Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diana Formentini.pdf: 3787958 bytes, checksum: 0c6f648ab36ecd404919056defc52426 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Basic sanitation is a public service with the most deficiency in infrastructure in Brazil, in particular the service of collection and treatment of sewage followed by collection services and waste treatment. The scenary of sanitation in Brazil, especially in the big cities, it becomes increasingly costly and challenging because the population is increasingly concentrated in urban areas. In this regard, it is necessary to adopt minimization and water conservation programs, and the implementation of decentralized treatment systems such as compact units which require a smaller area and offer similar performance. Another concern in the area of sanitation is about the removal efficiency of compounds present in small concentrations in sewage treatment plants as medicines for human and veterinary use, as well as beauty and personal care products. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the electrochemical process (electrocoagulation and electro-oxidation) with three different electrodes (aluminum, iron and graphite) for COD removal in sewage and estimate the energy consumption. Evaluate the electro-oxidation in sewage for the degradation of two drugs (diclofenac and clofibric acid). The aluminum electrodes were more efficient for COD removal and achieved efficiency up to 80% for most of the tests performed. Iron electrodes achieved similar result, but it gives residual color in the effluent. Aluminum electrodes save energy compare with iron and graphite electrodes. The electrochemical process is a promising technique for removal pharmaceutical compounds used in this research. / A maior deficiência do Brasil na área de serviços públicos e infraestrutura é o saneamento básico, em especial o serviço de coleta e tratamento de esgotos sanitários, seguido do serviço de coleta e tratamento de resíduos sólidos. A situação do saneamento básico no Brasil, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, torna-se cada vez mais onerosa e desafiadora já que a população está cada vez mais concentrada nas áreas urbanas. Nesse sentido, faz-se necessária a adoção de programas de minimização e conservação de água, além da implantação de sistemas de tratamento descentralizados, como, por exemplo, unidades compactas de tratamento que exigem menor área e oferecem igual desempenho. Outra preocupação na área do saneamento diz respeito à eficiência deremoção de compostos presentes em pequenas concentrações nas estações de tratamento de esgotos como fármacos de uso humano e veterinário, bem como produtos de beleza e higiene pessoal. Dentro desse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do Processo Eletroquímico (Eletrocoagulação e Eletro-oxidação) em esgoto sanitário para remoção de DQO, utilizando eletrodos de alumínio, ferro e grafite e estimar o consumo de energia para cada sistema. Avaliou-se ainda o uso da Eletro-oxidação em esgoto sanitário para degradação de dois fármacos (diclofenaco sódico e ácido clofíbrico). A eletrocoagulação com eletrodos de alumínio mostrou-se mais eficiente para remoção de DQO, obtendo eficiências acima 80% para a maioria dos ensaios realizados. Os eletrodos de Ferro apresentaram eficiência semelhante, entretanto, forneceram coloração residual ao efluene final. Os eletrodos de alumínios requerem menor consumo de energia. O processo eletroquímico mostrou-se uma técnica promissora para remoção de determinados compostos farmacêuticos que não sofrem remoção ou degradação pelas técnicas convencionais.

