La gestion durable des boues résiduaires est l'un des grands enjeux du 21ème siècle. Si toutes les eaux usées produites par la population urbaine mondiale étaient traitées, ce qui est l’objectif ultime de l’OMS, 83 millions de tonnes de matières sèches seraient produites annuellement à l’horizon 2017. Pour réduire les coûts du traitement et de la valorisation des boues qui représentent la moitié de la facture de l’assainissement collectif, l’optimisation des procédés est nécessaire. Les ingénieurs ont donc besoin d’outils permettant d’adapter le fonctionnement des technologies de traitement aux caractéristiques des matériaux. Concrètement, les technologues ont besoin de connaître ou d’estimer le comportement en écoulement des boues, c’est-à-dire leurs propriétés rhéologiques, à chaque étape du traitement. Celles-ci ne pouvant être déterminées en continu, l’objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer la faisabilité d’utilisation des propriétés électriques pour prédire les écoulements des boues. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, les comportements rhéologique et électrique d’une boue type ont été établis : ainsi les propriétés d’écoulement d’une boue résiduaire peuvent être décrites par un modèle d’Herschel-Bulkley modifié (de façon à prendre en compte les cisaillements très élevés) tandis que sa signature électrique pourra être représentée par un circuit équivalent de Maxwell. L’impact de paramètres majeurs comme la température et la teneur en matières sèches sur les propriétés rhéologiques et électriques des boues et sur leur corrélation a été étudié. Les résultats obtenus nous ont également permis de montrer comment la structure du matériau est liée à ces caractéristiques. Enfin, des outils spécifiques ont été mis au point, pour la mesure simultanée des propriétés électriques et rhéologiques des fluides organiques complexes. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus ouvre de nombreuses perspectives, opérationnelles et fondamentales. / Sludge management is one of the 21st century’s main issues. If the whole wastewater produced by worldwide urban population was treated, which is the ultimate goal of WHO, 83 million tons of dry matter could be annually produced until 2017. In order to reduce the costs of sludge treatment and reuse, which represent half of the collective sanitation bill, process optimization is needed. Engineers are in need of tools allowing them to adapt treatment technologies to material characteristics. More specifically, technologists need to know or to estimate sludge flow behavior, i.e. their rheological properties, at each step of the process. However, these properties can’t be continuously acquired. The purpose of this thesis is then to demonstrate the feasibility of the usage of sludge electrical properties to predict their flow. During this work, rheological and electrical behavior of one sludge type had been established: so flow properties of sludge can be described by means of a modified Herschel-Bulkley model (so that high shear rates are taken into account), whereas electrical properties can be represented by Maxwell’s equivalent circuit. Major parameters impacts, as temperature and dry matter content on sludge rheological and electrical properties and their correlation have been studied. The results we obtained allowed us to highlight the way the structure of the material is related to these properties. Finally, specific tools have been developed for simultaneous measurement of rheological and electrical properties of complex organic fluids. All the obtained results open many operational and fundamental prospects.

Les différentes modalités d’imagerie par ondes présentent chacune des limitations en termes de résolution ou de contraste. Dans ce travail, nous modélisons l’imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide et présentons des méthodes de reconstruction qui améliorent la précision de l’imagerie ultrasonore. Nous introduisons deux méthodes qui permettent d’augmenter le contraste et de mesurer la position super-résolue et la vitesse dans les vaisseaux sanguins. Nous présentons aussi une méthode de reconstruction des paramètres microscopiques en tomographie d’impédance électrique en utilisant des mesures multifréquence et en s’aidant de la théorie de l’homogénéisation. / Different modalities in wave imaging each present limitations in terms of resolution or contrast. In this work, we present a mathematical model of the ultrafast ultrasound imaging modality and reconstruction methods which can improve contrast and resolution in ultrasonic imaging. We introduce two methods which allow to improve contrast and to locate blood vessels belowthe diffraction limit while simultaneously estimating the blood velocity. We also present a reconstruction method in electrical impedance tomography which allows reconstruction of microscopic parameters from multi-frequency measurements using the theory of homogenization.

Bei einem akuten Lungenversagen senkt maschinelle Beatmung mit niedrigen Atemzugvolumina das Risiko für einen Ventilationsassoziierten Lungenschaden (VALI). Allerdings sind weitere Beatmungseinstellungen (Positive End-Exspiratory Pressure [PEEP], Recruitment Maneuver [RM]) zur Reduktion eines VALI Gegenstand aktueller klinischer und grundlagentechnischer Forschung. Studiendaten produzieren diesbezüglich ein heterogenes Meinungsbild. Ein restriktives Management von PEEP und Lungenrekrutierung (ARDSnet-PEEP-Tabelle) findet gleichermaßen Befürworter wie Studien, welche die Minimierung von tidaler Rekrutierung (TR) durch RM und/oder PEEP-Titrierung als lungenprotektives Management propagieren. In diesem experimentellen 24-Stunden-Langzeitversuch mit akutem Lungenversagen (ARDS) durch ein klinisch relevantes, experimentelles Salzsäure-Aspirationsmodell am Schwein wurden drei verschiedene, randomisierte Beatmungsstrategien durch individuelle PEEP-Einstellung anhand der ARDSnet-PEEP-Tabelle (ARDSnet-Gruppe), des Open- Lung-Concept (OLC-Gruppe) und des EIT-generierten SDRVD (EIT-Gruppe) untersucht. Hinsichtlich der Frage nach lungenprotektiver, individueller Beatmung und der Vermeidung eines VALI wurden Parameter der quantitativen Computertomographie (CT), der non-invasiven bettseitigen Elektroimpedanztomographie (EIT) und aus histologischen Untersuchungen (Diffuse Alveolar Damage [DAD] Score) herangezogen und verglichen.:I. Inhaltsverzeichnis II. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einführung in die Thematik 1.1 Akutes Lungenversagen – Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 1.1.1 Definition, Epidemiologie, Ätiologie und Pathogenese des ARDS 1.1.2 Lungenprotektive maschinelle Beatmung und Ventilationsassoziierter Lungenschaden (VALI) bei Patienten mit ARDS 1.2 In der Studie verglichene Beatmungsstrategien 1.2.1 ARDS Network Protokoll (ARDSnet-Gruppe) 1.2.2 Open Lung Concept (OLC-Gruppe) 1.2.3 Elektroimpedanztomographie (EIT-Gruppe) 1.3 ARDS – Bildmorphologie (CT und EIT) und Histologie (DAD-Score) 1.3.1 Elektroimpedanztomographie (EIT) – Standard deviation of regional ventilation delay (SDRVD) 1.3.2 Computertomographie (CT) – Lungenkollaps und Tidale Rekrutierung 1.3.3 Histologie – Diffuse Alveolar Damage Score (DAD-Score) 1.4 Statistische Methoden 1.5 Wissenschaftliche Zielsetzung 2. Publikationsmanuskript 3. Zusammenfassung 4. Literaturverzeichnis 5. Anlagen (Supplemental Material) 6. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags 7. Selbstständigkeitserklärung 8. Teilnahmebescheinigung: Vorlesung zur „Guten wissenschaftlichen Praxis“ an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig 9. Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf 10. Publikationen 11. Danksagung

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the monitoring of the Karolinka water reservoir earth dam. For the reason of seepage detected on the downstream face of the dam, the water reservoir was operated in a limited regime practically from its beginning. One of the most significant interventions aimed at reducing them was the installation of a sealing wall realized in 2013. Since 2011, the earth dam has been pilot-monitored by probes of the electrical impedance spectrometry method. The thesis deals with the processing of the data obtained by this method and with the comparison of the determined electrical conductivity of the dam soil with the data measured on the earth dam (temperature, water level in the reservoir, seepage) before and after installation of the sealing wall.

The diploma thesis deals with the use of the electrical impedance spectrometry method (EIS) and the devices Z-meter II, Z-meter III and Z-meter VI based on it for the monitoring earth-fill dams of small water reservoirs. The devices were developed in the Laboratory of Water Management Research of the Institute of Water Structures of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Brno University of Technology by solving international project of applied research in the EUREKA program. The analysis of monitoring of the dam of the small water reservoir Bezedník III, which is located in the cadastre of the village Kobeřice, was carried out. Monitoring was carried out from 2006 to 2012. One-off control measurements followed by analysis of achieved results were carried out in 2016, 2018 and 2019.

Diploma thesis examines detection of residual moisture of porous media of using the measuring apparatus based on the application of the method of electrical impedance spectrometry (EIS). The devices Z-meter of third and fourth generation, were used for measurement, which were designed in projects international applied research. Experiment was executed in Laboratory of Water Management Research, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology.

Diploma thesis is dealing with recognition of Biosealing technology using electrical impedance spektrometry method. BioSealing is an innovative method of soil body reconstruction, which uses stimulation of soil bacterial activity to seal the leakage. The method was developed in the Netherlands and it was used in conditions of the Czech Republic in years 2015 and 2016 on the Hornice water work. This earth dam was monitored by electrical impedance spectrometry by apparatus with device Z-meter IV in this period and the data are processed and assessed in this diploma thesis.

Many cases have evinced the importance of having structural health monitoring (SHM) strategies that can allow the detection of the structural health of infrastructures or buildings, in order to prevent the potential economic or human losses. Nanocomposite material like the Carbon nanofiller-modified composites have great potential for SHM because these materials are piezoresistive. So, it is possible to determine the damage status of the material by studying the conductivity change distribution, and this is essential for detecting the damage on the position that can-not be observed by eye, for example, the inner layer in the aerofoil. By now, many researchers have studied how damage influences the conductivity of nanocomposite material and the electrical impedance tomography (EIT) method has been applied widely to detect the damage-induced conductivity changes. However, only knowing how to calculate the conductivity change from damage is not enough to SHM, it is more valuable to SHM to know how to determine the mechanical damage that results in the observed conductivity changes. In this article, we apply the machine learning methods to determine the damage status, more specifically, the number, radius and the center position of broken holes on the material specimens by studying the conductivity change data generated by the EIT method. Our results demonstrate that the machine learning methods can accurately and efficiently detect the damage on material specimens by analysing the conductivity change data, this conclusion is important to the field of the SHM and will speed up the damage detection process for industries like the aviation industry and mechanical engineering.

Multiphase flow denotes the simultaneous flow of two or more physically distinct and immiscible substances and it can be widely found in several engineering applications, for instance, power generation, chemical engineering and crude oil extraction and processing. In many of those applications, multiphase flows determine safety and efficiency aspects of processes and plants where they occur. Therefore, the measurement and imaging of multiphase flows has received much attention in recent years, largely driven by a need of many industry branches to accurately quantify, predict and control the flow of multiphase mixtures. Moreover, multiphase flow measurements also form the basis in which models and simulations can be developed and validated. In this work, the use of electrical impedance techniques for multiphase flow measurement has been investigated. Three different impedance sensor systems to quantify and monitor multiphase flows have been developed, implemented and metrologically evaluated. The first one is a complex permittivity needle probe which can detect the phases of a multiphase flow at its probe tip by simultaneous measurement of the electrical conductivity and permittivity at up to 20 kHz repetition rate. Two-dimensional images of the phase distribution in pipe cross section can be obtained by the newly developed capacitance wire-mesh sensor. The sensor is able to discriminate fluids with different relative permittivity (dielectric constant) values in a multiphase flow and achieves frame frequencies of up to 10 000 frames per second. The third sensor introduced in this thesis is a planar array sensor which can be employed to visualize fluid distributions along the surface of objects and near-wall flows. The planar sensor can be mounted onto the wall of pipes or vessels and thus has a minimal influence on the flow. It can be operated by a conductivity-based as well as permittivity-based electronics at imaging speeds of up to 10 000 frames/s. All three sensor modalities have been employed in different flow applications which are discussed in this thesis. The main contribution of this research work to the field of multiphase flow measurement technology is therefore the development, characterization and application of new sensors based on electrical impedance measurement. All sensors present high-speed capability and two of them allow for imaging phase fraction distributions. The sensors are furthermore very robust and can thus easily be employed in a number of multiphase flow applications in research and industry.

The master‘s thesis deals with the detection of rainwater infiltration in soils using the method of electrical impedance spectrometry. Its aim is to assess the suitability of this method and equipment for measuring the role of water infiltration in soils.