Recent years have seen a growing tendency that a large number of generators are connected to the electricity distribution networks, including renewables such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines and biomass-fired power plants. Meanwhile, on the demand side, there are also some new types of electric loads being connected at increasing rates, with the most important of them being the electric vehicles (EVs). Uncertainties both from generation and consumption of electricity mentioned above are thereby being introduced, making the management of the system more challenging. With the proportion of electric vehicle ownership rapidly increasing, uncontrolled charging of large populations may bring about power system issues such as increased peak demand and voltage variations, while at the same time the cost of electricity generation, as well as the resulting Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, will also rise. The work reported in this PhD Thesis aims to provide solutions to the three significant challenges related to EV integration, namely voltage regulation, generation cost minimisation and GHG emissions reduction. A novel, high-resolution, bottom-up probabilistic EV charging demand model was developed, that uses data from the UK Time Use Survey and the National Travel Survey to synthesise realistic EV charging time series based on user activity patterns. Coupled with manufacturers' data for representative EV models, the developed probabilistic model converts single user activity profiles into electrical demand, which can then be aggregated to simulate larger numbers at a neighbourhood, city or regional level. The EV charging demand model has been integrated into a domestic electrical demand model previously developed by researchers in our group at the University of Edinburgh. The integrated model is used to show how demand management can be used to assist voltage regulation in the distribution system. The node voltage sensitivity method is used to optimise the planning of EV charging based on the influence that every EV charger has on the network depending on their point of connection. The model and the charging strategy were tested on a realistic "highly urban" low voltage network and the results obtained show that voltage fluctuation due to the high percentage of EV ownership (and charging) can be significantly and maintained within the statutory range during a full 24-hour cycle of operation. The developed model is also used to assess the generation cost as well as the environmental impact, in terms of GHG emissions, as a result of EV charging, and an optimisation algorithm has been developed that in combination with domestic demand management, minimises the incurred costs and GHG emissions. The obtained results indicate that although the increased population of EVs in distribution networks will stress the system and have adverse economic and environmental effects, these may be minimised with careful off-line planning.

Our work is driven by a class of practical problems of sequential decision making in the context of electric power generation under uncertainties. These problems are usually treated as receding horizon deterministic optimization problems, and/or as scenario-based stochastic programs. Stochastic programming allows to compute a first stage decision that is hedged against the possible futures and -- if a possibility of recourse exists -- this decision can then be particularized to possible future scenarios thanks to the information gathered until the recourse opportunity. Although many decomposition techniques exist, stochastic programming is currently not tractable in the context of day-ahead electric power generation and furthermore does not provide an explicit recourse strategy. The latter observation also makes this approach cumbersome when one wants to evaluate its value on independent scenarios. We propose a supervised learning methodology to learn an explicit recourse strategy for a given generation schedule, from optimal adjustments of the system under simulated perturbed conditions. This methodology may thus be complementary to a stochastic programming based approach. With respect to a receding horizon optimization, it has the advantages of transferring the heavy computation offline, while providing the ability to quickly infer decisions during online exploitation of the generation system. Furthermore the learned strategy can be validated offline on an independent set of scenarios. On a realistic instance of the intra-day electricity generation rescheduling problem, we explain how to generate disturbance scenarios, how to compute adjusted schedules, how to formulate the supervised learning problem to obtain a recourse strategy, how to restore feasibility of the predicted adjustments and how to evaluate the recourse strategy on independent scenarios. We analyze different