INTRODUÇÃO - A literatura mostra a utilização da radiofreqüência como alternativa em casos de redundância ou frouxidão de tecido, podendo ser empregada como solução em alguns casos de instabilidade de ombro. O presente estudo avalia os efeitos mecânicos da radiofreqüência em cápsulas anteriores de ombros de coelhos vivos. MÉTODOS O estudo é comparativo e randomizado, tendo sido realizado em trinta e sete ombros de coelhos, machos, da raça Nova Zelândia, na faixa etária de 4 meses 6 meses, com peso médio de 3kg 250mg, criados para o projeto e mantidos no Biotério Central da Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPEL - RS. O trabalho consta de dezoito ombros do grupo controle sendo estes abertos para gerar instabilidade e não submetidos ao procedimento de radiofreqüência; e dezenove ombros do grupo experimento (radiofreqüência), abertos para gerar instabilidade e submetidos a radiofreqüência com tempo fixado em 7segundos numa temperatura fixa de 650C, com tecido embebido em solução salina. Após cinqüenta dias de pós operatório, os animais foram levados à eutanásia. O material foi mantido em -21,40C por quinze dias e, após transportado para o Laboratório de Investigação Medica 21 da Universidade de São Paulo USP - SP, para avaliação de nove variáveis: altura, comprimento inicial sem carga, área da cápsula, força máxima, deformação máxima, tensão máxima, deformação relativa, rigidez e módulo de elasticidade. RESULTADOS Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos controle e o grupo radiofreqüência, para as variáveis força máxima e rigidez (p<0,05), sendo maiores em média, no grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO Desse modo a força máxima e a rigidez da cápsula anterior de ombros de coelhos vivos, submetidas à radiofreqüência em um único ponto, diminui após cinqüenta dias / INTRODUTION literature presents radiofrequency as an alternative tool to be used in redundancy or tissue looseness cases, and to be employed as a potencial solution for shoulder instability. The present study evaluated the mechanical effects of radiofrequency usage in anterior shoulder capsules of living rabbits. METHODS - the study is comparative and randomized, it was carried out with thirty seven shoulders of male rabbits (New Zealand breed), with ages between 4 to 6 months, weighing on average 3kg250g that were raised for the project and kept at Central Biotery from Federal University of Pelotas RS. The study groups encompassed eighteen shoulders as a control group that were operated to generate instability but were not submitted to radiofrequency procedure; and nineteen shoulders as intervention group (radiofrequency), that underwent the same operation procedure but were submitted to radiofrequency by the period of seven seconds at a steady temperature of 650C, the tissue was Embedded in salt solution. Fifty days after surgery the rabbits were taken to euthanasia. The material was kept at - 21,40C for fifteen days and later was taken to the São Paulo University-USP Medical Investigation Laboratory(#21), for the assessment of nine variables: height, unloaded inicial length, capsule area, maximum strength, maximum deformation, maximum tension, relative deformation, stiffness and elasticity module. RESULTS Statistical differences were observed between groups concerning maximum strength and stiffness(p<0.05), that were higher on average in the contrl group. CONCLUSION Maximum strength and stiffness of the anterior shoulder capsule in living rabbits, submitted to radiofrequency in a single spot, decreases after fifty days

Arsenic and perchlorate are two types of emerging contaminants commonly found in various water bodies worldwide. Therefore, the development of effective removal technologies has become an important issue today. To this end, the following research studies were conducted. First, trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) was used for the surface modification of a laboratory-prepared outside-in tubular TiO2/Al2O3 composite membrane aiming at enhancing the filtration performance of the said membrane layer. Second, the TMCS-modified tubular ceramic membrane coupled with the simultaneous electrocoagulation/ electrofiltration (EC/EF) process was tested and evaluated their combined performance in the remediation of arsenic- and perchlorate-spiked waters and one actual As-contaminated groundwater. In this research, the results of a preliminary electrocoagulation study have indicated that aluminum outperformed iron as the anode material. Thus, aluminum was selected as the sacrificial anode for the EC/EF tests throughout this work. In the course of various EC/EF testing, the removal efficiencies of the target contaminant in the test water specimens were compared for the tubular TiO2/Al2O3 composite membranes with and without surface modification. Also evaluated included the permeate flux, unit mass of target contaminant removed, and relevant power consumption. Though surface modification might not yield a better removal efficiency of the concerned contaminant, it gave rise to a greater permeate flux resulting in a greater removed mass of the contaminant for each of the synthetic wastewaters. Meanwhile, lower power consumption was found as compared with the case of no surface modification. As for the actual As-contaminated groundwater, the optimal EC/EF conditions for the tubular composite membrane without surface modification could low the As concentration to meet the local irrigation water quality criteria.

