The prostate cancer in initial stages is completely asymptomatic. It is detected in routine exams by digital rectal exam. The diagnosis by PSA must be followed by a rectal ultrasonography being necessary the development of diagnostic platforms that may generate fast results with specificity, sensibility and low costs, features found on biological sensors. Among these biosensors, there are those based on DNA. Polymers as poly(aminophenols) are support matrices and can be used for the immobilization of biomolecules due to their features such as excellent permeability, selectivity, reproducibility and fast response. It was possible the electropolymerization of 2-aminophenol and 3-aminophenol. This polymer presents a self-limited growth and non-conducting behavior, confirmed in solution containing the redox pair Fe2+/Fe3+ while that polymer presents a polymeric film with conducting properties. These data are corroborated by EIS through analysis of resistance values, low for poly(2-aminophenol) and high for poly(3-aminophenol). Measurements of mass made by MECQ points a greater amount of polymeric film for poly(3-aminophenol) than for poly(2-aminophenol). Increasing the pH values results in a shift on the potential of the monomer oxidation to more cathodic potentials and a decreasing on the current values. SEMs and AFMs show rough films with different thickness, thinner to poly(3-aminophenol). FTIR results suggest possible polymerization through NH2 with the presence of free OH bands, due to the possibility of C-N-C bounds of secondary aromatic amines. The detection of purinic and pyrimidinic bases, isolated and in a mix, was possible showing that the interactions between them and the polymeric films occur by a similar mechanism. Experiments of immobilization of prostate cancer specific PCR products, with 277 base pairs were performed, denatured and hybridizated with ferrocenecarboxyaldheyde as mediator for the detection process. It is possible the construction of modified electrodes with polymeric films derived from 2-aminophenol and 3-aminophenol, presenting distinct spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. The polymers can be used as DNA nitrogenated bases detection matrices and they have the possibility of being used for biosensor construction. / O câncer de próstata em estágio inicial é completamente assintomático, só sendo detectado em exames de rotina pelo exame de toque retal. Os diagnósticos pelo PSA ainda devem ser seguidos de uma ultrasonografia retal, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de plataformas diagnósticas que possam gerar resultados com rapidez, especificidade, sensibilidade e baixo custo, características encontradas nos sensores biológicos. Dentre esses biossensores, existem aqueles baseados em DNA. Polímeros, tais como poli(aminofenóis) são matrizes suporte e podem ser utilizadas para a imobilização de biomoléculas devido às características que apresentam, tais como, excelente permeabilidade, seletividade, reprodutibilidade e tempo de resposta rápida. Foi possível a eletropolimerização de 2-aminofenol e 3-aminofenol. O polímero deste apresenta um crescimento auto-limitado e características não-condutoras, confirmadas em solução contendo o par redox Fe2+/Fe3+ enquanto que o polímero daquele apresenta um filme polimérico com características condutoras. Esses dados são corroborados por EIE, através de análise dos valores de resistência, baixos para o poli(2-aminofenol) e altos para o poli(3-aminofenol). Medidas de massa realizadas por MECQ indicam uma maior quantidade de filme polimérico formado para o poli(3-aminofenol) do que para o poli(2-aminofenol). Aumentando o pH das soluções ocorre um deslocamento no potencial de oxidação do monômero para potenciais mais catódicos e uma diminuição nos valores de corrente. MEVs e MFAs mostram filmes com características rugosas e espessuras diferentes, mais finos para o poli(3-aminofenol). Os resultados por FTIR sugerem possível polimerização via NH2 com presença de bandas de -OH livres, pela possibilidade de ligações tipo C-N-C de bandas de aminas aromáticas secundárias. A detecção das bases purínicas e pirimidínicas isoladas e em uma mistura única foi possível mostrando que as interações entre elas e os filmes poliméricos ocorrem por um mecanismo similar. Foram realizados experimentos de imobilização dos produtos de PCR específicos para câncer de próstata, com 277 pares de base, desnaturados e hibridizados, com a utilização do ferrocenocarboxialdeído como mediador do processo de detecção. É possível a construção de eletrodos modificados com filmes poliméricos derivados de 2-aminofenol e 3-aminofenol, apresentando características espectroscópicas e eletroquímicas distintas. Os polímeros podem ser usados como matrizes de detecções de bases nitrogenadas de DNA e para construção de biossensores. / Mestre em Química

Parmi tous les polymères conducteurs, le polypyrrole est l’un des plus utilisés notamment à cause de ses propriétés telles que la facilité de préparation, la stabilité environnementale et la biocompatibilité qui permettent son utilisation dans de très nombreuses applications. Le polypyrrole peut être préparé par polymérisation chimique ou électrochimique, cette dernière méthode étant la plus appropriée si on souhaite entre autre contrôler l’épaisseur du film de polypyrrole déposé. Les nanostructures de polypyrrole sont généralement synthétisées en présence de gabarits (« soft-template » ou « hard-template »).Le but de cette thèse est orienté suivant deux axes. Il s’agit dans un premier temps de synthétiser des (nano)structures de polymère conducteur par voie électrochimique et sans emploi d’une matrice support. Puis dans un second temps, d’utiliser ces (nano)structures dans des applications de type (bio)capteurs.Le premier chapitre de cette thèse établit une revue de l’état de l’art concernant la synthèse, les propriétés et les applications des polymères conducteurs. Dans le deuxième chapitre de ce manuscrit, nous décrivons le matériel et les différentes techniques de caractérisation utilisées au cours de ce travail. Le troisième chapitre s’articule autour de la synthèse par voie électrochimique de films de polypyrrole suroxydé et de nanostructures de polypyrrole, alors que le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats de l’étude de l’influence de différents paramètres expérimentaux à savoir le potentiel appliqué, la durée de polarisation, le pH de la solution de pyrrole et la concentration en pyrrole et en anions d’acide faible. Dans le cinquième chapitre nous discutons les différents mécanismes de formation de (nano)structures de polypyrrole décrits dans la littérature en nous basant notamment sur les expériences de suivi du pH interfacial au cours de la polymérisation. Nous proposons également un mécanisme en accord avec les résultats obtenus avec des monomères de pyrrole ou d’EDOT. Le sixième et dernier chapitre est consacré aux applications étudiées à savoir les (bio)capteurs de glucose et de pH et la synthèse de polypyrrole sur des électrodes de titane et sur des fibres de carbone. / Polypyrrole is one of the most widely investigated conducting polymer notably due to its high conductivity under its doped oxidized form, its biocompatibility and good stability in air and aqueous media allowing its use for various applications. Polypyrrole can be synthesized either by a chemical oxidation (powder) or electrochemical oxidation (film coating). To control over the location and the thickness of the deposit, the electropolymerization can be considered as the main method. Polypyrrole nanostructures are usually synthesized in the presence of templates (hard-templates or soft-templates).The aim of this PhD thesis is oriented towards two directions. In the first one, we synthesized polypyrrole nanostructures by electropolymerization and without using a template. Then we used these nanostructures as a material for various applications including (bio)chemical sensors.The first chapter of this thesis establishes a review of the state of the art concerning the synthesis, properties and applications of conducting polymers. In the second chapter of this manuscript, we describe the equipment and various characterization techniques used in this work. The third chapter focuses on the electrochemical synthesis of overoxydized polypyrrole and polypyrrole (nano)structures, while the fourth chapter presents the results of the study of the influence of various experimental parameters. In the fifth chapter we discuss the different formation mechanisms of polypyrrole (nano)structures described in the literature based in particular on the experiences of interfacial pH monitoring during the polymerization. We also propose a mechanism in accordance with the results obtained with pyrrole or EDOT monomers. The sixth and final chapter is devoted to the applications studied namely the glucose and pH (bio)sensors and synthesis of polypyrrole on titanium electrodes and carbon nanofibers.