settings, namely either to predict the detailed adjustment of all the generation units, or to predict more qualitative variables that allow to speed up the adjustment computation procedure by facilitating the ``classical' optimization problem. Our approach is intrinsically scalable to large-scale generation management problems, and may in principle handle all kinds of uncertainties and practical constraints. Our results show the feasibility of the approach and are also promising in terms of economic efficiency of the resulting strategies. The solutions of the optimization problem of generation (re)scheduling must satisfy many constraints. However, a classical learning algorithm that is (by nature) unaware of the constraints the data is subject to may indeed successfully capture the sensitivity of the solution to the model parameters. This has nevertheless raised our attention on one particular aspect of the relation between machine learning algorithms and optimization algorithms. When we apply a supervised learning algorithm to search in a hypothesis space based on data that satisfies a known set of constraints, can we guarantee that the hypothesis that we select will make predictions that satisfy the constraints? Can we at least benefit from our knowledge of the constraints to eliminate some hypotheses while learning and thus hope that the selected hypothesis has a better generalization error? In the second part of this thesis, where we try to answer these questions, we propose a generic extension of tree-based ensemble methods that allows incorporating incomplete data but also prior knowledge about the problem. The framework is based on a convex optimization problem allowing to regularize a tree-based ensemble model by adjusting either (or both) the labels attached to the leaves of an ensemble of regression trees or the outputs of the observations of the training sample. It allows to incorporate weak additional information in the form of partial information about output labels (like in censored data or semi-supervised learning) or -- more generally -- to cope with observations of varying degree of precision, or strong priors in the form of structural knowledge about the sought model. In addition to enhancing the precision by exploiting information that cannot be used by classical supervised learning algorithms, the proposed approach may be used to produce models which naturally comply with feasibility constraints that must be satisfied in many practical decision making problems, especially in contexts where the output space is of high-dimension and/or structured by invariances, symmetries and other kinds of constraints.

In the recent years, ongoing debates in the mineral sector has shown that efficient use of natural resources is of vital importance as the use of minerals is essential for modern living. Especially, in the context of sustainable development, it is required that mineral resources should be exploited to maximize the contribution to the well being of current generation without depriving the potential for future generations to meet their own needs. The aim of this thesis is to develop a decision support system using system dynamics methodology where

The rapid industrialization, population growth, urbanization and economic and social development cause many environmental problems, such as climate change which is the result of the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) especially CO2. Combustion of fossil fuels, particularly from electricity generation, has the major responsibility for CO2 emissions. Decreasing the amount of CO2 emission requires a significant shift from our present energy use pattern toward one of lesser reliance on fossil fuels. Using renewable energy sources is one of the ways to supply some of the electricity demand reducing the associated GHG emissions and thus decreasing the adverse effects of climate change. In this study, generated electricity associated CO2 emissions and the specific CO2 emission factors are calculated based on IPCC methodology for each fuel type and each thermal power plant for Turkey between 2001 and 2008. The electricity demand of Turkey is estimated to increase about 7% annually till to 2019. Based on the planned power plant data obtained from EMRA, it was found that the total electricity supply (planned + existing) will not be sufficient to provide the estimated demand between 2011 and 2019. To overcome supply deficiency problem, four different scenarios are developed and the mitigation potential of CO2 emission from electricity generation based on these scenarios are examined. The results from these scenarios show that there is a significant decrease in the amount of CO2 emission from electricity generation. Renewable Energy Scenario which is the best scenario in terms of mitigation of CO2 emissions, provides to mitigation of 192 millions of CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2019. with respect to BAU scenario

