As rochas do Grupo Península Trinity e das unidadesequivalentes abrangem arenito, argilito e conglomerado, além de seus correspondentes metamórficos, e cuja formação é atribuída a correntes de turbidez. Afloram na parte norte da Península Antártica e arquipélagos adjacentes. Amostras de arenito, arcósio e conglomerado dessas unidades foram analisadas com intuito de traçar sua proveniência. A partir da análise petrográfica de arenito foi constatada a similaridade entre as rochas das formações do Grupo Península Trinity, Formação Grauvaca-Folhelho e Formação Miers Bluff. As rochas apresentam composição quartzo-feldspática, com baixa porcentagem de fragmentos líticos de composição plutônica, vulcânica e metamórfica. Diferenças composicionais ocorrem na Formação View Point, na qual também ocorre subarcóseo; e na Formação Miers Bluff, arcóseo lítico. As idades U-Pb de grãos detríticos de zircão para as rochas do Grupo Península Trinity da região de Botany Bay são concordantes e a mais jovem é 324 ± 8 Ma, ainda com quantidade expressiva de grãos com idades de 512 a 541Ma e 1001 a 1091Ma. Valores de ?Nd para rocha total, calculados para 220 Ma estão entre -5 e -8, indicando influência de fontes crustais recicladas ou de razoável residência crustal. A extensa gama de idades para a área-fonte indica reciclagem sedimentar de fonte diversa, com idades carboníferas, cambrianas e pré-cambrianas. O ?Hf calculado para as idades de U-Pb dos grãos de zircão detríticos mais jovens variade -1,2 a -5,7, também indicam extensa residência crustal. A amostra da Formação Legoupil, que complementa os dados de idades U-Pb em grãos detríticos de zircão para oGrupo Península Trinity, apresenta idade mais jovem de 265 ± 2, restringindo a idade máxima de sedimentação ao Permiano. Para as amostras da Formação Grauvaca-Folhelho as idades U-Pb em grãos detríticos de zircão apresentam duas concentrações bem definidas, permo-triássica e cambriana, com idade concordante mais jovem de 216 ± 2 Ma e mais antiga de 1,8 ± 0,13 Ga. Essas idades são condizentes com as dos grãos detríticos de zircão do Grupo Península Trinity. A partir dos dados de idades de grãos detríticos dezircão pode-se definir como a idade máxima para deposição para as formações Legoupil e Grauvaca-Folhelho sendo permo-triássica, assim como para as rochas do GrupoPenínsula Trinity em Botany Bay. Idades essas que levam a sugerir como fonte a Patagônia, no maciço Norte-patagônico, e Antártica Ocidental, na Terra de Mary Byrd. Estascondizem tanto em idade como em tipo de fonte, ígnea e metamórfica, com contribuição sedimentar. / The rocks of the Trinity Peninsula Group and equivalent units comprise sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate, as wel as their corresponding metamorphic rocks, whose formation is attributed to turbidity currents. They crop out in the northern Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands. Samples of sandstone, arkose and conglomerate of these units were analyzed in order to trace their provenance. From the petrographic analysis of sandstone was found similarity between the rocks of the Trinity Peninsula Group, Greywacke-Shale Formation and Miers Bluff Formation. The rocks have quartz-feldspathic composition, low percentage of lithic fragments of plutonic, volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Compositional differences occur in View Point Formation, which also occurs subarkose, and Miers Bluff Formation, lithic arcóseo. The U-Pb ages dates of detrital zircon grains in the rocks of the Trinity Peninsula Group region of Botany Bay are concordant and the youngest is 324 ± 8 Ma, but concentrations around 512-541Ma and 1001-1091Ma are common. Values of ?Nd calculated for 220 Ma are between -5 and -8, indicating influence of recycled crustal sources or with reasonable crustal residence. With extensive range of ages for the source area, indicating sediment recycling of diverse source areas, with ages spread from Carboniferous to Cambrian and Precambrian. The ?Hf calculated for dates U-Pb of younger detrital zircon ranges from -1.2 to -5.7, also indicate extensive crustal residence. The sample of Legoupil Formation, which complements the U-Pb dates for detrital zircon grains of the Trinity Peninsula Group, presents younger date of 265 ± 2, restricting the maximum age of the sedimentation asPermian. For samples of Greywacke-Shale Formation the U-Pb dates for detrital zircon grains exhibit two well-defined concentrations, permo-triassic and cambrian, with younger concordant date of 216 ± 2 Ma and older of 1.8 ± 0,13 Ga. These dates are consistent with those of detrital zircon grains from the Peninsula Group Trinity. From the data on detrital zircon grains can be defined as the maximum age for deposition for Legoupil and Greywacke-Shale formations being permo-triassic, as well as the rocks of the Trinity Peninsula Group in Botany Bay. Dates that suggest as a source area Patagonia, in Northern Patagonian massif and West Antarctica, in the Mary Byrd Land. These areas are consistent with both in age and rock types, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary, as the source area.