The shortage of energy sources and the global climate change crisis have become critical issues. Solving these problems with clean and sustainable energy sources (solar, wind, tidal, and so on) is a promising solution. In this regard, energy storage techniques need to be implemented to tackle with the intermittent nature of the sustainable energies. Among the next-generation energy storage systems, lithium sulfur batteries has gained prominence due to the low cost, high theoretical specific-capacity of sulfur. Extensive research has been conducted on this battery system. Nevertheless, several issues including the “shuttle effect” and the growth of lithium dendrites still exist, which could cause rapid capacity loss and safety hazards. Several methods are proposed to tackle the challenges in this dissertation, including cathode engineering, interlayer design, and lithium metal anode protection. An asymmetric cathode structure is first developed by a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The asymmetric cathode comprises a nanoporous matrix and ultrathin and dense top layer. The top-layer is a desired barrier to block polysulfides transport, while the sublayer threaded with cationic networks facilitate Li-ions transport and sulfur conversions. In addition, a conformal and ultrathin microporous membrane is electrodeposited on the whole surface of the cathode by an electropolymerization method. This strategy creates a close system, which greatly blocks the LiPS leakage and improves the sulfur utilization. A polycarbazole-type interlayer is deposited on the polypropylene (PP) separator via an electropolymerization method. This interlayer is ultrathin, continuous, and microporous, which defines the critical properties of an ideal interlayer that is required for advanced Li–S batteries. Meanwhile, a self-assembled 2D MXene based interlayer was prepared to offer abundant porosity, dual absorption sites, and desirable electrical conductivity for Li-ions transport and polysulfides conversions. A new 2D COF-on-MXene heterostructures is prepared as the lithium anode host. The 2D heterostructures has hierarchical porosity, conductive frameworks, and lithiophilic sites. When utilized as a lithium host, the MXene@COF host can efficiently regulate the Li+ diffusion, and reduce the nucleation and deposition overpotential, which results in a dendrite-free and safer Li–S battery.

Le contrôle de l'hydrophobie de surface et de l'adhésion à l'eau est un outil fondamental pour diverses applications. L'électropolymérisation est une méthode très polyvalente qui peut être utilisée pour contrôler ces paramètres et pour la production de matériaux nanostructurés à façon. Ici, nous montrons qu'en différentiant le noyau polymérisable (thienothiophène ou pyrène), des morphologies et des mouillabilités de surface variées sont produites par un procédé direct d'électropolymérisation. Des nanotubes et des structures en forme d'arbre sont obtenus en utilisant des dérivés de thienothiophène sans utiliser de membrane structurante. En fonction de la méthode d'électrodéposition et des paramètres, différents types de nanotubes sont obtenus. La méthode électrochimique et le substituant greffé jouent un rôle important dans la structuration de surface. Les surfaces affichent différents angles de contact, mais toujours une forte adhésion à l'eau. D'autre part, des pyrènes avec divers substituants sont utilisés pour conduire à des propriétés hydrophobes/superhydrophobes, fluorescentes et, pour la première fois, à des applications en anti-bioadhesion et anti-biofilm. Des copolymères de pyrène ont été électrodéposés pour donner des surfaces avec une sensibilité au pH et une adhérence contrôlable à l'eau. Une nouvelle méthode utilisant un système de catapult a été mise en œuvre pour mesurer le comportement adhésif de surfaces collantes et non collantes. Ainsi, il a été montré le rôle important du noyau de monomère sur les propriétés finales des surfaces ouvrant de nouvelles portes pour explorer ce domaine dans le domaine des sciences de surface et de leurs applications. / Controlling surface hydrophobicity and water adhesion is a fundamental tool for various applications. Electropolymerization is a very versatile method that can be used to control these parameters and for the production of tunable nanostructured materials. Here, we show that by differentiating the polymerizable core (thienothiophene or pyrene), varied surface morphologies and wettabilities are produced by a direct electropolymerization process. Nanotubes and tree-like structures are obtained starting from thienothiophene derivatives without using any template. Depending on the electrodeposition method and parameters, different kinds of nanotubes are obtained. The electrochemical method and the grafted substituent play an important role on the surface structuration. The surfaces display different contact angles, but always with high water adhesion. On the other hand, pyrenes with various substituents are employed to produce hydrophobic/ superhydrophobic and fluorescent surfaces and, for the first time, with anti-bioadhesion and anti-biofilm properties. Copolymers of pyrenes were electrodeposited to yield surfaces with pH-responsivity and controllable water adhesion. A new method using a catapult system was implemented to measure the adhesive behavior of sticky and non-sticky surfaces. Thus, it has been shown the important role of the monomer core on the final properties of the surfaces opening new doors to explore this domain in the surface science field and applications.

