Memoria para optar al título de Geógrafo / Esta memoria de título hace una exhaustiva caracterización ambiental del sector rural Guareguare, en la subregión de los Altos Mirandinos, estado Miranda, Venezuela. De igual forma se analiza la dinámica espacio temporal de los patrones de uso de la tierra durante el período de años 2001 – 2015.Estudiar cómo ha sido la evolución de los cambios en el uso de la tierra, es un proceso determinante para la planificación de ordenación del territorio, y para ello se utilizaron técnicas de teledetección y SIG Los resultados del análisis multitemporal demostraron una disminución anual de 17 hectáreas de la cobertura vegetal del bosque medio, y por lo tanto un escenario desfavorable para la superficie que cumple el rol de protección, debido a la expansión que se evidenció de la superficie agrícola y de asentamiento humano tanto de origen urbano por los desarrollos no controlados al sur de la ciudad de Carrizal, como el de origen rural. Este escenario desfavorable suscitado constituyó la razón por la cual se procedió hacer la EMC y propuesta objeto de esta investigación. Se seleccionaron, jerarquizaron y valoraron estandarizadamente como criterios a evaluar las siguientes variables: Usos de la tierra, Geomorfología, Proximidad a cursos de agua, Pendientes, Proximidad a la vialidad y Proximidad a asentamientos humanos rurales. Todos fueron integrados en un modelo de decisión multicriterio basado en el método de sumatoria lineal ponderada, que asocia los valores óptimos de localización para cada criterio, mediante álgebra de mapas en SIG. Finalmente, a partir del álgebra de mapas se logró como resultado un mapa final (Imagen Objetivo) con las superficies de las cuatro categorías resultantes de aptitud de uso de la tierra: Uso Protector, Uso Agroforestal, Uso Agrícola-Asentamiento Humano, Uso Asentamiento Humano, los cuales definirán la Propuesta de Ordenamiento Agroforestal para el aprovechamiento sustentable del sector rural Guareguare.

As demand for 5G networks increase, so does the development of network products. In-house testing is essential during the development stage as it enables faster product releases. A part of in-house testing is the product verification stage that includes electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests. These tests ensure that the equipment will not disturb or be disturbed by electric field from itself or other equipment in its vicinity. One of these tests includes function testing of the product in an incident electromagnetic field, called radiated immunity. To perform this test a certain test equipment setup is needed, consisting of a signal generator, amplifier and antenna. It is the antenna that radiates this invisible electromagnetic field that can only be measured with a field probe. Measurements have to be performed in order to define an uniform field area (UFA) in which the incident electromagnetic field is applied to the equipment under test (EUT). The purpose of the thesis is to develop the radiated immunity operation test procedures and test equipment in order for Ericsson to obtain full in-house EMC testing. Firstly, a theoretical review was conducted on EMC testing standards and procedures. Followed by a theoretical assessment of the current test equipment. Experimental measurements were conducted to validate theory and determine the optimal placement of the test equipment. The outcome of the thesis is a fully operational in house test setup for radiated immunity 1–10 GHz as well as test instructions that were written on how to perform this test. So that Ericsson can perform all EMC product verification tests during the design stage of their network products. Key words 5G, internet, network, electromagnetic compatibility, EMC, radiated immunity, test, standard, equipment.

Electromagnetic compatibility and compliance with relevant standards is imperative for commercial success for any type of electronic equipment. Since more and more electronics are constantly added into today’s vehicles, this is a highly significant matter in the automotive business. The primary source of electric energy in an on-road vehicle is typically a 12 or 24 volt battery; this makes voltage step down converters ubiquitous in virtually any automotive electronic system. In strive for ever more environmental friendly and energy efficient solutions a switch mode power supply is most often the given choice when it comes to the task of voltage conversion. However, the use of switch mode power supplies presents a new set of challenges when it comes to successfully comply with the electromagnetic emission standards. Knowledge and understanding about how different design parameters impact on EMC performance is key when few prototype runs and short time to market lies in focus. This text will investigate just how different layout design parameters affect the radiated emissions from a buck converter. Emphasis lies on radiated emissions in the lower frequency range up to a few MHz. Both computer simulations and practical measurements indicate the same thing; in the lower part of the frequency spectrum, when measured according to CISPR 25, radiated emissions from buck converters are dominated by voltage driven mechanisms. Along the way we will see how PCB layout alone can be responsible for differences in measured radiated emission levels of well over 20 dB.

To understand the function of macromolecules like proteins it helps to know the structure of the molecule. Coherent diffraction imaging is an emerging method that might be used to figure out the structures of macromolecules. In this method diffraction patterns of the macromolecule are recorded by shining light on the molecule from many unknown orientations and detecting the pattern of the diffracted photons. By assembling the diffraction patterns in a specific way and finding the phase of the photons that gave rise to the diffraction patterns, it is theoretically possible to obtain the electronstructure of the molecule and thus the molecular structure. The assembling of several thousand diffraction patterns representing unknown orientations of the molecule is hard to do by hand, but there are several methods that can be used. The EMC (Expand-Maximize-Compress) algorithm is one of those methods. It is an iterative algorithm that tries to create a model describing the Fourier Transform of the electron density of the molecule by maximizing each diffraction patterns fit to the model. This work examines how sensitive the EMC algorithm is to datasets with few diffraction patterns or a low intensity of the light being diffracted by the molecule, for the proteins phytochrome and lysozyme. The result of the work could be used to make sure enough data in collected in real experiments. Diffraction patterns simulated with the program Condor is used in this work, instead of diffraction patterns from real experiments.EMC finds the correct model when the data set contains about 1/3 fewer photons for the smaller more symmetrical molecule lysozyme than it does for phytochrome. This might be because the shapes in lysozymes diffraction patterns are larger than in phyochrome’s patterns. For phytochrome the EMC algorithm assembled the diffraction patterns correctly, with fewest photons for the light intensity 0.764 J/μm2 and 1250 diffraction patterns. For lysozyme it was with an intensity 1.910 J/μm2 and 1425 diffraction patterns. More investigation of the data is needed to understand what factors that affect the EMC algorithms ability to assemble the diffraction patterns correctly. / För att förstå makromolekylers kemiska eller biologiska funktion so underlättar det om man känner till molekylens kemiska struktur. Med den nya tekniken “coherent diffraction imaging” ska det vara möjligt att lista ut makromolekylers struktur. I denna teknik detekterar man diffraktionsmönster av molekylen genom att belysa molekylen med ljus från många olika okända vinklar and registrera mönstret som skapas av det diffrakterade ljuset. Genom att sätta ihop alla dessa diffraktionsmönster på rätt sätt och sen återskapa fasen för ljuset i diffraktionsmönstret så kan man generera molekylens elektronstruktur och från elektronstrukturen kan man få tag i molekylens struktur. Att sätta ihop tio tusentals diffraktionsmönster med okända vinklar på rätt sätt är väldigt svårt att göra, men det finns flera olika metoder som kan användas. EMC (Expand-Maximize-Compress) är en sådan metod. EMC är en iterativ algoritm som skapar en modell av (Fourier transformen av) molekylens elektronstruktur genom att maximera hur bra diffraktionsmönstren passar med modellen. Detta arbete utreder hur bra EMC algoritmen är på att hitta rätt (Fourier transform av) elektronstruktur när väldigt få diffraktionsmönster används eller när intensiteten på ljuset som sprids av molekylen är lågt. Programmet Condor används för att generera teoretiska diffraktionsmönster för de 2 molekylerna lysozym och fytokrom. EMC används sedan med olika uppsättningar av intensitet och antal diffraktionsmönster för att skapa en modell av elektronstrukturen. EMC behövde ca 1/3 färre antal fotoner i sin modell för att hittar den rätta modellen av elektronstrukturen för den lilla symmetriskt formade molekylen lysozym än för fytokrom. Att det är lättare för EMC algoritmen att hitta den korrekta modellen för lysozym än fytokrom kan bero på att lysozyms diffraktionsmönster har större former/features eller på lysozyms storlek och form. EMC körningen som behövde minst antal fotoner för att hitta den korrekta elektronstrukturen för fytokrom hade intensiteten 0,764 J/μm2 på det inkommande ljuset och behövde 1250 diffraktionsmönster. För lysozym behövdes det 1,910 J/μm2 och 1425 diffraktionsmönster för att EMC algoritmen skulle hitta rätt modell av elektronstrukturen.

I denna rapport presenteras en analys av solcellsoptimeraren med avseende på dess elektromagnetiska kompatibilitet. Syftet är att undersöka solcellsoptimerarens påverkan ur ett elektromagnetiskt kompatibilitets och interferensperspektiv. Analysen grundar sig på en kontrollmätning av en solcellsinstallation, genomförd i samarbete med Elsäkerhetsverket. I resultatet från kontrollmätningen presenteras störningsfenomen som går att härleda till optimeraren. Slutligen diskuteras överskridna krav utifrån svenska och europeiska bestämmelser. / This report presents an analysis of the solar power optimizer regarding its electromagnetic compatibility. The purpose is to investigate the effect of the solar power optimizer from an electromagnetic compatibility and interference perspective. The analysis is based on measurements of a photovoltaic installation, carried out in collaboration with the Swedish National Electrical Safety Board. The result from the measurements presents interference that can be derived from the optimizer. Finally, exceeded requirements are discussed based on Swedish and European regulations.

Avec l'électrification des moyens de transports, en particulier dans les applications avions et l’automobile, la consommation électrique est en pleine croissance. Cela conduit à de nouveaux problèmes dans la phase de conception. Même si le développement en électronique de puissance permet d’avoir une meilleure gestion d’énergie, avoir un meilleur rendement et avoir une réduction de prix, cela génère des niveaux d’interférences électromagnétiques élevées. L’intégration de l’étude de la CEM dès la phase de conception pourra aider à prédire le profil des émissions conduites avant de passer au prototypage et donc éviter de perdre du temps et du coût de conception.Dans ce contexte, nous avons mis en évidence le besoin de la modélisation de nos composants d’un point de vue CEM. Ces modèles doivent être valable dans une plage de fréquence définit par la norme CISPR 25 dédiée au secteur automobile. L’approche de la modélisation doit être applicable sur tous les types de composants utilisés dans ce domaine tout en étant indépendants des fournisseurs qui ne donnent pas toutes les caractéristiques des composants qu’ils vendent ni des logiciels commercialisés qui aident à fournir des modèles de nos composants. Les travaux effectués pourraient se diviser en plusieurs étapes : la modélisation des composants passifs, la modélisation des composants actifs, la modélisation du PCB et l’optimisation du routage. / With the electrification of the transportation means, especially in avionics and automotive applications, power consumption is growing. This leads to new problems in the design phase. Even though the development in power electronics allows for better energy management, better performance and lower prices, it generates high levels of electromagnetic interference. Integrating the EMC study early in the design phase can help predict the profile of emissions conducted prior to prototyping and thus avoid wasting time and cost of design. In this context, we have highlighted the need for modeling our components from an EMC point of view. These models must be valid in a frequency range defined by the CISPR 25 standard dedicated to the automotive sector. The modeling approach should be applicable to all types of components used in this area while being independent of suppliers that do not provide all the features of the components they sell, or commercial software that helps provide models of our components. The work could be divided into several stages: passive component modeling, active component modeling, PCB modeling and routing optimization.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24619号 / 工博第5125号 / 新制||工||1980(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 和田 修己, 教授 佐藤 高史, 准教授 久門 尚史, 教授 松尾 哲司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The backbone of this dissertation is a discussion of the adaptability of optical fiber modes of transmission. The technological boom in commercial vehicles tends to include more electronic components and more data flow. The traditional copper transmission is reliable but has drawbacks. At present optical fiber, technology is in huge demand in fields like avionics, medicine, and communication across continents. The drastic shift to fiber was due to the enormous increase in capacity. Simultaneously the commercial vehicle sector is advancing in the direction of sensors that require a non-disruptive data flow. Furthermore, autonomous driving technology pushes the transition from copper to optic fiber. One expects optical fiber to supplant the traditional copper cables in the future. The dispersion and scattering losses need to be studied as well as the difference in cost.

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