The need for elemental analysis of biological matrices such as bone, teeth, and plant matter for sourcing purposes has emerged within the forensic and geochemical laboratories. Trace elemental analyses for the comparison of aterials such as glass by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser ablation ICP-MS has been shown to offer a high degree of discrimination between different manufacturing sources. Unit resolution ICP-MS instruments may suffer from some polyatomic interferences including 40Ar16O+, 40Ar16O1H+, and 40Ca16O+ that affect iron measurement at trace levels. Iron is an important element in the analysis of glass and also of interest for the analysis of several biological matrices. A comparison of the nalytical performance of two different ICP-MS systems for iron analysis in glass for determining the method detection limits (MDLs), accuracy, and precision of the measurement is presented. Acid digestion and laser ablation methods are also compared. Iron polyatomic interferences were reduced or resolved by using dynamic reaction cell and high resolution ICP-MS. MDLs as low as 0.03 ìg g-1 and 0.14 ìg g-1 for laser ablation and solution based analyses respectively were achieved. The use of helium as a carrier gas demonstrated improvement in the detection limits of both iron isotopes (56Fe and 57Fe) in medium resolution for the HR-ICP-MS and with a dynamic reaction cell (DRC) coupled to a quadrupole ICP-MS system. The development and application of robust analytical methods for the quantification of trace elements in biological matrices has lead to a better understanding of the potential utility of these measurements in forensic chemical analyses. Standard reference materials (SRMs) were used in the development of an analytical method using HR-ICP-MS and LA-HR-ICP-MS that was subsequently applied on the analysis of real samples. Bone, teeth and ashed marijuana samples were analyzed with the developed method. Elemental analysis of bone samples from 12 different individuals provided discrimination between individuals, when femur and humerus bones were considered separately. Discrimination of 14 teeth samples based on elemental composition was achieved with the exception of one case where samples from the same individual were not associated with each other. The discrimination of 49 different ashed plant (cannabis)samples was achieved using the developed method.

This essay focuses on developing non-destructive methods to investigate the relationship between elemental distribution and bone porosity in archaeological bone. The skeletal material, which was analyzed, came from the archaeological sites of Skara (county of Västergötland), Varnhem (county of Västergötland), Sigtuna (county of Uppland) and Kopparsvik (county of Gotland). The essay is based on the results of a previous project, Osteoporosis och osteoarthritis, då och nu (Sten 2012). That project aimed at establishing whether medieval people, buried on the above mentioned archaeological sites, were suffersing from osteoporosis and/or osteoarthritis. This knowledge might help the medical research of today to solve the problem of possibly preventing those bone diseases. The method used was DXA-scanning, which was developed for examine osteoporosis in bone from living people. The result showed that the skeletons from the Skara site had an increased bone mineral density (BMD) compared to the skeletons from the other three sites. This essay investigates why these skeletal remains have a higher BMD and how this affects the results of methods like DXA. In this bachelor project various X-ray instruments were used to analyze the BMD of the skeletal remains. The X-ray pictures were then modified to exhibit high and low density areas in the bone. The elemental distribution of the surface area of the neck of the femur was examined with a μXRF-spectrometer. As a complement to the μXRF-spectrometer a SEM (scanning electron microscope) was used to analyze the elemental distribution of a cross section of the femur neck. Soil samples were collected from Skara and Varnhem and analyzed by using μXRF-spectrometry to find out if there was a correlation between the elemental content of the bone and surrounding soil. The skeletal remains from Skara exhibited increased values of iron and manganese combined with higher bone density. The soil from Skara showed a high level of particularly iron. This could be the reason for the increased BMD of the individuals from Skara when using the DXA-analysis. It is likely that, in each archaeological site, iron and manganese ions have diffused from both ground water and soil into the bones and thus increased the BMD. This is especially notified of the skeletal remains of Skara.

This work presents the development of a sub-micron nuclear microprobe for applications in the life sciences. It includes quantitative trace element analysis with sub-micron spatial resolution, 2D- and 3D-microscopy of density distributions and the targeted irradiation of living cells with counted single ions. The analytical methods base on particle induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) and STIM-tomography. The specific development of the existing nuclear microprobe LIPSION led to an improved performance of the capabilities for trace element analysis. For sub-micron analysis the spatial resolution could be improved to 300 nm at a sensitivity of about 1 µg/g for metal ions in biological matrices; for a resolution of 1 µm the sensitivity was improved to 200 ng/g (3 µmol/l). This habilitation thesis comprises a short general introduction including the motivation to utilize focussed high energy ion beams, an overview on the applications and actual research fields. The introduction is followed by the basic principles of the equipments and analytical methods. An estimation of the limits of resolution for element analytical and single ion techniques is given for the Leipzig system. Thereafter, selected studies from different research areas are presented. The first presented application is a study from environmental air pollution research. It is demonstrated that the microscopic elemental analysis of single aerosol particles can be used to assess the contributions from different sources. A further example is the analysis of the distribution of nanoparticles in skin cross-sections for a risk assessment of the applications of nanosized physical UV-filters in cosmetic products. The risk assessment is followed by the micro-analysis of trace elements, especially of bound metal ions, in brain sections on the cellular and sub-cellular level. After this the application of focussed MeV ion beams in low dose radiobiological research is presented. Finally, the analysis of 3D-density distributions by proton micro-tomography is demonstrated. A summary concludes on the applications and gives an outlook to further applications and methodological developments. The appendix comprises the relevant publications of the author. / Die vorliegende Arbeit etabliert für Anwendungen in den Lebenswissenschaften den Einsatz hochfokussierter MeV-Ionenstrahlen für nuklear-mikroskopische Methoden der quantitativen Spurenelementanalyse, der 2D- und 3D-Dichtemikroskopie sowie für die gezielte Bestrahlung einzelner lebender Zellen für radiobiologische Experimente. Zur Anwendung kamen die Methoden ortsaufgelöste Protonen induzierte Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (particle induced X-ray emission - PIXE), Spektrometrie rückgestreuter Ionen (Rutherford backscattering spectrometry - RBS) und Rastertransmissionsionenmikroskopie (scanning transmission ion microscopy - STIM). Durch eine gezielte Weiterentwicklung des bestehenden Ionenstrahlmikroskops, der Hochenergie Ionennanosonde LIPSION, konnte die Ortsauflösung für Spurenelementanalyse auf unter 300 nm verbessert werden, beziehungsweise die Sensitivität für Metallionen in biologischen Proben auf unter 200 ng/g (3 µmol/l) bei einer Ortsauflösung von 1 µm verbessert werden. Die Habilitationsschrift umfasst eine kurze allgemeine Einleitung einschließlich der Motivation für den Einsatz fokussierter MeV-Ionenstrahlen sowie einen Überblick über die Anwendungsgebiete und aktuellen Forschungsschwerpunkte. Danach werden kurz die Grundlagen der Technik und Methoden vorgestellt, gefolgt von einer Abschätzung der Auflösungsgrenzen für Elementanalysen und Einzelionentechniken. Danach werden ausgewählte Anwendungen aus verschiedenen Forschungsgebieten vorgestellt. Das erstes Beispiel ist aus der Umweltforschung. Es wird dargestellt, wie mittels ortsaufgelöster Elementspektroskopie eine Abschätzung der Feinstaubbelastung nach Beiträgen einzelner Verursacherquellen erfolgen kann. Dann folgt als Beispiel eine ortsaufgelöste Analyse der Verteilung von Nanopartikeln aus Sonnencremes in Hautquerschnitten zur Risikoabschätzung der Anwendungen von Nanotechnologie in kosmetischen Produkten. Desweiteren werden Studien der Spurenelementverteilung, speziell der von gebundenen Metallionen, in Hirnschnitten auf zellulärer und subzellulärer Ebene erläutert. Das anschließende Beispiel erläutert die Anwendung niedriger Energiedosen in der Radiobiologie anhand des Beschusses einzelner lebender Zellen mit abgezählten einzelnen Ionen. Als letztes Beispiel wird die Anwendung hochfokussierter Ionenstrahlen für die Mikrotomographie gezeigt. Abschließend folgt eine zusammenfassende Bewertung der vorgestellten Anwendungen mit einem Ausblick auf weitere Anwendungen und methodische Entwicklungen. Der Arbeit sind die relevanten Veröffentlichungen mit Beteiligung des Autors als Anhang beigefügt.