<p>Electrochemical supercapacitors (ES) have become an attractive research interest in advanced power systems and found many applications as an energy storage device in number of areas. The fabrication of advanced electrodes with novel materials and new techniques plays a key part in determining the properties of ES. Conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPY) has been found to be a promising electrode material for ES due to its high pseudo-capacitance and good electrical conductivity.</p> <p>Polypyrrole (PPY) films were successfully obtained on stainless steel substrates by anodic electropolymerization. Anionic dopants such as 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium salt (NSA), chromotropic acid disodium salt (CHR) and gallic acid were used for the synthesis of PPY. The roles of additives in the electrodeposition process have been discussed. The deposition was performed galvanostatically or potentiodynamically and the electrochemical properties of PPY have been investigated and compared by using different characterization techniques.</p> <p>The comparison of the experimental data for NSA, CHR and gallic acid showed the influence of aromatic ring and OH groups on the capacitive behaviour of PPY films. Adherent PPY films were obtained from pyrrole solutions containing CHR as dopant. The specific capacitance (SC) increased with increasing pyrrole and dopant concentration in the solutions used for deposition. The PPY films prepared on stainless steel substrates by electropolymerization are promising electrode materials for ES.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

La contamination des matériaux par les bactéries est un processus naturel et spontané pouvant être à l’origine de graves infections. Actuellement, les techniques de lutte contre la biocontamination font appel à l’utilisation de matériaux biocides. Ces méthodes sont cependant sujettes à controverse puisqu’il a été mis en évidence qu’elles pouvaient être toxiques, que leur efficacité pouvait diminuer dans le temps et surtout qu’elles pouvaient participer à rendre les bactéries de plus en plus résistantes. La formation d’un biofilm impliquant l’adhésion des bactéries sur les surfaces, de nouvelles stratégies ont été développées par la conception de surfaces limitant leurs interactions avec les bactéries, telles que les surfaces anti-adhésives superhydrophobes. En effet, dans ce cas, l’adhésion est réduite par la présence d’une couche d’air entre les bactéries et la surface. Dans ce projet, deux matériaux ont été rendus superhydrophobes : un acier inoxydable 316 par électrodéposition de polymères hydrocarbonés ou fluorés dérivés du poly(3,4- éthylènedioxythiophène), et un PET par des traitements plasma successifs d’oxygène, de polypyrrole et de CF4. Le contrôle des paramètres expérimentaux ont permis d’obtenir des surfaces d’hydrophobie et de morphologie variables de façon à pouvoir étudier l’influence de ces propriétés physico-chimiques sur la bioadhésion et la formation de biofilm de trois souches bactériennes : P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes et S. aureus. Il a ainsi été mis en évidence, dans les conditions testées, l’importance de la présence de fonctions fluorées associée à une structuration contrôlée pour diminuer la biocontamination de surfaces. / Bacterial surface contamination is a natural and spontaneous process involved in serious infections. Currently, biocidal materials are used to avoid the biocontamination. However, these methods are not sufficient because of their toxicity, their loss of efficiency over time and mainly because they can make the bacteria more resistant.The biofilm formation involving the bacterial adhesion on surfaces, new strategies have been developed with the conception of surfaces reducing their interactions with bacteria, such as superhydrophobic surfaces. In fact, bacterial adhesion could be reduced by the presence of an air layer between superhydrophobic surface and bacteria. In this project, two substrates have been made superhydrophobic: 316 stainless steel by electrodeposition of hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon polymers, derived from poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene), and PET by successive plasma treatments of oxygen, polypyrrole and CF4. The control of experimental parameters led to different water repellency and surface morphologies, and allows the study of the effect of these physico-chemical properties on the bioadhesion and the biofilm formation with three bacteria: P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus. Thus, it has been shown the important role of fluorinated chains and controlled surface structures to reduce the surface biocontamination.

Resumo: Os polímeros condutores a Base de Tiofeno-Schiff despontam como materiais alternativos para obtenção de eletrodos modificados com potencial aplicação em sensores químicos devido as excelentes propriedades condutoras e quelantes conferidas pelo poli-tiofeno e pelas Bases de Schiff, respectivamente. Neste trabalho, o complexo Tiofeno-Salen foi sintetizado e caracterizado por UV8Vis e FTIR, em seguida, monômeros complexos metálicos-tiofeno-Schiff foram sintetizados com a complexação de cátions metálicos de transição como Ni2+, Cu2+, VO2+, Fe3+, Ru3+ e Ce4+ e novamente caracterizados por UV8Vis e FTIR para comprovar a formação dos monômeros complexos metálicos-tiofeno-Schiff. Filmes poliméricos desses complexos metálicos foram obtidos pela técnica de eletropolimerização anódica e foram caracterizados eletroquimicamente por voltametria cíclica em solução aquosa. Verificou-se a influência de diversas variáveis experimentais tais como solvente, eletrólito de suporte, intervalo de varredura de potenciais, velocidade de varredura de potenciais, concentração do monômero e número de ciclos durante a etapa de eletropolimerização. Os substratos condutores utilizados na etapa de eletropolimerização foram o eletrodo de platina e o eletrodo de carbono vítreo, demonstrando a influência do substrato condutor na etapa de eletropolimerização e verificou-se que o eletrodo de platina apresentou maior eficiência de transferência eletrônica quando comparado ao eletrodo de carbono vítreo devido a natureza amorfa do carbono vítreo para esses filmes poliméricos estudados. Os eletrodos de platina modificados com esses filmes poliméricos foram também utilizados no estudo das suas propriedades eletroquímicas para a detecção de analitos de interesse analítico como L-dopa, ditionito, piridoxina, sulfito, nitrito, L-tiroxina e ácido gálico. / Abstract: Conducting polymers of the Thiophene-Schiff Bases emerge as alternative materials to obtain modified electrodes with potential applications in chemical sensors due to the excellent conductive chelating properties conferred by the poly-thiophene and the Schiff Bases, respectively. In this work, the complex Thiophene-Salen was synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR, then monomers complex metals8thiophene8Schiff were synthesized with the complexation of cations of transition metals such as Ni2+, Cu2+, VO2+, Fe3+, Ru3+ and Ce4+ and again characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR to confirm the formation of monomer-metal complexes with thiophene-Schiff. Polymer films of these complexes were obtained by anodic electropolymerization technique and were characterized electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry in aqueous solution. There was the influence of different experimental variables such as solvent, supporting electrolyte, potential scan range, potential scan rate, monomer concentration and number of cycles during the electropolymerization. The conductive substrates used in the electropolymerization were platinum electrode and a glassy carbon electrode, demonstrating the influence of the conductive substrate in the electropolymerization and was found that the platinum electrode showed a higher electron transfer efficiency when compared to the carbon electrode vitreous due to amorphous nature of glassy carbon for these polymer films studied. The platinum modified electrodes with these polymer films were also used to study their electrochemical properties for the detection of analytes of analytical interest as L-dopa, dithionite, pyridoxine, sulphite, nitrite, L-thyroxine and gallic acid presented higher apllication as chemical sensors for these analytes. / Orientador: Marcos Fernando de Souza Teixeira / Coorientador: Luiz Humberto Marcolino Junior / Banca: Lúcio Angnes / Banca: Homero Marques Gomes / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T12:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioSantanaSantos.pdf: 4363488 bytes, checksum: 41a5d6b8fb73b9234813c167b1c4d075 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work, we sought to develop a methodology for the preparation of composite conductive polymer metal oxides for application in photovoltaic devices. The goal is the preparation of in-situ deposition of polymer and TiO2 oxide, in a single step by Electrochemical Synthesis of the substrates with architecture specially prepared for this. This study was divided into three stages, initially prepared molecules that give may give rise to monomers precursors of conjugated polymers derived from poly-p-phenylenevinylene PPV and polythiophene, groups attached to the aromatic ring of the polymer chain, the type (-O-(CH2) xCH3, X = 9 or 4), and the CN group. We conducted theoretical based on the DFT method (Density Functional Theory) and experimental studies of bromination reactions by different routes, using CCl4 as a solvent, AcOMe and aqueous HBr/KBr. We carried out the preparation of ZnO nanoparticles by hydrothermal route. In a second step was conducted in the preparation of a copolymer (DCN-PPV/PPV) to evaluate the effect of the CN group in the structure. Studies