A primeira reação nuclear em cadeia autosustentada controlada foi obtida em 2 de dezembro de 1942. Daí em diante, o crescimento da energia nuclear, inicialmente estimulado por fins militares, foi rápido. Ás aplicações civis no setor da geração de eletricidade foram adquirindo, ao longo do tempo, um papel sempre mais importante nas matrizes energéticas de muitos paises. Em 1987, 418 reatores nucleares no mundo estavam produzindo eletricidade em escala comercial. Dois terços destes reatores eram localizados em 7 países: Estados Unidos, União Soviética, França, Reino Unido, Alemanha, Canadá e Japão. Nos anos 90, o setor nuclear experimentou um grande retardo, devido principalmente ao acidente de Chernobyl e a uma revisão otimista das perspectivas de esgotamento das reservas de petróleo e dos outros combustíveis fosseis. Em 2005 o número de reatores para geração de eletricidade em operação no mundo era de 441, não muito diferente do numero de reatores em operação em 1987. Neste panorama o primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o estado da arte da geração núcleo elétrica e do ciclo do combustível nos países acima mencionados, partindo de uma revisão histórica. O caso do Brasil é abordado também por ser o país onde este trabalho é desenvolvido. Uma vez concluído o quadro da geração núcleo elétrica a nível internacional, são analisadas as novas tecnologias no setor da geração núcleo elétrica e as tendências e as iniciativas para o futuro da utilização da energia nuclear. São também abordadas as principais questões que sempre acompanharam o debate sobre a energia nuclear: a segurança, o meio ambiente, a proliferação e o mais moderno conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável. É importante antecipar que o objetivo deste trabalho não é de julgar os acontecimentos e de influenciar a opinião do leitor a favor da energia nuclear, mas de selecionar materiais e dados para informar e assim fornecendo um texto que seja uma coleção de informações e sugestões de aprofundamentos e não uma fonte de polêmicas. / On December 2, 1942, man first initiated a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, and controlled it. Since then, nuclear energy development, firstly estimulated by military goals, was fast. But nuclear energy use for electricity production grew too, until becoming a very important energy source in the world energy mix. In 1987 there were in the world 418 nuclear reactors capable of producing commercially useful supplies of electricity. Over two thirds were in just seven countries: United States, Soviet Union, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and Japan. In the 90s, nuclear energy development slowed down as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident and of the more optimistic evaluations of world oil resources. In 2005 the number of nuclear reactors commercially producing electricity amounted to 441, not much more than the 418 reactors operating in 1987. From this point of view, the primary scope of this work is to analyze the world pattern and the state of the art of nuclear power production focusing on the countries above mentioned. Brazil case is analyzed too, since this work has been developed there. Once this international outlook is concluded, the next step passes through the analyses of new technologies, tendencies and initiatives for the future development of nuclear energy. Since feelings run high in the debate about nuclear energy, some fundamental and fervent points are raised: security, environment, proliferation and sustainable development. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that effort has been made in this work not to take sides, but to be impartial in selecting materials and giving data. The scope is not to convert the reader to a pro-nuclear view but to inform and, in doing so, to provide a volume that is a textbook and not a piece of polemic.

Le but de cette thèse est l'optimisation du contrôle commande d'un système hydraulique réversible à vitesse variable. L'approche est d'abord traitée par simulation dynamique pour finir ensuite par validation expérimentale sur maquette physique temps réel hybride basée sur l'émulation (PHIL). La partie simulation concerne la modélisation des différents éléments de la microcentrale hydraulique tel que la turbine, la génératrice et l'interface d'électronique de puissance ainsi que le développement des lois de commande et la synthèse des différents régulateurs. Deux stratégie de contrôle ont été étudié, la première dite commande en vitesse associé à un algorithme MPPT adaptatif développé au cours de la thèse et la deuxième dite en puissance. Le management des contrôles commandes pour assurer la fonction de secours (backup) de la microcentrale hydraulique a été simulé et validé expérimentalement. Et enfin