Water recycling has become a global trend because of water scarcity and increased demand of water supply. Therefore, attentions to the improvement of reclaimed water quality have been paid. In the past decade various environmental hormones and PPCPs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products) have been detected in different aquatic environments. Even though their concentrations are in the range of ng/L to £gg/L, these emerging contaminants might cause harm to human health and the environment. Nanoscale contaminants are another type of emerging contaminants cannot be neglected because many nanomaterials have been used in household goods of our daily lives. Thus, how to effectively separate and/or recover those nanomaterials from aqueous solution to reduce their potential hazards is an important issue The first objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- oxidation against selected environmental hormones (i.e., di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and perfluorooctane sulphonates (PFOS)) and pharmaceuticals (i.e., erythromycin (ERY) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) in aqueous solution. The optimal operating conditions obtained from the above-indicated oxidation process were then transferred to a simultaneous electrocoagulation and electrofiltration (EC/EF) treatment module into which a tubular TiO2/Al2O3 composite membrane was incorporated. The purpose of this practice was to evaluate whether the EC/EF process could further enhance the removal of target contaminants. In this work nanoscale magnetite (nano-Fe3O4) used for activation of S2O82- oxidation was prepared by chemical coprecipitation. Then, X-ray powder diffractometry was used to confirm the crystal structure of the prepared particles as magnetite. The employment of 3 wt% soluble starch was found to be sufficient to stabilize nano-Fe3O4 for later uses. Further, slurries of nano-Fe3O4 and S2O82- (sodium persulfate) were prepared with three dosage ratios, namely 1:2.5, 1:5 and 1:10. Nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- slurries thus prepared were used for evaluating their efficiencies in removing target contaminants (i.e., DEHP, PFOS, ERY, and SMX) of two concentration levels. In this study the high concentration level referred to 38 mg/L for DEHP and 10 mg/L each for the rest of target contaminants, whereas 10 £gg/L as the low concentration level for each of target contaminants. Batch experiments of nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- oxidation against target contaminants were first carried out in glass beakers. In the case of high concentration level with a nano-Fe3O4-to-S2O82- dosage ratio of 1:10, the respective removal efficiencies for all target contaminants were greater than 98%. Using the same dosage ratio for the case of low concentration level, however, the respective removal efficiencies for all target contaminants decreased to 78-91% except for ERY. When all target contaminants of low concentration level co-existed in the reaction vessel, the residual concentrations of environmental hormones were found to be greater than that of pharmaceuticals. Under the circumstances, the removal efficiency of DEHP dropped to 70% or so. The reaction pathways of nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- oxidation against each of target contaminants with a high concentration level were also investigated. The degradation intermediates detected for all target contaminants were all in line with the literature. Besides, the degradation intermediates were all close to their respective end products except those originated from DEHP. In other words, nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- per se had a phenomenal oxidation rate against each target contaminant. The performance of EC/EF-assisted nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- oxidation against target contaminants of low concentration level was also evaluated in this study. In each test every contaminated aqueous solution was physically preconditioned within the EC/EF treatment module for 20 min prior to the application of an electric field to enact electrocoagulation and electrofiltration. The optimal operating conditions obtained were given as follows: aluminum anode, electric field strength of 60 V/cm, transmembrane pressure of 98 kPa, and crossflow velocity of 3.33 cm/s. Under such conditions, the removal efficiencies for DEHP, PFOS, ERY, and SMX were determined to be 95%, 99%, 100%, and 99%, respectively. In the case of mixed environmental hormones and pharmaceuticals, the respective removal efficiencies slightly decreased to 85-99%. It is evident that the coupling of the EC/EF process with nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- oxidation yielded a substantial removal increase for selected target contaminants. Additionally, in all tests of EC/EF-assisted nano-Fe3O4/S2O82- oxidation against target contaminants, no residual nano-Fe3O4 was found in permeate. After a simple adjustment of pH, permeate thus treated would be ready for reuse in cooling towers.

