Els fenols són metabòlits secundaris d'un gran interès en ecologia ja que poden regular la intensitat de diverses interaccions entre la planta i el seu entorn. Les concentracions de fenols en planta estan determinades per factors abiòtics, especialment per la relació entre la disponibilitat de C i la disponibilitat de N per a la planta. Així doncs, una major disponibilitat de C, per exemple com a resultat d'un increment de les concentracions de CO2 atmosfèric, podria determinar una estimulació de la síntesi de fenols. Els canvis en les concentracions de fenols en un escenari de canvi global podrien tenir conseqüències en els processos ecològics relacionats amb el metabolisme secundari. En aquesta tesi doctoral hem estudiat, en primer lloc, les variacions de les concentracions de fenols en espècies mediterrànies sotmeses a concentracions elevades de CO2 i crescudes en competència per llum, aigua i nutrients. Amb aquests estudis volem esbrinar si un augment de CO2 atmosfèric tendeix a incrementar les concentracions de fenols, tal com prediuen les hipòtesis fenotípiques d'assignació de recursos, quan les plantes creixen en condicions properes a les naturals. En concret, hem volgut saber i) si la resposta dels fenols a concentracions elevades de CO2 és variable a nivell intraespecífic i interespecífic, ii) com afecta la diversitat vegetal en aquesta resposta, i iii) si els canvis en les concentracions de fenols es mantenen quan les plantes han estat sotmeses a concentracions elevades de CO2 durant llargs períodes de temps. Els nostres resultats mostren que, a curt termini, les concentracions de fenols tendeixen a incrementar en plantes crescudes a concentracions elevades de CO2, i que aquesta resposta és independent dels genotips, dels grups funcionals i de la diversitat de la comunitat, però dependent de les espècies. A llarg termini, les concentracions de fenols no incrementen a elevat CO2.A la segona part de la tesi ens hem interessat en el paper dels fenols com a reguladors del cicle del N en dos ecosistemes (boreal i mediterrani) caracteritzats per una limitació de N al sòl. Així doncs, hem estudiat els efectes de la presència de capçada en dues espècies vegetals amb grans concentracions de fenols en fulla, Ledum palustre i Cistus albidus, i els efectes de l'addició de lixiviats d'aquestes espècies -els quals contenen fenols- en el cicle del N. Els nostres resultats mostren que els lixiviats d'ambdues espècies poden modificar significativament el cicle del N del sòl adjacent, però que aquests efectes no estan causats per la fracció fenòlica dels lixiviats. En conclusió, hem vist que en condicions naturals els fenols no són el principal factor que controla la disponibilitat de N inorgànic per a la vegetació. / Phenolic compounds are plant carbon-based secondary metabolites of high interest in ecological studies because they can regulate the strength of some biotic interactions. At specific level, phenolic compound concentrations are determined by abiotic factors such as plant C and N availability. An increasing atmospheric CO2 could influence the synthesis of phenolics and these changes could have further consequences in ecological processes highly related to secondary metabolism. We first studied changes in phenolic concentrations in Mediterranean species growing at elevated CO2. It is generally accepted that increased carbon source for plants results in an increase of carbon-based secondary compounds when growth is limited by other resources. However, the validity of this response is mainly unknown in plants growing in natural conditions. We wanted to know: i) whether there was a genetic variability in the response of phenolic compounds at elevated CO2, ii) the effects of plant diversity in the response of phenolics at elevated CO2, and iii) the long term response of phenolic compounds in plants submitted to elevated CO2. Our results show that, at short term, phenolic concentrations increased under elevated CO2 in plants growing close to natural conditions, and this response was related to the studied species but not to the genotypes, functional groups or plant diversity. At long term, phenolic concentrations had no significant increase in plants growing in naturals conditions.We second studied the role of phenolic compounds in controlling N cycling in Boreal and Mediterranean ecosystems, where soil is N limited. Thus, we analyzed the effects of plant presence from two phenolic compound-bearing species (Ledum palustre and Cistus albidus) on N cycling, as well as the effects of leaf leachates containing high phenolic compound concentrations. Our results shown that leachates can change soil N cycling under both plant species, but these effects are not due to phenolic compounds. We conclude that phenolic compounds are not the main drivers controlling soil N availability in natural conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabianaPLM_DISSERT.pdf: 3435369 bytes, checksum: eeb98ff1cae8e980fe5be54da04a6770 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / The simulation of SES-Natal Ponta Negra: mitigation of environmental risks and predictive maintenance strategy was developed in the context of several operational irregularities in the pumping stations and sewage systems in the system Ponta Negra. Thus, the environmental risks and complaints against the company due to overflows of sewage into the public thoroughfare became common. This neighborhood has shown in recent years an increase of resident higher than the initial expectation of growth. In this sense presumed the large population growth and generation of sewers higher than expected, associated to the use of corrective maintenance and misuse of the system may be the main causes of operational failures occurring in the SES. This study aimed at analyzing the hydraulic behavior of SES Ponta Negrathrough numerical simulation of its operation associated to future scenarios of occupation. The SES Ponta Negra has a long lengthof collection networks and 6 pumping stations interconnected, being EE 1, 2, 4 coastal way, and beach Shopping interconnected EE3 to receives all sewers pumped from the rest pumping station and pumped to the sewage treatment station of neighborhood which consists of a facultative pond followed by three maturation ponds with disposal of treated effluent into infiltration ditches. Oncethey are connected with each other, the study was conducted considering the days and times of higher inflow for all lifts. Furthermore, with the aim of measuring the gatherer network failures were conducted data survey of on the networks. Thephysical and operational survey data was conducted between January/2011 and janeiro/2012. The simulation of the SES was developed with the aim ofdemonstrating its functioning, eithercurrently and in the coming years, based in population estimates and sewage flow. The collected data represents the current framework of the pumping stations of the SES Ponta Negra and served as input to the model developed in MS Excel ? spreadsheet which allowed simulating the behavior of SES in future scenarios. The results of this study show thatBeach Shopping Pumping Station is actually undersized and presents serious functioning problemsthatmay compromise the environmental quality of surrounding area. The other pumping stations of the system will reach itsmaximum capacity between 2013 and 2015, although the EE1 and EE3 demonstrateoperation capacity, even precariously, until 2017. Moreover, it was observed that the misuse of the network system, due to the input of both garbage and stormwater, are major factors of failures that occur in the SES. Finally, it was found that the corrective maintenance appliance, rather than predictive,has proven to beinefficient because of the serious failuresin the system, causing damage to the environment and health risks to users / A Simula??o do SES Ponta Negra- Natal: mitiga??o dos riscos ambientais e estrat?gia de manuten??o preditiva foi desenvolvida no contexto de diversas irregularidades operacionais nas esta??es elevat?rias e redes coletoras de esgoto no sistema de Ponta Negra. Com isso, os riscos ambientais e as denuncias contra a empresa de saneamento devido aos extravasamentos de esgotos em via p?blica se tornaram comuns. Esse bairro vem apresentando nos ?ltimos anos um aumento populacional muito maior do que a expectativa inicial de crescimento. Nesse sentido, sup?e-se o grande crescimento populacional e de gera??o de esgotos acima do esperado, atrelado ? utiliza??o de manuten??o corretiva e o mau uso do sistema podem ser as principais causas das falhas operacionais ocorridas neste SES. Esse estudo teve por objetivo analisar o comportamento hidr?ulico do SES de Ponta Negra a partir da simula??o num?rica do seu funcionamento associados ? cen?rios futuros de ocupa??o. O SES Ponta Negra apresenta quil?metros de redes coletoras e 6 esta??es elevat?rias interligadas, sendo a EE 1, 2, 4, Via Costeira e Praia Shopping interligadas a EE3, qual recebe todos os efluentes das demais elevat?rias e bombeia para a esta??o de tratamento de esgotos do bairro a qual ? constitu?da de uma lagoa facultativa seguida de 3 lagoas de matura??o com disposi??o dos efluentes tratados em valas de infiltra??o. Por serem interligadas entre si, o estudo foi realizado considerando os dias e horas de maior vaz?o afluente para todas as elevat?rias. Al?m disso, a fim de mensurar as falhas nas redes coletoras foram realizados levantamento dos dados de obstru??es nessas redes. O levantamento e coleta de dados f?sicos e operacionais foram realizados entre janeiro/2011 e janeiro/2012. A simula??o do SES foi desenvolvida, a fim de nos mostrar como esse est? funcionando atualmente, e como ir? funcionar nos pr?ximos anos, com base na estimativa populacional e de vaz?o de esgotos. Os dados coletados representam o quadro atual das esta??es elevat?rias do SES Ponta Negra e alimentaram o modelo num?rico desenvolvido em planilha eletr?nica MS Excel? que permitiu simular o comportamento do SES em cen?rios futuros. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostram que a elevat?ria Praia Shopping j? est? subdimensionada e apresenta falhas graves de funcionamento que compromete a qualidade do ambiente os aspectos ambientais da ?rea onde est? inserida. As demais elevat?rias do sistema atingir?o sua capacidade m?xima segura de bombeamento entre os anos de 2013 e 2015, embora a EE 1 e EE 3 tenham a capacidade de operar, ainda que de forma muito prec?ria, at? o ano de 2017. Al?m disso, observou-se que o mau uso do sistema, com a entrada de lixo e ?gua de chuva na rede coletora, s?o fatores determinantes para as falhas que ocorrem no SES. E finalmente, constatou-se que a utiliza??o de manuten??o corretiva, em vez da preditiva, no sistema como um todo tem se mostrado altamente ineficiente causando graves falhas no sistema, gerando com isso danos ao meio ambiente e riscos sanit?rios aos clientes

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-11-20T01:06:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O - QUELLE.pdf: 2565380 bytes, checksum: eb95484178642dadbc525b49bf7eeb8c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-20T01:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O - QUELLE.pdf: 2565380 bytes, checksum: eb95484178642dadbc525b49bf7eeb8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-05 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of stormwater on the energy consumption in the pump stations of the urban sewage system of Feira de Santana city. Data concerning the energy consumption in the pump stations, the water consumption in the area, and the precipitation rate were collected for the time period of 2008-2011. Statistical tests were performed by applying the Spearman?s rank correlation, the Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit test, the Student?s test t, and the Ljung-Box test. The results showed that, regarding a potential influence of the effective precipitation rate on the energy consumption in the pumps, the correlation not significantly different from zero with a 95% confidence level for all the 19 pump stations. Similar results were obtained for the case of the potential influence of the public water consumption on the energy consumption in the pump stations. However, considering the total energy consumption in the pump stations, the correlation with the effective precipitation is significant, although weak (R=0.30). Thus, it was estimated that 9% of the total energy consumption in the pump stations is explained by the precipitation. By analyzing the correlation between the energy consumption of all the pump stations, it was found that the all possible correlations are weak, and only in 12% of the cases the correlation is significantly different from zero with a 95% confidence level. Moreover, such correlation was not observed in pumping stations installed in series. In addition, seasonality tests applied to the time series precipitation and water consumption revealed seasonality with a one year lag, suggesting good quality of data concerning these parameters. These results point to the hypothesis of potential errors or inconsistency with our study in the data collecting process regarding the energy consumption in the pump stations. A possible explanation lies in the fact that the energy consumption times series was made available in a monthly basis, thus potentially not reflecting precipitation peaks measured in a daily basis. The results of this study, as a preliminary conclusion, point that the impact of precipitation on the overall energy consumption in the wastewater treatment system of Feira de Santana is not significant. / Esta pesquisa teve com objetivo avaliar a influ?ncia da precipita??o no consumo de energia das esta??es elevat?rias do sistema de esgoto da cidade de Feira de Santana. Foram coletados dados de consumo de energia nas esta??es elevat?rias, consumo de ?gua e precipita??o, durante per?odo de 2008-2011. Os testes estat?sticos coeficiente de correla??o de postos de Spearman, teste de qualidade de ajuste de Anderson-Darling, o teste estat?stico t de Student, e a estat?stica de Ljung-Box foram aplicados na an?lise. Os resultados mostram que, em rela??o a uma potencial influ?ncia da precipita??o efetiva no consumo de energia das esta??es elevat?rias, a correla??o n?o ? significativamente diferente de zero com um n?vel de confian?a de 95% para todas as 15 esta??es elevat?rias analisadas. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos em rela??o ? influ?ncia potencial do consumo p?blico de ?gua no consumo de energia das esta??es elevat?rias. Contudo, considerando o consumo total de energia nas esta??es elevat?rias, foi poss?vel observar uma correla??o significativa, embora fraca, entre a precipita??o efetiva e esse consumo de energia (R=0.30). Assim, calculou-se que 9% deste consumo energ?tico se deve ? precipita??o efetiva. Al?m de estes pontos, a an?lise da correla??o entre o consumo de energia de todas as esta??es revela que todas as correla??es poss?veis s?o fracas, e que apenas em 12% dos casos a correla??o ? significativamente diferente de zero com um n?vel de confian?a de 95%, sendo que esta correla??o n?o se verificou em esta??es elevat?rias que se encontram em s?rie no sistema. Adicionalmente, testes de sazonalidade foram aplicados ?s s?ries temporais de precipita??o e consumo de ?gua, revelando sazonalidade com um ano de atraso, sugerindo boa qualidade de dados relativamente a estes par?metros. Estes resultados apontam para a hip?tese de inconsist?ncia dos dados disponibilizados de consumo de energia nas esta??es em rela??o ao nosso estudo. Uma explica??o poss?vel foi o fato de que os dados de medi??o de energia encontraram-se agregados em m?dias mensais, assim podendo potencialmente n?o refletir picos de precipita??o medidos em uma base di?ria. Contudo, os resultados deste estudo, como conclus?o preliminar, apontam que o impacto da precipita??o no consumo total de energia no sistema de tratamento de ?guas residuais de Feira de Santana dever? ser pouco significativo.

La 3,4-metilendioximetamfetamina (MDMA, èxtasi) i el cannabis són dues drogues les quals es consumeixen conjuntament de manera habitual. Malgrat que tots dos compostos presenten propietats reforçant i potencial addictiu, també tenen propietats farmacològiques oposades. La MDMA es una droga psicoestimulant, la qual causa hiperlocomoció, hipertèrmia, resposted de tipus asiogènic i neurotoxicitat. Per altra banda el Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), principal compost psicoactiu del cannabis, posseeix efectes relaxants, hipolocomotors, hipotèrmics i neuroprotectors. Els efectes de la MDMA i el THC al sistema nerviós central es troben mediats per dos mecanismes notablement diferents. La MDMA augmenta els nivells extracel·lulars de dopamina i serotonina, mentre que el THC produeix l'activació del receptor cannabinoide CB1. Cal destacar a més que les interaccions entre els sistemes monoaminèrgic i endocannabinoide s'observa de manera freqüent en l'organisme.En el present estudi hem explorat la implicació del sistema endocannabinoide i la MDMA en diversos aspectes. Per una banda el receptor cannabinoide CB1 juga un important paper en els efectes hiperlocomotors i hipertèrmics, i en les respostes de tipus ansiogènic produïdes per la MDMA. Curiosament, encara que el receptor CB1 no participa en els efectes recompensants primaris de la MDMA, és imprescindible per que tinguin lloc els seus efectes reforçants. Així mateix, l'alliberació de serotonina per part de la MDMA redueix de manera dosi-depenent la simptomatologia física causada pel síndrome d'abstinència a cannabinoides precipitada per un antagonista del receptor CB1. Finalment, el tractament amb THC era capaç de prevenir la hipertèrmia, activació glial, estrès oxidatiu i pèrdua de terminals causada per la MDMA. Com a conseqüència el THC exerceix un efecte neuroprotector contra la neurotoxicitat induïda per la MDMA. / 3,4-methylenedioximethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and cannabis are two drugs frequently consumed in combination. Despite both compounds have rewarding properties and abuse liability, they show opposite pharmacological properties. On the one hand, MDMA is a psychostimulant drug with hyperlocomotor, hyperthermic, anxiogenic-like and neurotoxic effects. On the other hand, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound of cannabis, has relaxant, hypolocomotor, hypothermic and neuroprotective properties. The effects of MDMA and THC in the central nervous system are mediated by two different mechanisms. MDMA enhances the extracellular levels of dopamine and serotonin, whereas THC activates the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Likewise, interactions between the monoaminergic and the endogenous cannabinoid system have been frequently observed.In the current study, we explored the involvement of CB1 cannabinoid receptor on the hyperlocomotor, hyperthermic, anxiogenic-like, rewarding and reinforcing effects of MDMA. We also studied the effect of acute and chronic administration of MDMA on rimonabant-precipitated THC withdrawal syndrome. Furthermore, we explored the neuroprotective effects of THC on MDMA-induced neurotoxicity.As a result of this study we may conclude that endocannabinoid system and MDMA interact in a wide variety of aspects. CB1 receptor plays an important role on the hyperlocomotor, hyperthermic, and anxiogenic-like effects of MDMA. Interestingly, CB1 receptor is essential for the reinforcing but not the primary rewarding properties of MDMA. In addition, the release of serotonin by MDMA dose-dependently reduced the severity of THC withdrawal syndrome triggered by a CB1 antagonist. Finally, pretreatment with THC prevented the hyperthermia, glial activation, oxidative stress and terminal loss caused by MDMA. Consequently, THC exerts a neuroprotective effect against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity.