Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)--Durban University of Technology, 2008 / Introduction This dissertation entails a homoeopathic proving of ivory from the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) 30CH with a subsequent comparison to Lac Loxodonta africana. Objectives The primary objective of this proving was to determine the effects of homoeopathically prepared ivory from the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in a 30CH dilution and was achieved by administering the remedy to a group of healthy individuals (provers) who will document all symptoms that arise as a result of taking the remedy. These symptoms will be used to identify the therapeutic indications of homoeopathic ivory. With these specific indications being documented the remedy can then be utilized in the sick individual, that present with similar symptoms, to induce a cure. A further objective of this proving is to report any variation that may exist in the comparison of two remedies, namely Lac Loxodonta africana (milk derived from the African elephant) and the remedy used in this proving, ivory from the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Methodology The substance was triturated up until the 3CH and subsequently converted into a liquid potency to be potentised up until the 30CH. Granules were then impregnated with the 30CH liquid potency. Ten impregnated granules were then placed in each individual ii lactose powder sachets. A total of six powders were dispensed to the proving participants. The proving was conducted as a double blind placebo controlled study with a total of twenty-six (26) provers that met the inclusion criteria (Appendix A). The group was made up of both homoeopathic students as well as the general public of varying ages, race and gender. The total group was randomly divided into two groups, twenty (20) of which received the homoeopathic remedy, the remainder (6) received placebo. A full case history of each prover was taken before commencing the proving as well as on completion of the study. Each individual prover kept a journal, starting a week before the proving, which was continued while taking the remedy and ceased when all symptoms had abated. Once all provers had completed the proving, the information received from the provers through the journals from both groups was collated, assessed and analyzed. A comparison was then made between this proving and Lac Loxodonta africana to assess whether any similarities or differences were evident. The comparison was made on symptom similarities and rubric analysis. Results The proving of ivory from the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) revealed a variety of symptoms. A total of 32 systems were affected in the twenty provers who received the remedy. 716 symptoms were recorded, 83 of which were new symptoms. The systems that were predominately affected were the mind, head and extremities. Many symptoms were confirmed to be similar to those identified in the proving of Lac Loxodonta africana, though differences were also acknowledged.

In this thesis, I describe large-scale and small-scale features of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) by merging conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data obtained by novel animal-borne sensors with data obtained by more conventional means. Twenty-one CTD-Satellite Relay Data Loggers (CTD-SRDLs) were attached to Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on South Georgia in 2004 and 2005. This was part of a larger international study (Southern Elephant Seals as Oceanographic Samplers; SEaOS), in which I played a major role in developing the oceanographic approach used to integrate physical data from a range of sources, and the means to link biological findings to oceanographic parameters. The development of animal-borne oceanographic sensors and their potential place within an ocean observing system is reviewed initially. Then, I describe the Series 9000 CTD-SRDL in detail, discussing its performance in the lab and during two field experiences with Southern elephant seals and Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii ). Following this, a detailed study of the ACC frontal system in the South Atlantic is presented that uses merged Argo float data and CTD-SRDL data. The structure of the frontal field revealed by this unique dataset is examined, and unprecedented insight into its variability is obtained. Amongst the important findings is that, contrary to most climate models, our in situ data suggest a northward shift of the ACC east of 40W in 2004 and 2005 compared to previous work. Next, two CTD-SRDL sections are presented to identify the locations of the ACC fronts across Drake Passage, and an empirical relationship between upper ocean temperature and baroclinic mass transport is used to determine the transport through Drake Passage at the times of the sections. This technique is a powerful complement to more conventional means of data collection in this region, especially given the ability of the seals to conduct "sections" at times when ship-based fieldwork is logistically most challenging, i.e. in the winter time. The CTD-SRDLs do not only record hydrographic data, but simultaneously record seal movements and diving behavior. This enables insight to be obtained on the behavioral and physiological responses of Southern elephant seals to spatial environmental variability throughout their circumpolar range. The resulting energetic consequences of these variations could help explain recently observed spatially varying population trends. With a stable population at South Georgia and declining populations at Kerguelen and Macquarie Island. This study also highlights the benefits to the sensorcarrying animals themselves by showing the usefulness of this approach in examining the sensitivity of top predators to global and regional-scale climate variability. More importantly, I conclude that, by implementing animal-borne sensors into ocean observing strategies, we not only gain information about global ocean circulation and enhance our understanding of climate and the corresponding heat and salt transports, but at the same time we increase our knowledge about ocean’s top predators, their life history and their sensitivity to climate change.