Mineral treatment processes generally produce wastewaters containing ultrafine and colloidal particles that cause pollution upon their discharge into environment. It is essential that they should be removed from the wastewater before discharge. This study was undertaken by using synthetic turbid systems containing kaolinite and quartz particles in water with the amount of 0.20 g/L and 0.32 g/L, respectively. Removal of the turbidity was tried in two ways / electrocoagulation with aluminum anode and conventional coagulation with aluminum sulfate. Several key parameters affecting the efficiency of electrocoagulation and coagulation were investigated with laboratory scale experiments in search of optimal parameter values. Optimal values of the parameters were determined on the basis of the efficiency of turbidity removal from ultrafine suspensions. The parameters investigated in the study were suspension pH, electrical potential, current density, electrocoagulation time, and aluminum dosage. This study was also performed to compare electrocoagulation and conventional coagulation regarding the pH ranges under investigation and coagulant dosages applied. A comparison between electrocoagulation and coagulation was made on the basis of total dissolved aluminum, revealing that electrocoagulation and coagulation were equally effective at the same aluminum dosage for the removal of ultrafine particles from suspensions. Coagulation was more effective in a wider pH range (pH 5-8) than electrocoagulation, which yielded optimum effectiveness in a relatively narrower pH range around 9. In both methods, these pH values corresponded to near-zero zeta potentials of coagulated kaolinite and quartz particles. The mechanism for both coagulation methods was aggregation through charge neutralization and/or enmeshment in aluminum hydroxide precipitates. Furthermore, the experimental results confirmed that electrocoagulation could display some pH buffering capacity. The kinetics of electrocoagulation was very fast (&lt / 10 min) in approaching a residual turbidity, which could be modeled with a second-order rate equation.

This study addresses three major parts: (1) to establish the technology for the preparation of tubular ceramic membrane substrates; (2) to establish the technology for the preparation of tubular carbon/ceramic membranes; and (3) to reclaim water from chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) wastewaters by a combined treatment system of a novel simultaneous electrocoagulation/electrofiltration (EC/EF) process coupled with laboratory-prepared tubular composite membranes (TCMs) and evaluate its feasibility of water recycling and operating cost. First, in this work the green substrates of tubular porous ceramic membranes consisting of corn starch were prepared using the extrusion method, followed by curing, drying, and sintering processes. Experimental results have demonstrated that an addition of starch granules to the raw materials would increase the porosity, pore size, and permeability of the sintered matrices but accompanied by a decrease of the compressive strength. It revealed that the membrane substrates with desired pore sizes and permeability could be obtained by adding a proper amount of corn starch. The nominal pore sizes of the prepared membrane substrates were ranging from 1 to 2 £gm. The membrane substrates thus obtained are suitable for crossflow microfiltration applications. Second, the carbon/alumina TCMs and carbon fibers/carbon/alumina TCMs were obtained by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method resulting in a pore size distribution of 2 to 20 nm and a nominal pore size ranging from 3 to 4 nm. Besides, during the CVD process the reaction temperature was found to be the main factor for influencing the pore size of carbon fibers/carbon/alumina TCMs and the type of carbon fibers. When the reaction temperature was above or equal to 1000 ¢J, the pore size of TCMs increased due to the pyrolysis of thin carbon layers. The ¡§Tip-Growth¡¨ mechanism was found for tubular carbon fibers formation under such conditions. On the other hand, ¡§Base-Growth¡¨ (also known as ¡§Root-Growth¡¨) mechanism was found for curved and irregular carbon fibers formation when reaction temperature was under or equal to 950 ¢J. Third, for reclaiming water from CMP wastewaters, experimental results of laboratory-prepared carbon/alumina TCMs incorporated into the custom-made EC/EF treatment module used was found to be capable of treating oxide-CMP wastewater in a proper manner. Permeate thus obtained had a turbidity of below 0.5 NTU and the removal efficiencies of TS (total solids content) and Si were 80% and 93 %, respectively. Further, for understanding the applicability of fractional factorial design and Taguchi experimental design, two laboratory-prepared carbon fibers/carbon/alumina TCMs (i.e., Tube B and Tube E obtained from two different preparation conditions) incorporated into the EC/EF treatment module were chosen for evaluating the performance of CMP wastewaters treatment. Permeate obtained based on the fractional factorial design of experiments had a turbidity of below 1.0 NTU and the removal efficiencies of TOC (total organic carbon), Cu and Si were all above 80 % except for the TS (i.e., ranging from 72 to 74%). Permeate obtained based on the Taguchi experimental design had a turbidity of below 0.3 NTU and the removal efficiencies of TS, TOC, Cu and Si were ranging from 82 to 91%. Apparently, similar optimum operating conditions were obtained from the fractional factorial design and Taguchi experimental design. Permeate thus obtained could be reused as the make-up water of cooling towers. The operating cost of Cu-CMP wastewater treatment based on a total water reclaim of 600 m3 per day was determined to be NT$ 98 (i.e., US$ 3.22) and NT$ 35 (i.e., US$ 1.05) per m3 of permeate for Case 1 (i.e., the filtration area of 0.0189 m2 in one EC/EF module) and Case 2 (i.e., the filtration area of 0.0801 m2 in one EC/EF module), respectively.

