Title: Upper body muscles activity in V2 skating technique, double poling and on a skiing machine Concept 2 Objectives: Comparison of involvement upper body muscles during V2 skating technique, double poling and on a skiing machine Concept 2. Methods: Comparative analysis: the dates were measured by surface electromyography and 2-D video-analysis. Results: We found statistically significant coordination similarity by comparisons muscle preactivation and activation during V2 skating technique and double poling. Trunk flexors musculus obliquus abdominis externus and musculus rectus abdominis showed unlike the main propulsion muscles, musculus pectoralis major, musculus triceps brachii and musculus latissimus dorsi, significantly higher preactivation during V2 skating technique and double poling in comparison to skiing machine Concept 2. Activation of the main propulsion muscles on a skiing machine Concept 2 is significantly higher than during V2 skating technique and double poling. Skiing machine Concept 2 cannot be considered as a specific training method for cross-country skiing. Long-term application may cause disruption of double poling technique. Key words: Cross country skiing, V2 skating technique, double poling, skiing machine Concept 2 (SkiErg), kinesiology, surface electromyography

Diploma thesis – the Biological feedback in therapy deals with electromyography (EMG), investigative techniques based on electromyography, myofeedback applications and intention controlled myofeedback (IMF therapy). Electromyography is described on principal and there are used electrodes presented. In investigative methods are mentioned their basic progress at investigation by the help of elektromyography. Next are present artifacts, which in the elektromyography signal values. For myofeedback I worked up basic study. Myofeedback is based principle in IMF therapy. The effect of IMF therapy was verified with synchronized signal electroencephalograph (EEG) and EMG. In concrete I worked with movement-related cortical potentials (MRCP) components and Bereitschaftspotential (BP). BP presents highlight component from MRCP and alone BP precluding fulfillment movement. It was tested on metering, that BP occur before executed movement. Idea IMF therapy is correct.

Title: The reflection kinesiology analyse of cross country skiing Purposes: To compare coordination of chosen muscles on leg during reflection of cross country skiing classic technique, skating and herringbone. Methods: Comparative analysis: the dates were measured by surface electromyography and 2-D video-analysis. Results: We founded statistical significance by comparisons muscle activation on right leg during kick during cross country skiing: classic technique, diagonal stride and herringbone and V-1 skating and herringbone. In case the left leg the statistical significance was disprove by: m. peroneus longus sin during comparison of diagonal stride and herringbone and m. gastrocnemius medialis sin V-1 skating and herringbone. We founded high level of laterality of diagonal stride and herringbone. In case V-1 skating, the significant similarity was not founded for m. vastus lateralis and m. gluteus medialis. Key words: Cross country skiing, classical technique, skating, herring bone, kinesiology, surface electromyography (EMG), muscles activation

Title: Upper body muscles activity in V2 skating technique, double poling and on a skiing machine Concept 2 Objectives: Comparison of involvement upper body muscles during V2 skating technique, double poling and on a skiing machine Concept 2. Methods: Comparative analysis: the dates were measured by surface electromyography and 2-D video-analysis. Results: We found statistically significant coordination similarity by comparisons muscle preactivation and activation during V2 skating technique and double poling. Trunk flexors musculus obliquus abdominis externus and musculus rectus abdominis showed unlike the main propulsion muscles, musculus pectoralis major, musculus triceps brachii and musculus latissimus dorsi, significantly higher preactivation during V2 skating technique and double poling in comparison to skiing machine Concept 2. Activation of the main propulsion muscles on a skiing machine Concept 2 is significantly higher than during V2 skating technique and double poling. Skiing machine Concept 2 cannot be considered as a specific training method for cross-country skiing. Long-term application may cause disruption of double poling technique. Key words: Cross country skiing, V2 skating technique, double poling, skiing machine Concept 2 (SkiErg), kinesiology, surface electromyography

Arbeitswissenschaftliche digitale Menschmodelle werden als Werkzeuge virtueller Ergonomie zur Gestaltung menschengerechter Produkte und Arbeitsplätze genutzt. Der bislang nur qualitativ beschriebene Praxiseinsatz wird durch theoretische Analysen und eine empirische Studie systematisiert und darauf aufbauend werden die Schwachstellen der Systeme erörtert. Ein wesentlicher Ansatzpunkt für Weiterentwicklungen ist die Erarbeitung ergonomischer Bewertungsverfahren bzw. -modelle, insbesondere für Belastungen aufgrund von Bewegungen. Digitale Menschmodelle bieten das Potenzial, aus simulierten Bewegungsdaten und den damit zusammenhängenden Belastungen eine Bewertung der Arbeitsvorgänge zu generieren. In dieser Arbeit wird daher ein neues arbeitswissenschaftliches Bewertungsmodell für muskuläre Beanspruchungen erforscht, d.h. methodisch hergeleitet und evaluiert. Dazu ist ein Versuchsstand zur Standardisierung und Belastungserzeugung notwendig. In der darauffolgenden Laborstudie werden die Belastungsparameter statischer Momentanteil, Winkelgeschwindigkeit und Momentrichtung variiert und die daraus entstehende Veränderung der muskulären Beanspruchung von Probanden erforscht. Ein dafür benötigtes, neues Verfahren zur Normalisierung wird vorgestellt. Die Laborstudie zeigt, dass der statische Momentanteil linear steigend mit der Arbeitsbeanspruchung zusammenhängt. Die durchschnittliche Winkelgeschwindigkeit beeinflusst die Arbeitsbeanspruchung je nach Muskeltyp entweder linear steigend oder ohne Zusammenhang. / Digital human models for human factors are used as tools for virtual ergonomics and the design of products and workplaces. In this work the use of the systems is analysed with theoretical models and an empirical study. Therefore, disadvantages of the systems are identified. A main idea for further developments is the research on ergonomic approaches and models, especially for movements and the strain caused by movements. Digital human models are capable to assess work processes based on data from simulations. In this work a new human factors orientated rating model for muscular strains is developed and evaluated. A test stand generates and standardizes the stress. In a laboratory survey the stress parameters are analysed. The variation of the static torque part, the angular velocity and the torque direction cause changes in the muscular strains. Hence, these muscular strains are measured electromyographically. A new normalisation method, the normalized standard movement, is introduced. The survey shows the existence of a correlation of static torque part and work strain. Depending on the muscle type, the angular velocity either affects the work strain linear increasing or does not affect it.