Die Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV) betrachtet die Fähigkeit eines elektrischen Gerätes, in seiner elektromagnetischen Umgebung störungsfrei zu funktionieren, ohne diese dabei unzulässig zu stören. Zur Prüfung der Elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit werden verschiedene Messumgebungen verwendet. Die Messung der strahlungsgebundenen Störfestigkeit und Störaussendung kann zum Beispiel in einer Modenverwirbelungskammer (MVK) erfolgen. Bei der Störfestigkeitsmessung wird der Prüfling einem externen Prüffeld ausgesetzt und untersucht, ob dieser die definierten Kriterien für einen störungsfreien Betrieb erfüllt. Für das Prüffeld muss vor der Messung nachgewiesen werden, dass die Anforderungen an dessen Homogenität eingehalten werden. Einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Homogenität des Prüffeldes hat der sogenannte Rührer. Bei einer MVK handelt es sich prinzipiell um einen Hohlraumresonator, in den ein mechanischer Rührer, d.h. ein elektrisch großer, drehbarer Streukörper integriert wird. Durch die Drehung des Rührers verändert sich die Feldverteilung in der MVK, was auch als Verwirbelung bezeichnet wird. Prinzipiell ergibt sich für jede Stellung des Rührers ein inhomogenes Feld mit lokalen Minima und Maxima. Ein Ziel bei der Verwendung von Modenverwirbelungskammern ist es, mit Hilfe geeigneter Verfahren Rührerstellungen zu finden, deren Feldverteilungen in Überlagerung ein möglichst homogenes Prüffeld erzeugen. Zum Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Elektrotechnik und Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit der Technischen Universität Dresden gehört seit 2010 eine Modenverwirbelungskammer. Die Charakterisierung dieser MVK sowie eine weiterführende Untersuchung zur Wahl der Rührerstellungen bilden die Schwerpunkte der vorliegenden Arbeit. / In 2010 the Chair of Electromagnetic Theory and Compatibility of Technical University Dresden could extend its laboratories by a reverberation chamber with the dimensions 5.3 m, 3.7m and 3.0 m. Since then, a detailed characterisation of the chamber as well as further investigations have been the main emphasis of the authors research. The submitted doctoral thesis presents the obtained results. With the design, the fundamentals of operation and further characterisation of the reverberation chamber, given in Chapter 1 and 2, it aims to give an introduction and better understanding of reverberation chambers. On this basis, the authors research focused on methods for determining the independent stirrer positions in reverberations chambers. The results of the investigations are presented and summarised in chapter 3. One scope of Electromagnetic Compatibility are radiated immunity measurements. Besides the GTEM cell and the anechoic chamber the reverberation chamber gains in importance as an alternative measurement environment. A reverberation chamber is a shielded room with reflecting walls and one or more integrated mechanical stirrers. By rotating the stirrer the spatial boundary conditions for the electromagnetic field quantities are altered. The resulting change of the spatial field distribution depends on the location within the chamber and the geometry of the stirrer. Each stirrer position yields an inhomogeneous field distribution created by interfering waves. A general aim is to find a set of stirrer positions, whose superimposed field distributions create a more uniform test field. In practice, the given requirements for the homogeneity of the test field shall, with regards to an optimisation of measurement time, be realized with a minimum number of stirrer positions. In this context the term ’independent stirrer positions’ was established and describes stirrer positions, whose field distributions are linearly uncorrelated and therefore assumed to be practical for creating a more homogeneous test field using only a minimal number of stirrer positions. A general method for determining the number of independent stirrer positions in reverberation chambers is presented. The method uses a certain number of measurement positions in a defined test volume in order to characterize the spatial field distribution inside the chamber. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient the field distributions of the stirrer positions are tested for linear correlation and pairs of independent stirrer positions are determined. On this basis, cliques of pairwise independent stirrer positions are identified using appropriate algorithms. It is shown that the general method yields detailed information about the number and distribution of the independent stirrer positions and is therefore particularly suitable to evaluate other methods. Finally, the standard method according to IEC 61000-4-21 as well as selected alternative methods, that have been proposed in the past, are evaluated and compared based on the results of the general method.

Fast switching operations in IGBTs generate electromagnetic field disturbances, which might cause EMI and functionality issues. For higher frequency characterization, the parasitic inductances and capacitances have to be considered. The characterization of the electromagnetic field disturbances in- and around the converter module could be predicted early in the design. The study involves a high frequency characterization of electric fields (Efield), magnetic fields (H-fields) and the surface currents distribution in a converter module. The high frequency electromagnetic software (CST) was used for the analysis. A given 3D CAD model of an AC/DC converter module was analyzed in CST. The CAD contained IGBT bus-bars interconnections, converter casing, heat sink and other metallic structures. The ACside has six IGBTs and the DC-side has a chopper which has two switches. The IGBTs ONstate and OFF state was modeled with lumped elements. The DC link capacitor was just modeled as lumped elements, while the metallic capacitor casing was included in the 3D model for analyzing the field distribution inside the converter casing. To check the model accuracy, CST models were compared with PEEC (Partial Element Equivalent Circuit) models for simple antenna cases. Using the converter geometry, CST estimates the parasitics and the eventual current, voltage and electromagnetic field distributions for a given excitation signal. The DC-link was excited with a step pulse and the fields were computed. With consideration of specific design details, the modeling approach developed in this study, could be used to construct high frequency models of converter modules for different projects.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21107号 / 工博第4471号 / 新制||工||1695(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 和田 修己, 教授 松尾 哲司, 教授 小野寺 秀俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Arbetet med att konstruera en spänningsomvandlare med multipla utgångar med fokus på minimering av EMI har gjorts på TEMPEST Center Combitech i Växjö. Detta för att känslig mätutrustning behöver strömförsörjas utan att samtidigt påverka mätobjekten. För att konstruera en lösning bättre än de nätaggregat som används idag, med avseende på störningar, har beräkningar, simuleringar och mätningar gjorts. Kretsarna har konstruerats på kopplingsdäck och mätningar har gjorts med oscilloskop och i mätkammare. Omvandlarna består av en AC/DC-del med 230VAC till 24VDC och 4 olika utgångar med spänningsnivåer på 5VDC, 12VDC, 24VDC och 36VDC.

Denna rapport presenterar design och konstruktion av en mätanordning för RF-strålning från solcellsanläggningar med fokus på mätantenn. Den presenterar även resultat av en utförd mätning vid en solcellsanläggning. Tester som gjordes på antennen visade att den uppfyller EMC-rekommendationer inom ett frekvensområde på 300 MHz till 1 GHz. Trots något mindre noggranna mätresultat jämfört med referensmätningar som gjordes visade sig mätanordningen vara kostnadseffektiv och tillräckligt noggrann för att identifiera frekvenser som kan orsaka problem vid solcellsanläggningar. / This report presents the design and construction of a measurement device for RF radiation from solar power installations, with a focus on the measurement antenna circuit. It also presents the results of a conducted measurement at a solar power installation. Tests performed on the antenna showed that it complies with EMC recommendations within a frequency range of 300 MHz to 1 GHz. Despite slightly less accurate measurement results compared to reference measurements, the measurement device proved to be cost-effective and sufficiently accurate to identify frequencies that may cause issues at solar power installations. / Lättviktig mätanordning för undersökning av RF-strålning vid solcellsparker- med GNSS teknik

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) Multiple Access (MA) Return Service provides a communication path that originates at a customer platform (either a spacecraft or other type of emitter) and is routed through a geosynchronous Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) back to a customer control center or data acquisition location. Conventional operations provide Space Network (SN) customers with MA Service based on a schedule generated from user requests. The MA Service currently provides return link telemetry services to customer platforms with real-time, playback, and science data rates up to 100 kbps. This paper describes an integrated approach, using state-of-the-art technology and fault-tolerant architecture, to develop the next generation of TDRSS MA beamforming equipment. New designs will result in significant reduction in beamformer size and cost by at least an order of magnitude relative to the current MA equipment. This new equipment will provide the potential for increased usage of TDRSS MA services. The paper describes the in-development Demand Access (DA) Return Service that provides a new class of service using next generation technology.

<p>The aim of the research work presented here, is to contribute to the adaptation of electronic packaging towards the needs of high frequency applications. As the field of electronic packaging stretches over several very different professional areas, it takes an interdisciplinary approach to optimize the technology of electronic packaging. Besides this, an extensive knowledge of industrial engineering should be an essential part of this undertaking to improve electronic packaging. Customary advances in technology are driven by new findings and a continuous development of processes in clearly defined fields. However, in the field of the higher levels of the interconnection hierarchy, that is external to the chip level interconnections and chip packaging, it is supposed that a wide combination of disciplines and technical creativity, instead of advanced technology in a special area should produce most added value.</p><p>The thesis is divided into five areas, interlinked by the overall aim of there advantages to the common goal. These areas are the Printed Wiring Board (PWB) technology, PWB connections using flexible printed circuit boards, multiconductor cable connections, shielded enclosures and the related EMC issues, and finally the cooling of electronics. A central issue was to improve the shielded enclosures to be effective also at very high frequencies; it will be shown that shielded enclosures without apertures can cope with frequencies up to and above 15 GHz. Due to this enclosure without apertures, it was necessary to develop a novel cooling structure. This cooling structure consists of a heat sink where the PCB’s are inserted in close contact to the cooling fins on one side, whereas the other side of the heat sink is cooled by forced ventilation. The heat transfer between these parts is completely inside the same body. Tests carried out on a prototype have shown that the performance of the cooling structure is satisfactory for electronic cooling.</p><p>Another problem area that is addressed are the interconnect problems in high frequency applications. Interconnections between parts of a local electronic system, or as within the telecom and datacom field between subscribers, are commonly accomplished by cable connections. In this research work multiconductor cables are examined and a patented novel cable-connector for high frequency use is presented. Further, an experimental complex soldering method between flexible printed circuits boards and rigid printed circuits boards, as part of connections between PCBs, is shown. Finally, different sectors of the PCB technology for high frequency applications are scrutinized and measurements on microstrip structures are presented.</p>

The theme of this work is to compare the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession and the Evangelical Methodist Church in Slovakia, the basic issues of faith and liturgical emphases, focusing on the contribution of the ecumenical environment to refer first to the historical and theological background and then the difference in understanding Christian worship and its liturgical expression, in further outline the importance of sacramentology, spirituality, religious dogmatic. We also attempt to compare the emphasis in the understanding of doctrine and traditions of individual churches. Both Churches with its Protestant character bear the common name "Evangelical Church" and that is the reason why to deal and examine the differences and look for the content of unity. We have considered that in spite of historical and liturgical divergences combines both these churches the fundamental reformation principle of "Sola Scriptura", which means that in practice it is possible creating mutual ecumenical cooperation not only at the Ecumenical Council of Churches (ERC) in Slovakia, but also at the level of inter-mission activities of the churches and parishes.

Ce mémoire présente le travail de thèse réalisé auprès des laboratoires LAPLACE et SATIE ainsi que les services EDYNE3 et EDYYLIC d'AIRBUS OPERATIONS. Le sujet porte sur les problèmes CEM apparaissant dans les convertisseurs de puissance embarqués à bord des futurs avions plus électriques. Le manuscrit est composé de cinq parties. La première partie, d'introduction, traite de la problématique CEM avion, la deuxième de la modélisation des éléments de la chaine de conversion DC/AC étudiée. Le troisième est composé d'une étude comparative par simulation des différentes solutions. La quatrième partie traite de la réalisation de la solution choisie et enfin le cinquième et dernier chapitre de l'étude expérimentale de celle-ci. / The studies conducted during this thesis deals with conducted EMC problems of an inverter associated to its actuator. Accurate high frequency models of every element of the DC/AC converter and actuator have been realised from measures. Then a comparative study of different topologies of converters have been led from simulations in order to determine the best solution minimising EMC current. The selected inverter was realised and the experimental results were compared to simulations validating them. Finally, a comparison of EMC filters architecture led to choose a better solution in order to avoid the increasing of mass.