Copper based interconnects with low dielectric constant layers are currently used to increase interconnect densities and reduce interconnect time delays in integrated circuits. The technology used to develop copper interconnects involves Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) of copper films deposited on low-k layers (silica or silica based films), which is carried out using slurries containing abrasive particles. One issue using such a structure is copper contamination over dielectric layers (SiO2 film), if not reduced, this contamination will cause current leakage. In this study, the conditions conducive to copper contamination onto SiO2 films during Cu-CMP process were studied, and a post-CMP cleaning technique was discussed based on experimental results. It was found that the adsorption of copper onto a silica surface is kinetically fast (< 0.5 minute). The amount of copper absorbed is pH and concentration dependent and affected by presence of H2O2, complexing agents, and copper corrosion inhibitor Benzotrazole. Based on de-sorption results, DI water alone was unable to reduce adsorbed copper to an acceptable level, especially for adsorption that takes place at a higher pH condition. The addition of complex agent, citric acid, proved effective in suppressing copper adsorption onto oxide silica during polishing or post-CMP cleaning by forming stable copper-CA complexes. Surface Complexation Modeling was used to simulate copper adsorption isotherms and predict the copper contamination levels on SiO2 surfaces.Another issue with the application of copper CMP is its environmental impact. CMP is a costly process due to its huge consumption of pure water and slurry. Additionally, Cu-CMP processing generates a waste stream containing certain amounts of copper and abrasive slurry particles. In this study, the separation technique electrocoagulation was investigated to remove both copper and abrasive slurry particles simultaneously. For effluent containing ~40 ppm dissolved copper, it was found that ~90% dissolved copper was removed from the waste streams through electroplating and in-situ chemical precipitation. The amount of copper removed through plating is impacted by membrane surface charge, type/amount of complexing agents, and solid content in the slurry suspension. The slurry particles can be removed ~90% within 2 hours of EC through multiple mechanisms.

Although wood floor production does not use water in the production process, water consumptionis related to cleaning and washing of floor and machineries in different steps of the process line,which generate a number of small flows that are highly polluted.Besides this, the industry has a need to store large amounts of wood outside to be able to havecontinuity in the production. This takes up a lot of space outdoors and once it rains the water thathas been in contact with wood, oil and metals forms stormwater, which transports pollutants.Stormwater has for a long time not been seen as a problem and has often been discharged intorecipient water bodies without any treatment. During cold seasons, this also involves snowmelt thatcan transport high concentrations of different pollutants.This report describes the composition of process- and stormwater from a wood floor industry inNybro, Sweden regarding parameters such as COD, phenol, tannin and lignin. The concentrationsof phenols in the stormwater were found in a range considered toxic to marine life.Regarding the process water, high values was found for COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and forother substances and elements potentially toxic (e.g. formaldehyde, wood resins, detergents andmetals). If these waters are directly released to a sewage treatment plant without any pre-treatmentprocess it can disturb the plant treatment efficiency; if released to a recipient water body, it cancause oxygen deficiency and consequently, death to marine life.The possibility of reducing the levels of pollutants through the use of electrocoagulation has beenexamined in this study. This has been done both for process water and stormwater from the woodfloor industry. A 250 ml batch unit for electrocoagulation EC was setup with iron (Fe) andaluminium (Al) electrodes for treating process water and stormwater. The results show that the ECprocess can reduce COD concentration from stormwater at least 70%. On the other hand, lessefficiency of EC for treating process water was observed.A method for simulating a snowmelt period in lab scale was also developed. Snow collected from awood floor industry was melted according to real temperature and the quality of these samples hasthen been compared to on-site samples of stormwater / Development of an integrated approach for industrial wastewater and stormwater management in the wood-industry sector

<p>Although wood floor production does not use water in the production process, water consumptionis related to cleaning and washing of floor and machineries in different steps of the process line,which generate a number of small flows that are highly polluted.Besides this, the industry has a need to store large amounts of wood outside to be able to havecontinuity in the production. This takes up a lot of space outdoors and once it rains the water thathas been in contact with wood, oil and metals forms stormwater, which transports pollutants.Stormwater has for a long time not been seen as a problem and has often been discharged intorecipient water bodies without any treatment. During cold seasons, this also involves snowmelt thatcan transport high concentrations of different pollutants.This report describes the composition of process- and stormwater from a wood floor industry inNybro, Sweden regarding parameters such as COD, phenol, tannin and lignin. The concentrationsof phenols in the stormwater were found in a range considered toxic to marine life.Regarding the process water, high values was found for COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and forother substances and elements potentially toxic (e.g. formaldehyde, wood resins, detergents andmetals). If these waters are directly released to a sewage treatment plant without any pre-treatmentprocess it can disturb the plant treatment efficiency; if released to a recipient water body, it cancause oxygen deficiency and consequently, death to marine life.The possibility of reducing the levels of pollutants through the use of electrocoagulation has beenexamined in this study. This has been done both for process water and stormwater from the woodfloor industry. A 250 ml batch unit for electrocoagulation EC was setup with iron (Fe) andaluminium (Al) electrodes for treating process water and stormwater. The results show that the ECprocess can reduce COD concentration from stormwater at least 70%. On the other hand, lessefficiency of EC for treating process water was observed.A method for simulating a snowmelt period in lab scale was also developed. Snow collected from awood floor industry was melted according to real temperature and the quality of these samples hasthen been compared to on-site samples of stormwater</p> / Development of an integrated approach for industrial wastewater and stormwater management in the wood-industry sector

Orientador: Paulo Traiman / Resumo: Analisar a eficácia da eletrocoagulação, como terapêutica nas pacientes portadoras de lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de alto grau de colo uterino. Pacientes e métodos: Estudaram-se prospectivamente 116 pacientes portadoras de lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de alto grau do colo de útero, distribuídas aleatoriamente, com 49 pacientes no grupo de estudo e 67 pacientes no grupo controle. Ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto à idade, coitarca, paridade, hábito de tabagismo, número de parceiros sexuais, uso de drogas, presença ou antecedente de lesão condilomatosa vulvar, raça e escolaridade. Essas variáveis apresentaram-se homogêneas em ambos os grupos. Todas as pacientes do grupo de estudo e do grupo-controle foram submetidas a colposcopia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Analyzing the efficiency of electrocoagulation as therapeutics in patients carrying high degree squamous intraepithelial lesion of the uterine cervix. Patients and methods: 116 patients carrying high risk intraepithelial lesion of the uterine cervix were prospectively studied, randomly distributed, being 49 patients in the study-group and 67 patients in the control-group. Both groups were evaluated according to age, first copulation, parity, smoking habits, number of sex partners, drug usage, presence or previous condylomatous lesion of the vulva, race and schooling. Such variables were found to be even in both groups. All patients from both groups were submitted to colposcopy, oncological cytology and biopsy of the uterine cervix. The study- group patients were treated with electrocoagulation of the uterine cervix and later submitted to conization after two months. The control-group patients underwent conization only. To assess the significance of the resuts, qui-square and Kappa agreement test were used. Results: In the study-group, electrocoagulation of the uterine cervix caused regression of the lesion in 73,5% of the cases, 20,4% remained unchanged, and there was progression... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre