work effort in mathematics, and perceived importance of work effort in mathematics, and to investigate the gender differences with respect to those variables. The study was conducted in Ankara, Turkey with 157 eight-grade students (87 boys, 70 girls) from a private school. The following measuring instruments were used: (1) Confidence in Learning Mathematics Scale, (2) Effort as a Mediator of Mathematical Ability Scale, (3) Homeworks and Mathematics Achievement Tests. The validity and reliability of the measuring instruments were tested by the researcher. The data of this study were analyzed by using Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The results of the study indicated that (1) the combined effect of three predictor variables (Self-confidence, actual work effort, and perceived Importance of work effort) on students&rsquo / mathematics achievement was significant (R2adj=0.543). Girls&rsquo / mathematics achievement was significantly (R2adj=0.531) affected by three predictor variables (Self-confidence, actual work effort, and perceived importance of work effort). Whereas for boys, two variables (Self-confidence and actual work effort) were the predictors which had a significant combined effect on mathematics achievement (R2adj=0.539). (2) There was no statistically significant mean difference between girls and boys with respect to self-confidence, actual work effort, perceived importance of work effort and mathematics achievement.

La question sur la volonté chez Henri Bergson (1859-1941) est étroitement liée à celle de la durée ; la volonté doit être envisagée comme une force (et non seulement comme une faculté) au sein du temps créateur. Dans une telle perspective, le terme de l'effort ou bien plutôt le sentiment d'effort constitue une condition indispensable de la volonté. Notre recherche a comme but principal de démontrer l’affinité entre l’effort volontaire et la conception bergsonienne du temps comme invention. Parallèlement, nous mettons l'effort bergsonien en comparaison avec deux autres théories sur la même notion : avec celle-ci de Maine de Biran (1766-1824) et avec celle-là de WilliamJames (1842-1910). En dépit de la relation de filiation entre Biran et Bergson, selon le premier le temps se produit par l'effort, tandis que Bergson radicalise le temps et l'effort est une condition qui renforcera ce qui existe comme fait ontologique, l'élément du nouveau. Malgré les différences entre la théorie psychologique de James et la durée bergsonienne, les deux philosophes se rencontreront de façon décisive sur le thème de l'expérience de la nouveauté. De toutes manières, pour tous les trois philosophes l'effort constitue un élément essentiel de la volonté (qui surmonte l'intelligence humaine), car c'est grâce à lui que s'actualisent les virtualités de la conscience. / The question about the notion of will in the philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859-1941) is closely related with the principal notion of his thought, the notion of duration. We have to study the notion of will as a force within the creative time and not only as a mental faculty. In this way, the term of the effort in Bergson's philosophy or more accurately the sentiment ofthe effort is the essential condition of the will. The aim of our research is to reveal the affinity between the voluntary effort and the Bergson's conception of the time as invention. At the same time, our purpose is to compare the effort of Bergson with two other theories : with this one of Maine de Biran (1766-1824) and that one William James (1842-1910). Despite the filiation between Biran and Bergson, according the first one, the time is a product of the effort, while Bergson radicalize his conception of time and the effort is a condition which reinforces the ontological fact of the novelty. In spite of the differences between the psychological theory of James and Bergson's duration, the two philosophers will come across each other decisively regarding the topic of the experience of the novelty. In any case, for all the three of them the effort is a principal element of the will, which exceeds the human intelligence, because of the fact that the effort actualizes the potentialities of the conscience.

La capacité musculaire et la performance à l’effort des patients sont devenues des enjeux prioritaires dans la prise en soins des pathologies respiratoires aigües ou chroniques. Il est maintenant bien établi que dans les secteurs de réanimation ou de l’insuffisance respiratoire chronique obstructive, la fonction musculaire est un facteur indépendamment associé au pronostic vital des patients. Les investigations pour l’étude des réserves cardio-respiratoires et musculaires sont primordiales pour optimiser la prise en soins des patients. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons recherché à explorer de façon non invasive les capacités des patients à déployer leur réserve cardio-circulatoire et respiratoire au cours de différentes situations d’effort (du sevrage de la ventilation mécanique au réentraînement à l’effort). Dans la première partie nous avons observé sur 124 patients intubés en cours de sevrage de la ventilation mécanique leur force musculaire inspiratoire. Nous avons défini la faiblesse des muscles respiratoires par une pression inspiratoire maximale inférieure à 30 cmH2O. Nous avons observé que la faiblesse musculaire inspiratoire était un facteur indépendamment associé à la mortalité à un an de l’extubation. Ensuite nous avons montré sur 90 patients que la mesure des pressions respiratoires maximales effectuée via une sonde d’intubation étaient fiables. Pour finir nous avons différenciés l’atteinte musculaire inspiratoire et l’atteinte musculaire périphérique sur 99 patients et nous avons observés qu’une atteinte combinée était associée à une augmentation de la mortalité à court terme. Dans la seconde partie nous avons évaluer la réponse cardio-vasculaire et la microcirculation musculaire de 20 patients intubés et sédatés au cours de 4 techniques de réhabilitation précoce. Nous avons constaté que 3 techniques sur 4 augmentaient peu le métabolisme à l’effort. Seule une technique combinant mouvement et contraction musculaire induite par stimulation électrique (FES-Cycling) induisait une réponse physiologique suggérant une activité musculaire plus intense. Dans la dernière partie, nous avons étudié la FES-Cycling dans le cadre d’une séance de réentrainement à l’effort d’intensité modérée (50% de la VO2pic) sur 25 patients BPCO. Comparativement à un placebo, la FES-Cycling entrainait une augmentation de la VO2 au cours de l’effort sans augmentation de la dyspnée ressentie, suggérant une intensité de travail atteinte plus importante. Ainsi, nous avons utilisé plusieurs méthodes non invasives pour étudier et optimiser la condition musculaire des patients handicapés respiratoire au cours de l’effort. / Muscular and exercise capacities of patients have become priority issues in taking care in acute or chronic respiratory disease. It is now well established in Intensive Care Unit or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease that muscle function is an independently factor associated with the prognosis of patients. Investigations for the study of cardiorespiratory and muscle reserves are essential to optimize the taking care of patients. As part of this thesis, we sought to explore by non-invasive ways the ability of patients to deploy their cardiopulmonary reserve during different conditions (to weaning from mechanical ventilation to pulmonary rehabilitation). In the first part we observed the inspiratory muscle strength on 124 intubated patients during weaning from mechanical ventilation. We have defined the weakness of the respiratory muscles by a maximum inspiratory pressure less than 30 cmH2O. We observed that the inspiratory muscle weakness at extubation was an independently factor associated with one year-mortality. Then we have shown on 90 patients that the maximum respiratory pressure measurement via a tube were reliable. Finally we have differentiated the inspiratory muscle damage and peripheral muscle weakness on 99 patients and we have seen that an overlap weakness was associated with an increase in the short term mortality. In the second part we evaluated the cardiovascular response and muscle microcirculation of 20 sedated patients and under mechanical ventilation during 4 early rehabilitation techniques. We have found that 3 techniques on 4 did not alter metabolism to the effort. Only one technique combining movement and muscle contraction induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES-Cycling) induced a physiological response suggesting efficient muscle activity. In the last part, we studied on 25 COPD patients the FES-Cycling in a single session of pulmonary rehabilitation at a moderate intensity (50% of the VO2peak). Compared to placebo, the FES-Cycling training increased VO2 during exercise without increased the perceived dyspnoea, suggesting an intensity reached more important. Thereby, we used several non-invasive methods to study and optimize the muscle condition during exerise of respiratory disabled patients.

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / Gary Brase / Consumers’ choice behaviors are influenced by multifaceted decision factors. Information processing theory (Bettman, 1979) predicts that consumers’ decision processes are constructed at the time of a decision, and consumers’ meta-goals model (Bettman, Luce, & Payne, 1998) posits that their choice behaviors are generally guided by the minimization of cognitive effort and negative emotion, and the maximization of accuracy and justification. Insightful as this model may be at describing how consumers’ choices are shaped, it does not specify the interactions among the goals, assess the benefits of cognitive effort, or fairly evaluates the importance of emotion and justification in consumer decision making. Thus, the current studies collectively propose an alternative meta-goals choice model. Particularly, the current studies speculate on the importance of regret in consumer decision making. Consistent with previous research, Study 1 shows that participants trade-off between cognitive effort and accuracy goals depending on the monetary value of the products at hand, suggesting that the cognitive effort-accuracy trade-off may be moderated by price. Study 2 investigated the impact of cognitive effort on the experience of regret, showing the effectiveness of cognitive effort in attenuating the experienced regret. This relationship is explored with respect to the role of cognitive effort as a means of the justification factor in Study 3. Results showed that unjustified (wasted) cognitive effort did not make a substantial difference in post-purchase regret, but under spent cognitive effort generated more post-purchase regret. Study 4 examined both anticipated and experienced regret in relation to cognitive effort and justification; results showed that an exertion of cognitive effort is helpful in reducing the experience of regret but the justification of the choice also affects this relationship especially when the choice during the decision search is incongruent with the final decision. These results from current studies suggest interrelations between consumers’ four meta-goals. Based on these findings, an alternative meta-goals model is proposed which includes the benefits of cognitive effort exertion on consumer decision making, shedding light on how and when consumers choose to exert effort in an attempt to alleviate the potential future experience of regret.