SiGe 25% substrates were treated with aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfide with and without added acid to understand the adsorption of sulfur on the surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed no sulfide layer was deposited from aqueous (NH4)(2)S alone and instead both Si and Ge oxides formed during immersion in the sulfur solution. The addition of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids dropped the pH from 10 to 8 and deposited sulfides, yet increased the oxide coverage on the surface and preferentially formed Ge oxides. The sulfur coverage grew with increasing concentrations of acid in the aqueous (NH4)(2)S. The simultaneous deposition of O and S is suspected to be the result of oxidized sulfur species in solution. Metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitor (MISCAP) devices were fabricated to test the electrical consequences of aqueous ammonium sulfide wet chemistries on SiGe. MISCAPs treated with acidic ammonium sulfide solutions contained fewer interface defects in the valence band region. The defect density (D-it) was on the order of 10(+12) cm(-2) eV(-1). The flat band voltage shift was lower after the acidic ammonium sulfide treatment, despite the presence of surface oxides. Adsorption of S and potentially O improved the stability of the surface and made it less electrically active. (C) 2017 American Vacuum Society.

Timaeus 69a6-92c9 is a causal theory of the nature of man. Demigods, created heavenly bodies, take over soul and four elements, structured by a divine, good craftsman, who uses mathematical processes on things of two unlike origins. Imitating their creator, the demigods build man and leave him to run his life. What each individual man ‘takes over’ varies as does his individual and society’s handling of it, resulting in human lives ranging from the god-like to the murkiest low-life. This, through cycles of reincarnation, diversifies fauna bringing life, and extending the influence of reason into every elemental region; in a word it brings the heavens down to earth. Presented as anatomy, physiology, nosology and care of man, this is ancient Greek medical theory in the widest sense, including the use of hypothesis and claims about the soul. It mentions but stops short of addressing social and political levels. As cosmogony it is concerned with a micro-cosmos, but as cosmology with the running of this micro-cosmos within the macro-cosmos and as a part serving its overall being and purpose, as an organ serves and is served by the whole body of which it is an inner part. As a medical theory it brims with debated issues. Has Plato successfully answered the objections against using hypotheses, raised in On Ancient Medicine (Ch. III)? Is Aristotle’s objection to the theory of breathing a challenge to Plato’s analogy of macro- and micro cosmology? Why did Plato, unlike Galen later, chose to include soul in medicine, and to emphasise the elements, rather than the humours? Does movement as a cause of change and the different kinds of movements available for man’s self-care (Ch. V), mirror the intellectual and motivational division of human soul? Is the shaking receptacle a paradigm for vital human self-reflection? Chapter I discusses how introductions to English translations of the Timaeus reflect the old debate on keeping either to the heavens or to earth, to theology or to physics. Chapter II contains an introductory discussion on the Timaeus as a whole, with emphasis on its structure. In chapters III on anatomy, IV on physiology and in V on diseases and care of man, I focus on the structure of the causal account with regard to man as a mixed being. Using other texts purely for contrast and comparison I keep, to the extent possible, to the Timaeus, and mostly to 68e1-92c9. I argue that the transition between demiurgic and lesser gods’ causation at the junction of our main text and the previous lines, later carries over from the demigods to man’s self-care, individually and collectively, and that it mirrors the division of labour between Timaeus, Critias and Hermocrates, as natural philosophers, whereas Socrates, the fourth participant is a philosopher of a different kind along the line of division drawn at 29b. This thesis offers an outline of an argument for re-evaluating the Timaeus on the nature of man, particularly with regard to its formal logical side and its relation to rational persuasion.

Submitted by Luiz Felipe de Melo Santos (felipemelo.biologia@gmail.com) on 2019-01-26T15:00:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 001-2019-Luiz Felipe de Melo Santos.pdf: 2201809 bytes, checksum: 0858caf6045635fdc1eb50f8be76eb88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabio Sampaio Rosas null (fabio@dracena.unesp.br) on 2019-01-28T12:24:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_lfm_me_dra.pdf: 2201809 bytes, checksum: 0858caf6045635fdc1eb50f8be76eb88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-28T12:24:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_lfm_me_dra.pdf: 2201809 bytes, checksum: 0858caf6045635fdc1eb50f8be76eb88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-27 / O enxofre é, provavelmente, o macronutriente menos empregado nas adubações, o que resulta na redução de rendimento e qualidade de forragem. Entre os nutrientes, apresenta um importante papel por participar em várias funções biológicas, faz parte da composição dos aminoácidos cisteína, metionina e cistina, acetil-CoA, bem como de enzimas que participam da fotossíntese e o metabolismo do nitrogênio. O objetivo foi avaliar a produção e estado nutricional dos capins Piatã e Mombaça em resposta a aplicação de doses e fontes de sulfato e enxofre elementar em Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. Em virtude disso, realizou-se dois experimentos em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, UNESP, Campus de Dracena – SP, o primeiro foi no período de janeiro a março de 2017 e o segundo de outubro a janeiro de 2018, com o capim Piatã e de Mombaça, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, arranjados em esquema fatorial, 4x5, com quatro fontes de enxofre (Gipsita, Fosfogesso, S elementar em pó e S elementar pastilhado) e cinco doses de enxofre (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg kg-1).Foram determinados os parâmetros biométricos como número de perfilhamento, massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e massa seca de raízes (MSR). O estado nutricional das plantas foi avaliado por meio da leitura SPAD e análise de macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S na parte aérea das plantas. Avaliou-se também o enxofre residual do solo e o pH do solo. Os resultados demonstraram que adubação com S aumentou a produção de MSPA, MSR, número de perfilhos, quantidade de folhas por colmo, índice SPAD e promoveu uma melhor qualidade de estado nutricional da forragem em ambos os experimentos. A granulométrica das fontes apresentou uma forte influencia na disponibilização de S, o que é possível de ser constado pelos menores incrementos na produção e absorção de S verificados com o uso da fonte SEPA em relação às demais fontes, tanto na espécie Urochloa brizantha quanto da espécie Megathyrsus maximum. De forma geral a aplicação ideal de S foi essencial para otimizar o rendimento dos capins Piata e Mombaça em todas as fontes testadas de S, enquanto a baixa oferta de S resulta em desequilíbrio nutricional e menor rendimento. / Sulfur is probably the least used macronutrient in fertilization, which results in reduced yield and forage quality. Among nutrients, it plays an important role because it participates in several biological functions, is part of the composition of the amino acids cystine, methionine and cysteine, acetyl-CoA, as well as enzymes involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. The objective was to evaluate the production and nutritional status of the Piatã and Mombasa grass in response to the application of doses and sources of sulfate and elemental sulfur in Yellow Red Ultisol. In view of that, two greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agrarian and Technological Sciences, UNESP, Dracena Campus - SP, the first one was in the period from January to March 2017 and the second from October to February 2018, with Piatã grass and Mombasa grass, respectively. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications, arranged in a factorial scheme, 4x5, with four sulfur sources (Fosfogesso, Grajau, S-Elementar and Sulfurgran) and five doses of sulfur (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg kg-1). Biometric parameters such as tillering number, shoot dry mass and roots dry mass were determined. The nutritional status of the plants was evaluated by SPAD reading and analysis of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S macronutrients in shoot dry mass. Residual sulfur and soil pH were also evaluated. The results showed that S fertilization increased the yield of MSPA, MSR, number of tillers, number of leaves per stem, SPAD index and promoted a better quality of forage nutritional status in both experiments. The granulometric of the sources had a strong influence on the availability of S, which is possible to be consisted of the smaller increases in the production and absorption of S verified with the use of the SEPA source in relation to the other sources, both in the species Urochloa brizantha and of the species Megathyrsus maximum. In general, the ideal application of S was essential to optimize the yield of the Piata and Mombasa grasses in all tested sources of S, while the low supply of S results in nutritional imbalance and lower yield.

Orientador: Reges Heinrichs / Resumo: O enxofre é, provavelmente, o macronutriente menos empregado nas adubações, o que resulta na redução de rendimento e qualidade de forragem. Entre os nutrientes, apresenta um importante papel por participar em várias funções biológicas, faz parte da composição dos aminoácidos cisteína, metionina e cistina, acetil-CoA, bem como de enzimas que participam da fotossíntese e o metabolismo do nitrogênio. O objetivo foi avaliar a produção e estado nutricional dos capins Piatã e Mombaça em resposta a aplicação de doses e fontes de sulfato e enxofre elementar em Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. Em virtude disso, realizou-se dois experimentos em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, UNESP, Campus de Dracena – SP, o primeiro foi no período de janeiro a março de 2017 e o segundo de outubro a janeiro de 2018, com o capim Piatã e de Mombaça, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, arranjados em esquema fatorial, 4x5, com quatro fontes de enxofre (Gipsita, Fosfogesso, S elementar em pó e S elementar pastilhado) e cinco doses de enxofre (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg kg-1).Foram determinados os parâmetros biométricos como número de perfilhamento, massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e massa seca de raízes (MSR). O estado nutricional das plantas foi avaliado por meio da leitura SPAD e análise de macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S na parte aérea das plantas. Avaliou-se também o enxofre residual do solo e o pH do solo. Os res... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

No description available.

The present elemental analysis workhorse worldwide is Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). Due to the high power requirements, large gas consumption and the more obvious attribute, size, the ICP is tethered to the lab. Usually, samples must be collected, bottled, sometimes stabilized by acids and then shipped back to the lab for analysis (hours to days to weeks turnover rate). Due to the demand for a portable analyzer this thesis will focus on further development of microplasma devices (MPDs) for portable on-site analysis, in (near) real-time. Mini-In-Torch Vapourization (mini-ITV) is the sample introduction method for MPDs which removes the need for sample preparation (further necessitates portability). Mini-ITV introduces the sample into the MPD via electrothermal vapourization of a dry (water-free) nano- to micro- volume sample. Pneumatic nebulization, the commercially available ICP sample introduction method would extinguish the microplasma. Microplasma stability is the first issue addressed by confining the microplasma to a quartz tube (“wall-stabilized”) in hopes of a more stable MPD background emission. Once stabilized MPD conditions were found key microplasma parameters were studied including MPD power, HVac frequency, operating mode, inter-electrode distance (IED) and observation location, in hopes of improved MPD analytical performance. Microplasma excitation mechanism and maximum energy available in the microplasma for analyte are discussed. Some fundamental characteristics such as excitation temperature (Texc) and changes in atom/ion population with variation in some of the key MPD parameters were also determined.