la transition rapide entre les deux modes de fonctionnement d'une petite station de transfert d'énergie par pompage a été proposé et validé par émulation sur la maquette physique. / The purpose of this thesis is to optimize the control command of a reversible variable speed hydraulic system. The approach is first treated by dynamic simulation and then finish by experimental validation on hybrid physical model based on real-time emulation (PHIL). The simulation part concerns the modeling of different elements such as micro-hydro turbine, generator and the power electronics interface and the development of control laws and synthesis of different regulators. Two control strategies were studied, the first so-called speed control associated with an adaptive MPPT algorithm developed during the thesis and the second strategy is based on power control. Management controls to ensure failover (backup) of the micro-hydro has been simulated and validated experimentally. And finally the rapid transition between the two modes of operation of a small variable speed pumped storage was proposed and validated by emulation on the physical model.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2722593 bytes, checksum: 7ccc7962d48ab26b6e9fcd799d120719 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main goal of this study is the generation of electricity using a modern open top biomass gasifier, (having a water gas cleaning system) imported from India, and a 36 kVA engine-generator. The engine, originally a Diesel MWM D229-4 was converted at the Laboratório de Inovação da UFPB to run just with poor gas from the gasifier. The fact that the imported gasifier had been designed to feed a dual engine to generate at the maximum 20 kWe, caused some difficulty when associated with the converted engine which ran just with gas. Therefore, drastic changes needed to be introduced at the original gasifier because when the engine was running at levels of power greater than 8.4 kWe, a sudden interruption occurred due to flooding of the gas cleaning water. Upon the required modifications, the gasifier was able to produce sufficient poor gas to generate 26 kWe of power. The engine was tested for different ignition advance angles: 22°, 20°, 16° e 9° and for two different types of wood. It was noted that the angle adjustment had a great influence not only over the engine performance itself, but also on the efficiencies of the gasifier and consequently of the system composed by the gasifier and the electrical generator. In this adjustment the ignition advance angle of 9° stood out as one that could guarantee economic advantages and better performance for the system, when the entire experimental range of power is considered. Taking into account that in our experiments an additional of 6 kWe was obtained as compared to the designed value for the Indian system operating with a dual engine, running with diesel and poor gas, we can conclude that the present results and considerations point to the importance of using a biomass gasifier as a successful means of solving the electrical energy dilemma in Brazil. / O principal objetivo deste estudo é a geração de eletricidade usando um sistema formado por um gaseificador de biomassa, moderno, topo aberto (com um sistema de lavagem do gás), importado da Índia, e um grupo gerador de 36 kVA. O motor, originalmente a diesel MWM D229-4 foi convertido no Laboratório de Inovação da UFPB, para funcionar com gás pobre. O gaseificador foi projetado para alimentar um motor do tipo dual, com capacidade máxima de geração de 20 kWe. Foi usado, todavia, para alimentar um motor a diesel convertido para funcionar apenas com gás. Nestas condições não gerava potências superiores a 8,4 kWe, uma vez que ocorria parada brusca do motor, decorrente do seu encharcamento pela água de lavagem do gás. Este fato fez com que drásticas modificações no projeto original, fossem introduzidas. As alterações efetuadas possibilitaram a produção de gás suficiente para gerar 26 kWe. O motor foi testado com diferentes ângulos de ignição, 22°, 20°, 16° e 9°, e o gaseificador com dois diferentes tipos de rejeitos de madeira. Verificou-se que o ajuste do motor tinha grande influência nos desempenhos, do motor, do gaseificador e, consequentemente, no do sistema gaseificador/grupo gerador. Neste ajuste destacou-se o ângulo de ignição de 9° que permitiu maiores vantagens econômicas e melhores condições de funcionamento, quando todo o intervalo de potência ensaiado foi considerado. Levando em conta que a potência elétrica produzida com a biomassa residual foi 6 kW acima da estipulada para o sistema que funcionaria com o motor dual, isto é, com diesel e gás pobre, e tratando-se de um sistema ecologicamente correto, pode-se concluir sobre a importância do uso de gaseificadores de biomassa como sendo uma opção para resolver o dilema da energia elétrica no Brasil.

The Cuban power sector with its heavy dependency on foreign oil is in much need of investment and development. In the past decade, the Cuban government launched an ‘energy revolution,’ the Revolución energética, which aims at generating electricity from renewable sources. As part of this effort, the country looks toward tapping into its biofuels which mainly consist of bagasse from the sugar industry and wood residues from the forest industry. Against this background, the thesis is a case study of how to use the wood residues from two Cuban sawmills in order to generate electricity. The focus is on electricity generation as the mills have no current need for heat. The mills belonging to the state owned company EFI La Palma located in western Cuba are small, with a yearly production of 8400 m3 and 12 500 m3 sawn timber. The wood residues; sawdust, slabs, wood chips and bark, are currently simply dumped in two large deposits near the mills and represent a wasted resource which pollutes the local environment. Three electricity generating alternatives are initially investigated in the literature review: a steam cycle, gasification connected to an internal combustion engine and a Stirling engine using heat from biomass combustion. The gasification alternative is deemed most suitable and the thesis evaluates how two downdraft wood gasifiers would perform if connected to the two currently unused diesel generators of 276 kW and 504 kW which are in place in each of the mills. The specific gasifier models examined are the Indian company Ankur’s WBG 250 and WBG 400 and the fuel preparation necessary to use these gasifiers is investigated. The electricity consumption of the mills is compared with the potential electricity generation. It is found that the smaller mill could produce a yearly amount of 1,5 MWh of electricity  for the grid and the larger mill could export 3,2 MWh.  As the engines must be run in dual mode, the net present value of the gasification system is dependent on the level of replacement diesel which according to Ankur will be between 50 and 75 %. In the smaller mill the investment in the gasifier system is profitable at replacement levels greater than 65,4 % and in the larger mill, the investment becomes profitable at replacement levels above  63,8 %. Moreover, the profitability of the investment is highly dependent on the Cuban electricity price which currently is strongly subsidized. The reduction in CO2 emissions are also dependent on the replacement level and  at 75 % replacement level they are found to be 665 tons in the smaller mill and 1272 tons in the larger mill. / Actualmente, el sector energético cubano depende fuertemente de petróleo importado y se encuentra en necesitad de inversiones para su desarrollo y modernización.  Durante la década pasada, el gobierno cubano inició la ‘Revolución energética’ que tiene como objetivo incluir en la generación de electricidad fuentes renovables. Una parte de este programa es la utilización de los biocombustibles del país, que consisten principalmente del bagazo de la industria azucarera y de los residuos de madera provenientes de la industria forestal.  En este contexto, la tesis presenta un estudio de caso de cómo utilizar los residuos de madera de dos aserraderos cubanos para generar electricidad. Hoy en día, los aserraderos no necesitan calefacción y por  lo tanto el enfoque es la generación de electricidad. Los aserraderos pertenecen a  EFI La Palma, una empresa estatal, y están ubicados en Pinar del Rio, la provincia más occidental de Cuba. Producen  8400 m3 y 12 500 m3 de madera aserrada por año. Actualmente los residuos de madera; aserrín, cortezas y astillas, son dejados en depósitos localizados cerca de cada aserradero.  Esos residuos no solo representan un desperdicio de recursos, además, son una fuente de contaminación local. Inicialmente, tres alternativas de generación de electricidad son investigadas en la revisión de la literatura: el ciclo de vapor, la gasificación conectada a un motor de combustión interna y finalmente la combustión de biomasa conectada con un motor de Stirling. La alternativa de gasificación fue considerada la más adecuada. La tesis evalúa cuanto el rendimiento de dos gasificadores de madera con fluje descendente conectados a dos generadores de diesel de 276 kW y de 504 kW que  actualmente existen en los dos aserraderos. Los modelos de motor examinados son: WBG 250 y WBG 400 de la empresa india Ankur. La preparación de la biomasa también es investigada con el fin de usarla con los motores mencionados. El consumo de electricidad se comparó con la generación de electricidad potencial de los aserraderos.  Los resultados muestran que el aserradero más pequeño podría generar 1,5 MWh de electricidad por año para vender a la red mientras en el aserradero más grande, 3,2 MWh de electricidad por año. Como los motores deben funcionar en modo dual, el valor neto presente del sistema de gasificación depende del nivel de sustitución de diesel que según Ankur sería entre 50 y 75%. En el aserradero más pequeño, la inversión en el sistema de gasificador es rentable a niveles de reemplazo de más de 65,4% y en el aserradero más grande, la inversión se vuelve rentable a niveles de reemplazo por encima de 63,8%. Además, la rentabilidad de la inversión depende fuertemente del precio de electricidad cubano, un precio que actualmente es considerablemente subsidiado. La reducción de las emisiones de CO2 depende igualmente del nivel de sustitución, a un nivel de 75% los dos aserraderos tienen una disminución de emisiones de 665 toneladas y de 1272 toneladas, respectivamente.

För att uppnå de globala målen för hållbar utveckling krävs en omställning i dagensenergisystem, där fossila resurser bör ersättas med förnybara energikällor såsom soloch vindkraft. Då dessa energikällor har en intermittent energiproduktion, krävsenergilager för att de ska kunna ta över som huvudsakliga energikällor. Vätgas harvisat sig vara ett bra alternativ till fossila resurser, då det är en lovande energibärareför energilagring, har hög energitäthet liksom att produktionen av vätgas kan skeutan skadliga utsläpp. Genom användandet av överskottsenergi från förnybaraenergikällor – såsom sol- och vindkraft – kan vätgas utvinnas genomvattenelektrolys. Stigande elpriser har resulterat i att såväl privatpersoner somföretag får betala ett högt pris för sin elförbrukning, samtidigt som det finns en riskatt elförsörjningen vid vissa tidpunkter inte klarar av elbehovet. Av den anledningenhar egenproduktion av elkraft – partiellt eller helt självförsörjande – blivit allt meraktuellt. Detta examensarbete utfördes som en energi- och systemanalys, där syftetvar att undersöka hur ett bränslecellsfordon med vätgas som energibärare kundeimplementeras och användas för lokal elproduktion på ett mikrobryggeri föröltillverkning i Mellansverige. Detta genom att genomföra en övergripandeenergikartläggning och beräkning av bryggeriets energianvändning i MicrosoftExcel. Ett vätgassystem modellerades för att därefter analyseras avseende totalsystemkostnad och systemverkningsgrad, och jämföras med en solcellsanläggningsom dimensionerades med mjukvaran Winsun.Det kunde konstateras att bryggeriets befintliga system medförde ett totaltenergibehov av 35 417 kWh och en total elkostnad på 110 179 kr/år, med ensystemverkningsgrad för elleverans via elnätet på 100%. Genom att integrera ettbränslecellsfordon till bryggeriet kunde 6043 kWh elektricitet och 4029 kWhvärme genereras per år. Då den totala kostnaden för inköpt el och vätgasberäknades, uppgick systemkostnaden för vätgassystemet till 139 635 kr/år, därsystemverkningsgraden varierade mellan 25–34%. Den dimensioneradesolcellsanläggningen medförde en systemkostnad på 78 758 kr/år och ensystemverkningsgrad på 92%, då en rak avskrivningstid på tio år antogs. Då dessasystem jämfördes avseende total systemkostnad och systemverkningsgrad, kundeslutsatsen dras att solcellsanläggningen var det mest ekonomiskt lönsammaalternativet vad gäller egenproduktion av elektricitet för denna tillämpning.Vätgassystemet konstaterades vara det dyraste alternativet och blev cirka 30 000 krdyrare per år än referenssystemet, men det bör dock tas i beaktande attvätgassystemet även medför en säkrad eltillgänglighet då det fungerar somreservkraft för eventuella avbrott på elnätet. / A transition in today’s energy system is required to achieve the global goals forsustainable development, where fossil resources should be replaced by renewableenergy sources such as solar and wind energy. As these energy sources have anintermittent energy production, energy storage is required for these to work asmain energy sources. Hydrogen has proven to be a good alternative to fossilresources as it is a promising energy carrier for energy storage, has a high energydensity as well as the production of hydrogen can take place without harmfulemissions. By using the surplus energy produced from renewable energy sources –such as solar and wind power – hydrogen can be extracted through waterelectrolysis. Rising electricity prices has resulted that both individuals andcompanies are paying a high price for their electricity consumption, while there is arisk that the electricity supply at certain times can not cope with the electricitydemand. For this reason, self-production of electric power – partially or completelyself-sufficient – has become increasingly relevant. The thesis was carried out as anenergy and systems analysis, where the purpose was to investigate how hydrogencan be used for electricity production at a microbrewery for beer production incentral Sweden. An overall energy audit and calculation of the breweries energy usewas carried out in Microsoft Excel. A hydrogen system was modeled, and thenanalyzed in terms of total cost and system efficiency. The hydrogen system was thencompared with a photovoltaic system dimensioned with the software Winsun.It could be stated that the breweries existing system entails a total energy demand of35 417 kWh and a total electricity cost of 110 179 SEK/year, with a systemefficiency for electricity supply via the electricity grid of 100%. By integrating a fuelcell vehicle into the brewery 6043 kWh of electricity and 4029 kWh of heat couldbe generated per year. When the total cost of purchased electricity and hydrogenwas calculated, the cost for the hydrogen system amounted to 139 635 SEK/year,where the system efficiency varied between 25–34%. The dimensioned photovoltaicsystem resulted in a cost of 78 758 SEK/year and a system efficiency of 92%, whena straight depreciation period of ten years was assumed. When these systems werecompared regarding total cost and system efficiency, it could be concluded that thephotocoltaic system was the most economically viable alternative for electricityproduction. The hydrogen system was the most expensive alternative and will beabout 30 000 SEK more expensive per year than the reference system, but it shouldbe taken into account that the hydrogensystem also provides a secured electricityavailability as it serves as backup power for any interruptions in the electricity grid.

Most of the detached houses in Sweden were built more than 30 years ago, and most of them are oldand need a deep renovation. The renovation is an excellent opportunity to apply the energy measure witha combination of renewable energy such as PV solar, which could be a great option to reduce energyconsumption and contribute to reducing greenhouse emissions. For this reason, selecting effectiverenovation scenarios for buildings could be important and challenging. One of these challenges isapplying typical scenarios for one archetype's buildings. A building could be in the same archetypeswith similar geometry and properties but in different directions. In this study, the researcher aims toinvestigate the yearly heat demand energy saving of buildings from one archetype, the same renovationscenario, and the same area but in four different directions, 0-30-60-90 degrees from the south (casestudies).This project's additional aim is to examine the electricity generation from PV when installedon one and both sides for four houses in the same area in four different directions, 0-30-60-90 degreesfrom the south. Design Builder software was used as a graphical user interface through the Energy Plus engine. In thisway, the heat demand of case studies was simulated for different scenarios (Standard renovation andadvanced renovation) in the Växjö region. The results from the simulation of the houses with differentdirections showed that the heat demand energy decreased by, on average, 20% for standard and 28% foradvanced renovation. The comparison of the case studies with the same renovation scenario concludesthat they are no differences in the heat energy savings, which means the direction of the building has nobig impact on the energy saving of the renovation scenario in the Växjö region. The installation side ofthe PV has no impact on the annual electricity generation from PV for the house with a direction of 0degrees from the south. For the other houses, the yearly electricity generation from the PV increased by36.8% with one side on the roof (South direction). House number 4 is the best direction to install PVwith one side on the roof (south direction), and house 3 is the next best direction to install PV on oneside. When installed on both sides of the roof, the annual electricity generation from the PV decreased by5,3% with four houses in different directions. The changes are not so high may be due to the weather ofthe Växjö, which is 65 % cloudy according to the weather data file from TMY. Another reason is thatthe PV was installed on both sides of the pitched roof. When the houses have different directions, 0 to90 degrees from the south, that may be increased the electricity generation from the PV on one side andreduce it on the other.