electrochemical synthesis of polymers and copolymers composite polymer/nanoparticulate (TiO2) and (ZnO) oxide in order to create a form of application and the construction of a prototype of a photovoltaic device. We tested two electrochemical systems a compound of acetonitrile (ACN) tetrafluoroborate tetrabutylammonium (TBABF4) for synthesis of polyfluorene (PF) and polybenzofluorene (PBF), we tested for this through the addition of (TiO2) and (ZnO). We also evaluated the electrochemical synthesis of polymer poly-p-phenylene (PPP), polythiophene (PT) and between them copolymer (PPP/PT) in the middle of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE), this system is realized The addition of 1% distilled water. Finally, we performed a preliminary study on the application of composites PF and TiO2, MB-PPV and TiO2, synthesized electrochemically in photovoltaic devices made in accordance with the structure (anode/polymer pure or composite/cathode); also being investigated nanolayers influence of the metal insert (NCM) nanolayers in the case of gold, the structure of the device (anode/NCM/ polymer pure or composite/cathode). / Neste trabalho, buscou-se desenvolver uma metodologia para preparação de compósitos polímeros conjugados/óxidos metálicos para aplicação em dispositivos fotovoltaicos. O objetivo foi a preparação in-situ dos polímeros e deposição dos óxido de TiO2, através da síntese eletroquímica sobre os substratos com arquitetura especialmente preparadas para isso. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas, inicialmente preparou-se moléculas que possam dar origem a monômeros precursores de polímeros conjugados, derivados do poli-p-fenilenovinileno PPV e do politiofeno com os grupos ligados ao anel aromático da cadeia polimérica, do tipo (-O-(CH2)xCH3, X=9 ou 4), e o grupo CN. Foram feitos estudos teóricos baseados em DFT (teoria do funcional de densidade), e experimentais de reações de bromação por diferentes rotas, utilizando como solvente o CCl4, AcOMe e solução aquosa de HBr/KBr. As nanopartículas de ZnO foram sintetizadas pela rota hidrotermal. Em uma segunda etapa foi realizada a preparação de um copolímero (DCN-PPV/PPV) para avaliar o efeito do grupo CN na estrutura. Estudos de síntese eletroquímica de polímeros, copolímeros e compósitos polímero/nanoparticulas de óxido de TiO2 e ZnO, também foram realizados, com o intuito de criar uma forma de aplicação destes na construção de um protótipo de dispositivo fotovoltaico. Foram testados dois sistemas eletroquímicos, um composto por acetonitrila (ACN) e tetrafluoroborato de tetrabutilamonio (TBABF4), para síntese do polifluoreno (PF) e o polibenzofluoreno (PBF), e testou-se para este meio a adição de nanopartículas de oxido de titânio TiO2 e de zinco ZnO. Avaliou-se também a síntese eletroquímica dos polímeros poli-p-fenileno (PPP), politiofeno (PT) e o copolímero entre eles (PPP/PT) em meio de trifluoreto de boro dietil eterato (BFEE). Por fim, foi feito um estudo preliminar sobre a aplicação dos compósitos PF/TiO2 e MB-PPV/TiO2, sintetizados eletroquimicamente em dispositivos fotovoltaicos confeccionados de acordo com a estrutura (ânodo/polímero puro ou compósito/Cátodo); sendo também investigada a influência da inserção de nanocamadas metálicas de ouro (NCM), na estrutura do dispositivo (ânodo/NCM/polímero ou compósito/cátodo).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:38:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Santana dos Santos.pdf: 2096265 bytes, checksum: 6ebf2a6890fb4ea97cdb1a6d7dfae53f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The discussion presented in this master’s degree dissertation resulted in a study about the development of synthesis routes for obtaining the following organic compounds: 4-(decyloxy)-2,5-bis(dibromomethyl)benzonitrile and 2,5-bis(dibromomethyl)-4-(pentyloxy)benzonitrile. The interest in produced such compounds is related to the preparation, by electrochemical route, of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) like polymers in which the decyloxy and/or penthyloxy groups act conferring solubility to the polymeric chain and the group cyano acts altering the electronic structure of the polymeric material intendy to produce a electroluminescente polymer with optimized characteristics for the application in light emitting devices. In that way this text describes the preparation and the characterization of a series of organic compounds. The compounds of interest were prepared after realization of a series of synthetic routes until to be obtained the desired structures. The characterization of these compounds was performed by means of infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurements (RMN H1). Beside the preparation and the characterization of the organic compounds aiming to the obtation of electroluminescents polymers, this text describes the preparation and the characterization of the poly(2-methoxy-5-bromo-pphenylenevinylene) (MB-PPV), a polymer which could present similar properties to those intended to the formed, prepared from the compounds described in the first phase of this work. This polymer was electrochemically prepared, and the electron transfer process that occurs during its formation was studied by means cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements. During this synthesis it was obtained an insoluble fraction, in the form of powder, and a soluble fraction dissolved in chloroform and another one in methanol. For effect of comparison it was described the electrochemical preparation of the poly(2,5-dicyano-p-phenylenevinylene) (DCNPPV) and the PPV. These polymers were characterized by FTIR and UV-VISIBLE absorption spectroscopy and by measurements of fluorescence. / As discussões apresentadas nesta dissertação de mestrado são resultado de um estudo sobre o desenvolvimento de rotas de síntese para a obtenção dos compostos 4-(decilóxi)-2,5-bis(dibromometil)benzonitrila e 2,5-bis(dibromometil)-4- pentilóxibenzonitrila. O interesse em se obter tais compostos está relacionado à preparação, por via eletroquímica, de polímeros da classe do poli(p-fenilenovinileno) (PPV) nos quais os grupos decilóxi e/ou pentilóxi atuem conferindo solubilidade a cadeia polimérica e o grupo ciano atue alterando a estrutura eletrônica do material de forma a produzir um polímero eletroluminescente com propriedades otimizadas para a aplicação em dispositivos emissores de luz. Desta maneira descreve-se a preparação e a caracterização de uma série de compostos orgânicos. Os compostos de interesse foram preparados após a realização de várias etapas de síntese até se obter as estruturas desejadas. A caracterização destes compostos foi realizada por meio de medidas de espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR) e espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN H1). Além da preparação e da caracterização dos compostos de partida visando à produção de polímeros eletroluminescentes, este texto descreve a preparação e a caracterização do poli(2-metóxi-5-bromo-p-fenilenovinileno) (MB-PPV), um polímero o qual se espera apresente propriedades semelhantes àquelas pretendidas ao polímero formado a partir dos compostos preparados na primeira etapa do trabalho. Este polímero foi sintetizado eletroquimicamente, sendo que o processo de transferência de carga que ocorre durante sua formação foi estudado por meio de medidas de voltametria cíclica e de cronoamperometria. Durante a síntese obteve-se uma fração insolúvel, na forma de pó, e uma fração solúvel em clorofórmio e outra em metanol. Para efeito de comparação descreve-se a preparação eletroquímica do poli(2,5-diciano-p-fenilenovinileno) (DCN-PPV) e do PPV. Estes polímeros foram caracterizados por medidas de FTIR, de espectroscopia de absorção no UV-Visível e por medidas de emissão e excitação de fluorescência.

<p>Conjugated polymers that exhibit high electronic conductivities play key roles in the emerging field of molecular electronics. In particular, linking metal centres with useful electrochemical, photophysical, or catalytic properties to the backbone, or within the polymer chain itself, is a topic which has attracted a significant amount of interest lately. Structurally rigid monomers that can be electropolymerised to form highly conducting molecular wires may provide new insights into conduction mechanisms, e.g., exploiting resonant superexchange (electron-hopping) by tuning the energies of redox centre and bridge states. The focus of this thesis lies on the electrochemical investigation of preparation, growth dynamics, and charge transport dynamics of oligothiophene/transition metal hybrid materials. The incorporation of ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) terpyridine complexes into such polymeric assemblies was accomplished by an electropolymerisation procedure, to produce rod-like oligothienyl-bridged metallopolymers. The properties of the monomers used were characterised by optical spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Charge transport was studied in detail for some of the materials created, and it was found that the electron transport rate and dc conductivity was enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude compared to relevant non-conjugated polymers, demonstrating the usefulness of this approach for optimization of charge transport in metallopolymers. The charge transport diffusion coefficent was determined to (2.6 ± 0.5) x 10^-6 cm² s^-1 for a quaterthienyl-bridged {Os(tpy)₂} polymer by use of an electrochemical steady-state method carried out using a transistor-like experimental geometry. It was found that charge transport in these materials is concentration-gradient driven. The rate limiting step of the charge transport process was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electropolymerisation dynamics of one of the monomers was studied using microelectrodes, and the results obtained shows that electropolymerisation is highly efficient, and indicate that mass transport controls this process. Through a combination of controlled potential deposition and SEM imaging it was demonstrated that it is possible to exploit the edge effect of microelectrodes to promote film growth in a direction co-planar with the electrode surface.</p>