<p>Humans’ hunting for ivory has had a serious impact of the African elephant population. Ivory has throughout history been a symbol of manhood and status. As the market of ivory expanded to the rest of the world, the market demand for ivory became higher than what the elephants could manage to provide. In the 1980’s, the African elephant population was threatened by extension and it was reduced with 50 percent in ten years. For this reason, CITES placed the African elephant population under a ban, which made it an illegal act to trade ivory and other elephant parts.</p>

Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)--Durban University of Technology, 2008 / Introduction This dissertation entails a homoeopathic proving of ivory from the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) 30CH with a subsequent comparison to Lac Loxodonta africana. Objectives The primary objective of this proving was to determine the effects of homoeopathically prepared ivory from the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in a 30CH dilution and was achieved by administering the remedy to a group of healthy individuals (provers) who will document all symptoms that arise as a result of taking the remedy. These symptoms will be used to identify the therapeutic indications of homoeopathic ivory. With these specific indications being documented the remedy can then be utilized in the sick individual, that present with similar symptoms, to induce a cure. A further objective of this proving is to report any variation that may exist in the comparison of two remedies, namely Lac Loxodonta africana (milk derived from the African elephant) and the remedy used in this proving, ivory from the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Methodology The substance was triturated up until the 3CH and subsequently converted into a liquid potency to be potentised up until the 30CH. Granules were then impregnated with the 30CH liquid potency. Ten impregnated granules were then placed in each individual ii lactose powder sachets. A total of six powders were dispensed to the proving participants. The proving was conducted as a double blind placebo controlled study with a total of twenty-six (26) provers that met the inclusion criteria (Appendix A). The group was made up of both homoeopathic students as well as the general public of varying ages, race and gender. The total group was randomly divided into two groups, twenty (20) of which received the homoeopathic remedy, the remainder (6) received placebo. A full case history of each prover was taken before commencing the proving as well as on completion of the study. Each individual prover kept a journal, starting a week before the proving, which was continued while taking the remedy and ceased when all symptoms had abated. Once all provers had completed the proving, the information received from the provers through the journals from both groups was collated, assessed and analyzed. A comparison was then made between this proving and Lac Loxodonta africana to assess whether any similarities or differences were evident. The comparison was made on symptom similarities and rubric analysis. Results The proving of ivory from the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) revealed a variety of symptoms. A total of 32 systems were affected in the twenty provers who received the remedy. 716 symptoms were recorded, 83 of which were new symptoms. The systems that were predominately affected were the mind, head and extremities. Many symptoms were confirmed to be similar to those identified in the proving of Lac Loxodonta africana, though differences were also acknowledged. / M

This thesis presents an examination of the political ecology of human-elephant relationships in India. Its overall aim is to revitalize the ecology that has been sifted out from the discipline. The thesis draws upon, and consequently develops, more-than-human geography through a sustained engagement of nature-society relations in a non-Western context. The thesis has three broad objectives. First, to examine what more-than-human geography’s emphasis on non-dualistic forms of agency, could contribute to understandings of policy, planning and politics in conservation. Second, to examine the spatial dimensions of human-elephant relations and the social orderings of space which influence these relationships. The third objective of the thesis is to interrogate the politics of elephant conservation through a sustained engagement with diverse modes of human-elephant encounters and the socio-political assemblages with which they are entangled. The thesis first deploys and develops the concept of ‘encounter value’ to account for the different forms of human-elephant encounters and how they contribute to the political economies of biodiversity conservation. The thesis then draws from a multi-sited ethnography examining both encounters and spaces of elephant conservation. It shows how elephants help forge connections across difference and the ways their geographies are reconfigured by global networks of conservation. The third empirical section has an implicit spatial dimension. It is concerned with writing a ‘more-than-human’ geography of landscapes, examining how humans and elephants cohabit with and against the grain of political design. Finally, the thesis examines politics as an ecology of relations, showing how human-elephant relations as well as social and political outcomes may be mediated by materials. Modes of enquiry between these papers overlap. They offer critical insights into three themes that interface between political ecology and more-than-human geography. First, the thesis contributes to conceptualizing modes of human-animal encounters in a symmetrical fashion. It explicates the role of nonhuman agency as an organizing force in political economies of conservation. Second, it posits new understandings of the spaces of animals. This is developed in two ways: landscapes as dwelt, political achievements and as fluid spaces emerging through international networks of environmental governance. Third, the thesis ecologizes politics and goes beyond the humanist frameworks of political ecology. It fosters novel conversations between more-than-human geography and the postcolonial critique of political ecology in the context of human-elephant relationships. Taken together, the thesis offers up a concerted, symmetrical and novel approach to the study people’s relations with animals.

This thesis examines how British travellers experienced the Indian climate and landscape in, from and through three vehicles: the palanquin, the elephant and the railway. Much historical study has approached Western experiences of tropical nature with what this thesis calls a 'sedentary perspective'; that is, by studying the individuals, the sites and the representational practices connected with observant travel. The most obvious aspect of such travel – the mobility of soldiers, merchants, administrators and tourists – has been comparatively neglected. Travel in India, rather than merely connecting events across the expanse of the journey, was a significant space of experience and the mode by which travellers encountered their surroundings. This thesis argues that specific mobilities engendered distinct relations between the perceiving subject and the environment perceived. Means of transport – the palanquin, elephant and railway – were also means of observation, shaping the experience of landscape, ideas of tropical nature and the traveller as subject.

The creative process offers me an escape and tranquility worthy of sharing. When creating art, I reflect on the people, places, and things that move me. I convey my frame of mind through the brush to the canvas. The result is intense strokes of color that deliver clarity of emotion for others to experience. The intention of my work is to share a world that satisfies the eyes, mind, and soul. There is something about each piece that I hope will keep the viewer returning to absorb, contemplate, and enjoy.

A reposição de perfilhos mortos ou consumidos pelo pastejo é ponto chave para manutenção da perenidade e produtividade da pastagem. Dentre outros fatores, a dinâmica com que esse processo ocorre é variável em função das estratégias de manejo utilizadas. Dessa forma, as estratégias de manejo do pastejo afetam a dinâmica do perfilhamento, gerando modificações em densidade populacional de perfilhos e em sua composição, nos padrões de ocupação horizontal da área e na estabilidade da população de perfilhos, características determinantes da perenidade e produtividade da planta forrageira. Com isso, o objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar a frequência e o tamanho das touceiras, a dinâmica do perfilhamento, a densidade populacional de perfilhos e a participação relativa de perfilhos basais e aéreos na população de plantas de capim-elefante cv. Napier submetido a estratégias de pastejo rotativo de janeiro de 2011 a abril de 2012. Os tratamentos corresponderam a combinações entre duas condições pós- (alturas pós-pastejo de 35 e 45 cm) e duas condições pré-pastejo (95% e máxima interceptação luminosa - IL95% e ILMáx) e foram alocados às unidades experimentais segundo arranjo fatorial 2x2 e delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas características da estrutura horizontal dos pastos, dinâmica do perfilhamento e população de perfilhos totais e demografia de perfilhos basais e aéreos. Pastos manejados com a meta IL95% apresentaram ocupação mais uniforme da área caracterizada pela maior frequência de touceiras e menor frequência de espaços vazios relativamente àqueles manejados com a meta ILMáx. Independente da meta de IL pré-pastejo, os pastos passaram por um período de adaptação aos tratamentos impostos caracterizado pela redução da variabilidade do perímetro médio das touceiras do início do experimento até o início da primavera. Pastos manejados com a meta ILMáx apresentaram menor índice de estabilidade da população de perfilhos, consequência das maiores taxas de mortalidade relativamente aos pastos manejados com a meta IL95%. A densidade populacional de perfilhos aéreos (DPPa) foi maior que a de perfilhos basais (DPPb) para ambas as metas de IL pré-pastejo. De forma geral, não foi registrada diferença em DPPa entre as metas de IL pré-pastejo, mas a DPPb foi maior nos pastos manejados com a meta IL95%. A estratégia de manejo caracterizada pela meta IL95% favorece menor mortalidade de perfilhos e maior perfilhamento basal que, por sua vez, favorece ocupação mais uniforme da área, sugerindo possíveis benefícios para a habilidade competitiva e produtiva da pastagem. / Replacement of dead or consumed tillers during grazing is a key point for ensuring longevity and productivity of pastures. Among other factors, the dynamics of the tillering process is variable depending on management strategies used. In that context, grazing management strategies affect tillering dynamics causing changes in tiller population density and its composition, patterns of plant horizontal distribution and area occupation and in the stability of tiller population, all important characteristics determining longevity and productivity of forage grass communities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency and size of tussocks, tillering dynamics, tiller population density and the relative contribution of basal and aerial tillers in elephant grass cv. Napier subjected to strategies of rotational stocking management from January 2011 to April 2012. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two post- (post-grazing heights of 35 and 45 cm) and two pregrazing conditions (95% and maximum canopy light interception during regrowth - LI95% and LIMax), and were allocated to experimental units (850 m2 paddocks) according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement in a complete randomised design, with four replications. The following response variables were measured: characteristics of sward horizontal structure, tiller dynamics and population, and demography of basal and aerial tillers. Swards managed with the LI95% target showed a more uniform occupation of the area characterised by higher frequency of tussocks and lower frequency of bare ground areas relat ive to those managed with the LIMax target. Regardless of LI pre-grazing target, swards underwent an adaptation period to treatments imposed characterised by reduction in the variability of the average tussock perimeter from the beginning of the experiment until early spring. Swards managed with the LIMax target had lower population stability index than those managed with the LI95% target, consequence of higher tiller death rates. Population density of aerial tillers (TPDa) was larger than basal tillers (TPDb) for both LI pre-grazing targets. In general, there was no difference in TPDa between LI pre-grazing targets, but TPDb was larger on swards managed with the LI95% target. the management strategy characterised by the LI95% target results in lower tiller death and larger production of basal tillers that, in turn, favours a more uniform occupation of the area, suggesting potential benefits to the competitive and productive ability of pastures.

Foram estudados os efeitos da idade de corte e da adição de polpa cítrica sobre a qualidade fermentativa, estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos do tipo 5x4. O capim-elefante apresentando 40, 60, 80, 100, e 120 dias de crescimento foi ensilado com níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica peletizada: 0; 3; 6 e 9% com base na matéria fresca. As silagens foram produzidas em 80 silos experimentais (4 repetições/tratamento), confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos. A abertura dos silos ocorreu 145 dias após a ensilagem, ocasião em que foram determinados os teores de ácidos orgânicos, estabilidade aeróbia e composição químico-bromatológica das silagens. Foi observado efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) da idade de corte e curvilinear da adição de polpa cítrica sobre os teores de matéria seca. Em relação aos teores de PB também houve efeito de interação entre as variáveis independentes, porém a resposta foi curvilinear para ambas. Não houve efeito de interação entre idade de corte e nível de polpa para os valores de FDN, FDA, Lignina e NIDA. Para a variável FDN houve efeito linear crescente para idade de corte e linear decrescente para nível de polpa. Já para a variável FDA não houve efeito de nenhuma das duas variáveis independentes, enquanto para Lignina houve apenas efeito linear crescente para idade de corte. Para a variável CHOs houve efeito de interação entre as variáveis independentes, sendo uma resposta linear crescente para ambas. As variáveis independentes não apresentaram efeito de interação entre si em relação aos teores de NIDA, havendo apenas efeito curvilinear para ambas, separadamente. Já para as variáveis Poder Tampão e Digestibilidade in vitro da Matéria Seca não houve efeito de interação entre idade de corte e nível de polpa cítrica. O que houve foi um efeito linear decrescente para idade de corte e linear crescente para o nível de polpa. No contexto da fermentação, para a variável álcool não houve efeito de interação entre as variáveis independentes, sendo que a idade de corte causou uma resposta curvilinear e o nível de polpa uma resposta linear crescente. Para os teores de ácidos orgânicos (acético, propiônico, butírico e lático) observou-se efeito de interação entre a idade de corte e o nível de polpa cítrica, sendo que para o ácido acético houve efeito linear decrescente para a idade de corte e efeito quadrático para o nível de polpa cítrica, enquanto para o ácido propiônico houve efeito quadrático para ambas. Para o ácido butírico e o ácido lático houve efeito quadrático para a idade de corte e efeito linear crescente para o nível de polpa cítrica. Foi observado ainda efeito de interação entre a idade de corte e o nível de polpa cítrica para as variáveis relação lático/acético e pH, sendo quadrática para ambas as variáveis independentes. Já para as variáveis N-NH3 e Perdas de MS houve efeito de interação, sendo linear para a idade de corte e quadrático para o nível de polpa. Em relação à estabilidade aeróbia, para a variável temperatura máxima houve efeito de interação, sendo que para a idade de corte a resposta foi curvilinear e para o nível de polpa foi linear crescente. Não houve efeito da idade de corte e do nível de polpa cítrica sobre o tempo para atingir a temperatura máxima. Já para as variáveis taxa para elevação da temperatura e tempo para elevação da temperatura em 2&ordm;C não houve interação entre idade de corte e nível de polpa. Para a variável taxa para elevação da temperatura houve resposta curvilinear para idade de corte e linear crescente para nível de polpa e para a variável tempo para elevação da temperatura em 2&ordm;C houve apenas efeito linear crescente da idade de corte / The effects of crop age and addition of citrus pulp on fermentation pattern, aerobic stability and nutritive value of elephant grass silage were studied. A completely randomized design with a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement was used. Elephant grass was harvested on 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 days of age and ensiled with increasing levels of citrus pulp pellets: 0, 3, 6 and 9% (original matter basis). Silages were produced using 80 experimental silos (4 repetitions/treatment), made of plastic buckets with Bunsen valves. Silos were opened 145 days after ensiling, when organic acids concentrations, aerobic stability and chemical composition of silages were determined. A positive linear effect (P<0.05) of crop age and a curvilinear effect of citrus pulp addition on dry matter content were observed. Relating to CP levels, there was also interaction between the studied factors, but the response was curvilinear for both factors. No interaction effects between crop age and citrus pulp addition on NDF, ADF, lignin and ADIN were found. For NDF, there was a positive linear effect of crop age and a negative linear effect of citrus pulp. Regarding ADF, no effect of the studied factors was shown, while for lignin there was only a positive linear effect of crop age. For soluble carbohydrates, an interaction effect was found between the studied factors, with a positive linear effect of both factors. Crop age and citrus pulp addition did not interact for ADIN contents, but there was curvilinear effect for both factors, separately. For buffer capacity and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, no interaction effect was found between crop age and citrus pulp addition, but there was a negative linear effect of crop age and a positive linear effect of citrus pulp addition. Regarding fermentation, there was no interaction between the studied factors on alcohol concentration, but crop age caused a curvilinear response and citrus pulp addition caused a positive linear response. For organic acids concentration (acetic, propionic, butiric and lactic), there was an interaction effect between crop age and citrus pulp addition, so that for acetic acid, there was negative linear effect of crop age and quadratic effect of citrus pulp addition, while for propionic acid there were quadratic effects of factors. Relating to butiric and lactic acids, quadratic effect was shown for crop age and positive linear effect for citrus pulp addition. An interaction effect was found between crop age and citrus pulp addition for the variables lactic/acetic ratio and pH, being quadratic for both studied factors. For the variables NH3-N and loss of DM, there was interaction effect, being linear for crop age and quadratic for citrus pulp addition. Regarding aerobic stability, for the variable maximum temperature an interaction effect was found between factors, so that crop age caused a curvilinear response and citrus pulp addition caused a linear response. The studied factors did not influence the variable time to achieve the maximum temperature. Relating to the variables rate for increasing temperature and time for increasing temperature in 2ºC, there was no interaction between crop age and citrus pulp addition. For the variable rate for increasing temperature, there was a curvilinear response for crop age and a positive linear response for citrus pulp addition and for the variable time for increasing temperature in 2ºC, there was only a positive linear effect of crop age

Na natureza, durante milhares de anos de convivência, gramíneas forrageiras e herbívoros passaram por um processo de co-evolução desenvolvendo múltiplas estratégias de sobrevivência e de adaptação. Práticas de manejo que interferem na forma como a forragem é disponibilizada aos animais (estrutura do dossel forrageiro) podem causar mudanças dos padrões de procura e ingestão de forragem e interferir com o desempenho animal. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura do dossel forrageiro e a taxa de consumo de forragem em pastos de capim-elefante cv. Napier (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) submetidos a estratégias de pastejo rotativo. O experimento foi conduzido em área da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Piracicaba, SP, de janeiro de 2011 a abril de 2012. Os tratamentos corresponderam a combinações entre duas condições pós- (alturas pós-pastejo de 35 e 45 cm) e duas condições pré-pastejo (95% e máxima interceptação de luz pelo dossel forrageiro - IL), alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 870 m²) segundo arranjo fatorial 2x2 e delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas em pré- e em pós-pastejo as seguintes variáveis-resposta: distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos da massa de forragem dos pastos, taxa de bocados, massa do bocado, taxa de consumo e valor nutritivo da forragem consumida (composição morfológica e bromatológica de amostras de extrusa).A estrutura do dossel influenciou fortemente a massa do bocado, a taxa de bocados e a taxa de consumo independente de tratamento e época do ano. Em pré-pastejo, apesar de a massa do bocado ter sido maior nos pastos manejados com a meta ILMáx, não houve diferença em taxa de consumo entre as metas de IL avaliadas, resultado da maior taxa de bocados registrada nos pastos manejados com a meta IL95%. Em pós-pastejo a taxa de consumo também não variou entre as metas de IL avaliadas, sendo observados ajustes na taxa de bocados como forma decompensar as variações em massa do bocado. As metas de altura pós-pastejo modificaram a composição morfológica e bromatológica da forragem consumida, as quais variaram também em função da época do ano. De maneira geral, pastos manejados com a meta IL95% e altura pós-pastejo de 45 cm resultaram em maior porcentagem de folhas na extrusa, o que conferiu melhor taxa de consumo e valor nutritivo da forragem consumida pelos animais em pastejo. / In nature, during thousands of year of co-existence, forage grasses and herbivores underwent a co-evolution process that resulted in multiple survival strategies and adaptations. Management practices that interfere with the way forage is presented to animals (sward structure) may cause changes in patterns of search and consumption of herbage, affecting animal performance. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate sward structure and rate of herbage intake of rotationally stocked elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureumSchum., cv. Napier). The experiment was carried out at Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, from January 2011 to April 2012. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two post- (post-grazing heights of 35 and 45 cm) and two pre-grazing swards conditions (95% and maximum canopy light interception - LI), and were allocated to experimental units (870 m2 paddocks) according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement in a complete randomised block design, with four replications. The following response variables were evaluated in both pre- and post-grazing conditions: vertical distribution of morphological components of sward herbage mass, bite rate, bite mass, rate of intake and nutritive value of the consumed herbage (morphological and chemical composition of extrusa samples). Sward structure strongly influenced bite mass, bite rate and rate of intake regardless of treatment and season of the year. At pre-grazing, in spite of the larger bite mass on swards managed with the pre-grazing target LIMax, there was no difference in rate of intake between LI targets, consequence of the higher bite rate recorded on swards managed with the pre-grazing target LI95%. At post-grazing, there was no difference in rate of intake between LI targets, with variations in bite rate used to compensate variations in bite mass. Post-grazing targets altered the morphological and chemical composition of the consumed herbage, which also varied with season of the year. Overall, swards managed with the pre-grazing target LI95% and the 45 cm post-grazing height resulted in larger percentage of leaves in the extrusa, favouring higher rates of intake and nutritive value of the herbage consumed.