Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. / Electric motors consume over 60% of the world's generated electricity. In South Africa approximately 65% of the energy generated is consumed by electric motors (Niekerk, 2009). About 95% of motors in use in South Africa are Standard-Efficient Motors (SE-motors) that operate at an average efficiency of 84% to 90%, depending on the size of the motor and the load driven by them. High-Efficient motors (HE-motor) run at an efficiency of 2% to 8% higher than that of SE-motors. In recent years, a drive to replace SE-motors with HE-motors has been promoted for the purpose of Demand Side Management (DSM). The rationale of using HE-motors as a tool of DSM is to harness a small difference in operating efficiency per motor, which can result in a huge reduction in electricity consumption, depending on the number of HE-motors that will replace SE-motors. Reducing the demand for electricity is the key driving factor for DSM in South Africa, so as to relieve the already stressed power generation capacity. Other consequential factors of DSM are to reduce the amount of pollutant gases emitted into the atmosphere. To the electricity users DSM will be a great incentive, as reduced consumption of electricity will decrease the amount of money spent on electricity. Much has been written on the ability of HE-motors to reduce electricity consumption, cost of electricity and global pollution. ESKOM has even demonstrated the faith they have in these motors by giving rebates to motor users who are willing to exchange their existing SE-motors with new HE-motors. The rebates are paid by ESKOM through a newly established DSM program. However, it must be mentioned that savings through HE-motors is not a perfect guarantee. HE-motors have inherent design limitations that may inhibit the saving of energy. To achieve higher efficiency, HE-motors are designed to operate on a smaller slip that consequently increases their speed compared to that of SE-motors (Cheek et al., 1995). Higher rotor speed impacts energy saving abilities of HE-motors when they are used to drive fans, pumps and compressors, normally referred to as centrifugal loads. An increase in speed results in a proportional increase in flow. Power consumed by a motor goes up as a cube of the speed, and the flow rate increases linearly with speed. Motor loads in the petrochemical industry are generally centrifugal, and that is why this thesis focuses on refineries.

Many electric utilities have been tapping such energy sources as wind energy or conservation for years. However, the literature shows few attempts to incorporate such non-dispatchable energy sources as decision variables into the long-range planning methodology. In this dissertation, efficient algorithms for electric utility capacity expansion planning with renewable energy are developed. The algorithms include a deterministic phase which quickly finds a near-optimal expansion plan using derating and a linearized approximation to the time-dependent availability of non-dispatchable energy sources. A probabilistic second phase needs comparatively few computer-time consuming probabilistic simulation iterations to modify this solution towards the optimal expansion plan. For the deterministic first phase, two algorithms, based on a Lagrangian Dual decomposition and a Generalized Benders Decomposition, are developed. The Lagrangian Dual formulation results in a subproblem which can be separated into single-year plantmix problems that are easily solved using a breakeven analysis. The probabilistic second phase uses a Generalized Benders Decomposition approach. A depth-first Branch and Bound algorithm is superimposed on the two-phase algorithm if conventional equipment types are only available in discrete sizes. In this context, computer time savings accrued through the application of the two-phase method are crucial. Extensive computational tests of the algorithms are reported. Among the deterministic algorithms, the one based on Lagrangian Duality proves fastest. The two-phase approach is shown to save up to 80 percent in computing time as compared to a purely probabilistic algorithm. The algorithms are applied to determine the optimal expansion plan for the Tijuana-Mexicali subsystem of the Mexican electric utility system. A strong recommendation to push conservation programs in the desert city of Mexicali I results from this implementation. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Electricity Distribution Industry is riddled with tariffs. Every utility in South Africa probably uses some method for allocating cost, whether it is theoretically founded or not. There are currently over 2000 different tariffs in South Africa and the need for rationalisation has been widely recognised and acknowledged. Many of these tariffs have not been the outflow of accepted methodologies but rather a function of individual utility policy and practices. There is however a dire need to standardise such methodologies in the future. A standardised methodology might be the only way to eventually rationalise the thousands of tariffs that exist in the electricity industry. Government has emphasised the importance of tariffs to be cost reflective in the future. The only possible way to reach this objective would be to determine clear and concise methods of allocating cost that can be utilised by the entire industry. This study project describes a standardised methodology for determining the cost to supply different customer categories in an electricity distributor. The methodology offers enough flexibility not to bind any party into laboursome, complex and time consuming costing activities. It does however require that the costs of a distributor are carefully investigated and all functions performed in the utility are isolated. This is referred to as ringfencing of costs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Elektrisiteitverspreidingsbedryf het veelvuldige tariewe. Elke utiliteit in Suid-Afrika gebruik waarskynlik 'n metode vir kostetoedeling, wat nie noodwendig teoreties gebaseer is nie. Huidiglik is daar meer as 2000 verskillende tariewe in Suid-Afrika en dit word alom besef en erken dat gronde vir rasionalisering bestaan. Baie van die tariewe het nie ontstaan uit die gebruik van aanvaarbare berekeningsmetodes nie, maar was eerder die gevolg van individuele beleid en praktyke van utiliteite. Daar is 'n dringende behoefte om hierdie berekeningsmetodes in die toekoms te standardiseer. 'n Standaard metode mag die enigste manier wees om uiteindelik die duisende tariewe wat in die elektrisiteitsbedryf bestaan te rasionaliseer. Die regering het die belangrikheid dat tariewe in die toekoms koste reflekterend moet wees benadruk. Die enigste moontlike manier om hierdie doelwit te bereik, is om helder en duidelike metodes vir koste toedeling te bepaal vir gebruik deur die hele bedryf. Hierdie verhandeling beskryf 'n standaard metodologie om die koste te bepaal om verskillende klantegroepe in 'n elektrisiteitsverspreider van krag te voorsien. Die metodologie bied voldoende plooibaarheid om geen party aan arbeidintensiewe, kompleks en tydrowende kostebepalings te verbind nie. Dit vereis egter dat die koste van 'n verspreider noukeurig ondersoek word en dat alle funksies wat verrig word uitgelig word. Hierna word verwys as afbakening van kostes.

by Mak Chai-ming. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 58-59. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- THE POWER INDUSTRY AND ITS PRODUCT --- p.3 / The Characteristics of Electricity --- p.3 / Power Industry of Hong Kong --- p.4 / The Product Profile of Electricity --- p.5 / Load Factor --- p.6 / Load Factor and Cost --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- BUSINESS CHALLENGES IN THE POST WAR DECADES --- p.12 / The Critical Problems - The First Challenge --- p.13 / The Scheme of Control Agreement --- p.14 / Goals and Objectives of CLP --- p.15 / Coal as Input - The Second Challenge --- p.16 / Chapter IV. --- COST OF ELECTRICITY AND ITS PRICING --- p.18 / The Tariff Structures --- p.18 / The Tariff of the Past --- p.19 / The Present Tariff --- p.19 / Cost of Service Study Model --- p.20 / Cost Identification --- p.21 / Cost Functionalisation --- p.21 / Costing Period Determination --- p.22 / Cost Allocation --- p.27 / Results and Interpretation --- p.28 / Rate of Return Determination --- p.28 / Unit Cost Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter V. --- REVIEW OF THE PRESENT TARIFF STRUCTURE --- p.35 / Objectives of the Present Tariff --- p.35 / Performance of the Tariff --- p.36 / Performance of the Company --- p.37 / Load Factor Improvement --- p.40 / Chapter VI --- THE NEW CHALLENGES AND THE STRATEGIES --- p.42 / The New Challenges --- p.42 / Changes in The External Market --- p.42 / The 1997 Issue of Hong Kong --- p.43 / Fuel Advantages Exhausted --- p.44 / The Company's Strategies Facing the New Challenges --- p.44 / Deferring Capital Investment --- p.45 / Supply Side Management --- p.45 / Diversification --- p.46 / Chapter VII. --- PROJECTED PERFORMANCE OF THE TARIFF --- p.49 / Maximum Demand Forecast and Generating Capacity Requirement --- p.49 / Projected Expenditure and Revenue Requirement --- p.50 / The New Objectives of the Tariff --- p.50 / Least Cost Planning --- p.50 / Energy Conservation --- p.50 / Factors to Consider for the Detailed Design of the Tariff --- p.50 / Price Elasticity --- p.52 / Scheme of Control --- p.52 / Load Factor Improvement --- p.52 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.53 / APPENDIX --- p.54 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.58

by Yip Hon-leung. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-116). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Basic Organization of this Project --- p.3 / The Case Background --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.7 / Basic Scope of the Study --- p.7 / Basic Approach --- p.8 / Confidentiality --- p.9 / Preliminary Literature Search --- p.9 / Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.10 / Deming's Fourteen Paints --- p.12 / Shewhart (Deming) Cycle --- p.17 / Juran's Trilogy --- p.20 / Crosby's Fourteen Steps --- p.23 / Ishikawa and Feigenbaum on Total Quality Control --- p.28 / TQM Examples --- p.30 / Chapter IV. --- STUDY FINDINGS --- p.38 / TQM Program of CLP as a Whole --- p.38 / TQM Organization and Major Activities --- p.39 / Total Quality Awareness Training --- p.40 / Transmission Projects Department --- p.44 / Pilot Improvement Team --- p.53 / Team Training --- p.53 / Team Process --- p.56 / Team Recommendation and Presentation --- p.61 / Implementation --- p.64 / View-points of the Team Members --- p.66 / Further Development --- p.69 / Chapter V. --- DISCUSSION --- p.71 / Adherence to Deming's Fourteen Points --- p.71 / Implementation Framework --- p.76 / The Cost Reduction Issue --- p.78 / Totality of TQM --- p.85 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.90 / TQM Approach of CLP --- p.90 / TQM Approach for Project Management --- p.92 / Implications --- p.95 / APPENDICES / APPENDIX 1 : CLP'S SUPPLY AREA --- p.98 / APPENDIX 2 : SOME OPERATING DATA ABOUT CLP --- p.99 / APPENDIX 3 : CLP'S VISION --- p.100 / APPENDIX 4 : MISSION STATEMENT OF CLP --- p.101 / APPENDIX 5 : ORGANIZATION OF TPD --- p.102 / APPENDIX 6 : EXAMPLE OF A MASTER PROJECT PROGRAM OF TPD --- p.103 / APPENDIX 7 : TEAM CHARTER OF PILOT IMPROVEMENT TEAM --- p.104 / APPENDIX 8 : VALUES / GROUND RULES OF THE TEAM --- p.105 / APPENDIX 9 : PROPOSED WORK SCHEDULE OF TEAM --- p.106 / APPENDIX 10 : TRANSMISSION PROJECTS PROCESS MAP --- p.107 / APPENDIX 11 : PARETO CHART OF SUBSTATION PROJECT COSTS --- p.109 / APPENDIX 12 : FISHBONE DIAGRAM OF PROJECT COST ELEMENTS --- p.110 / APPENDIX 13 : POSSIBLE COST REDUCTION AREAS --- p.111 / APPENDIX 14 : PRIORITIZED LIST OF PROJECT COST REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES --- p.112 / BIBLIOGRAPHY / Books --- p.113 / Periodicals --- p.115

EThekwini Electricity (EE) purchases its energy on the Megaflex tariff from Eskom which has had considerable changes in content over the years. This has caused the present tariffs offered by EE to move away from cost reflectivity. Structural changes over the years have caused distortion to even the supposedly cost reflect ‘Time of Use’ tariff (TOU) which emulated Eskom’s previous Large Power Users (LPU) tariffs. The divergence between the purchase of electricity and the method of recovery for the sales becomes a cause for concern. This opens EE to risk of not being able to offer cost reflective tariffs and diminish risks in recovery via the tariffs. This has an impact on the budgeted revenue. The primary intention of this study was to establish a formalised procedure and to develop a methodology that Ethekwini Electricity (EE) can use for the review of their tariffs. This study was necessary and extremely crucial for the mitigation of financial risk when tariffs are reviewed and restructured since the revenue recovered via the tariffs are in excess of 5 billion rand per annum. The study consisted of the development of a methodology which consists of a process flowchart and a series of Excel spreadsheets in which the analysis was done. The development of the model utilised information that were readily available and data that were extracted and manipulated from installed systems. The objectives were to determine all associated costs for the delivery of electricity, identify cost drivers, determine cost structure and finally determine applicable tariffs for EE. Issues such as customer categorisation, cross subsidisation, cost reflectivity and affordability were taken into account. This model could now be used in the future for tariff increases and applications to the regulator. This methodology was used to design of the 2009/2010 electricity tariffs for Ethekwini Electricity. The outcome of this study resulted in the re-categorisation of EE’s customer base, changes to the tariff structures and the phasing out of the non cost reflective tariffs. This study enabled the restructure of the LPU TOU tariff which was crucial for EE’s cost recovery. It also resulted in the development of two new TOU tariffs for residential and commercial customers. Whilst other municipalities experienced difficulties in recovering their revenue due to Eskom’s restructured Megaflex tariff, EE’s actual revenue differed by 1% when it was compared to the budgeted revenue towards the end of 2009. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--University of Wollongong, School of Electrical, Computer & Telecommunications Engineering. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 143-147.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / 242 Leaves printed single pages, preliminary pages i-viii and numberd pages. Includes bibliography. Tables and figures. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The aim of the proposed study was to develop an electrical utility organisational performance measure indicator that measures electrical network utilisation (U) for the actual maximum demand and total energy transferred. The scope of the study extended itself to include reliability and exogenous considerations. The scope of the research study included three primary variables with secondary variables as the performance measures. The available data was screened and filtered from outliers, and thereafter, multivariate analysis was applied in deriving the overall linear equation for each of the above primary variables. The statistical process included the application of principal component analysis and factor analysis, a comparison between the two, and the derivation of linear equations. The study produced linear equations relating to the former. The primary variables were presented in the form of a 3-Dimensional scatter plot. Each variable was inspected for linearity and clustering to validate the results and include any previously excluded outliers that complied with linear functionality. A practical application of the research findings was included. This included the extremes of linearity and clustering. The research concludes with further research opportunities in this study direction. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om 'n maatstaf te ontwikkel wat elektrisiteitsverskaffers in staat stel om die effektiwiteit en benutting van die elektriese transmissienetwerk te meet. Dit sluit die maksimum aanvraag en totale hoeveelheid energie wat deur die transmissienetwerk oorgedra word in. Die omvang van die studie is uitgebrei om ook eksterne faktore en betroubaarheidsoorwegings in te sluit. Die beskikbare inligting is gekeur en gefilter om uitskieters uit te skakel en daarna is multivariate analise gebruik om 'n lineêre vergelyking vir elk van die primêre veranderlikes te ontwikkel. Die statistiese analise het onder andere van hoofkomponente analise en faktor analise gebruik gemaak. 'n Vergelyking tussen die twee metodes is gemaak en liniêre vergelykings is afgelei. Die primere veranderlikes was gesamelik getoon in n’ 3-dimensionele grafik. Die lineariteit en groepering van elke veranderlike is egter ondersoek om die resultate te staaf en enige uitskieters wat voorheen uitgesluit is maar wel aan die lineêre verband voldoen het in te sluit. 'n Praktiese toepassing van die bevindings was uitgevoer en het die uiterstes van lineariteit en groepering ingesluit. Die ondersoek word afgesluit met 'n bespreking van moontlike verdere navorsingsgeleenthede.

published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy