Large-scale interstate migration raises questions about where the responsibility for migrant welfare lies, whether with the sending state and its institutions, the receiving state or both. Across the middle decades of the twentieth century, around half a million people left Ireland, the majority for England. This study analyses the policy responses of governmental, Catholic church and voluntary organisations in both countries to Irish migrant welfare. Using records from Irish and English diocesan archives and the National Archives of Ireland and England the study identifies the policy claims that were made to church and state in the two countries and the responses that resulted. The majority of migrants were young, single and migrating alone. A distinctive feature was that, for much of the period covered, female migrants outnumbered males. The young age and gender of these migrants made moral welfare a major concern. The Irish Catholic hierarchy, led by the Archbishop of Dublin, Dr John Charles McQuaid, accepted responsibility for Irish migrant welfare and understood their needs through a discourse of ‘faith and morals’. This interpretation led to solutions designed to support religious faith and practice delivered by Catholic priests and lay volunteers. Both the Irish government and British institutions (state and voluntary) accepted the centrality of Catholicism to Irish identity and the right of the Catholic church to lead welfare policy and provision for Irish migrants. No alternative understanding of Irish migrant needs within a secular framework emerged during this period. This meant that whilst the Irish hierarchy developed policy responses based on their assessment of need, other agencies, notably the British and Irish governments, did not consider any specific policy response for Irish migrants to be required.

D’un pays d'émigrants, le Cap-Vert a commencé dans les années 90, en particulier dans la seconde moitié, à recevoir les étrangers, en particulier ceux des pays voisins de la CEDEAO, suite à l'accord de la libre circulation des personnes inscrites dans le Protocole de la libre circulation ratifié par le Cap-Vert. Le pays est devenu un pôle d'attraction de travailleurs étrangers suite à l'essor du tourisme et des activités connexes, notamment la construction civile et les travaux publics, le commerce, l´hôtellerie et la restauration.<p>L´objectif de ce travail vise à analyser la construction des images de l'immigration en provenance de pays membres de la CEDEAO au Cap-Vert, les représentations et les attitudes réciproques à l´égard de ce phénomène et les contextes dans lesquels elles se produisent. L'hypothèse de base est qu´on est dans un pays où les autochtones ont toujours vécu avec des étrangers, pas dans leur pays d´origine, mais dans des nombreuses destinations d'émigration. De même, cette coexistence, que fut la plupart du temps avec les Européens et les Américains blancs, commence à s´établir avec les voisins du continent, non pas dans un pays tiers mais au Cap Vert. Par conséquent, l'objectif est de comprendre les relations entre les groupes sociaux, nationaux et immigrés, à la suite de la fixation et l'insertion des immigrés dans les secteurs socio-économiques nationaux, particulièrement dans le marché du travail, où on trouve un taux de chômage élevé.<p>Cette étude est fondée sur un dialogue avec les théories des migrations internationales et les théories des représentations sociales et qui soutiennent la thèse.<p><p>From a country of emigrants, Cape Verde transformed into a country of immigrants during the 90’s, mainly in the second half of that decade. The country started receiving immigrants especially from the neighbourhood countries of the ECOWAS region, due to the free movement of people subscribed in the Protocol of movement of people ratified by Cape Verde. The country has been a focus of attraction of labour workers following the boom in tourism and related activities, including construction and public works, commerce, hotels, and restaurants services. <p>This work has the main objective to analyse the construction of the images of the people coming from the ECOWAS countries members in Cape Verde, the representations and reciprocal attitudes in relation to this phenomenon and the contexts in which they occur. It is assumed that we are in a country where the local population always interacted with foreigners not in their origins but in the various migratory destinations. Similarly, this coexistence that happened mainly with white Europeans and Americans is happening with the neighbours of the continent. Consequently, it is intended to understand the relationships the social groups, nationals and immigrants establish among them as a result of establishment and insertion in the national socioeconomic sectors, mainly at the labour market, where, along with high unemployment rate, it is, verified a massive inclusion of the ECOWAS foreigners. <p>The current study is based on a dialogue with the international migration theories and the social representation theories that will support the thesis. <p><p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis is a study of the representation of emigration to Canada in Scottish Romantic periodicals and fiction, and of the relationship between these genres and the little-studied genre of the emigrant's guide. Chapter One tracks the Edinburgh Review and Quarterly Review's reviews of books on Canadian topics and demonstrates how the rival quarterlies respond to, and intervene in, the evolving public debate about emigration. Chapter Two examines depictions of Canada in Blackwood's Magazine and Fraser's Magazine, and reveals connections between these magazines' engagement with Canadian affairs and the concurrent reception of Scottish Romanticism in early Canadian literary magazines. Chapter Three argues for an understanding of the emigrant's guide as a porous form that acts as a bridge between nonfictional and fictional representations of emigration. Chapter Four reads novels with emigration plots in relation to the pressures of American, Canadian and transatlantic canon formation, arguing that these novels trouble the stark division between the American and Canadian emigrant experiences which was insisted upon by contemporary commentators and which continues to underpin criticism of transatlantic literary works. Chapter Five considers the relationship between Scottish Romanticism and nineteenth-century Canadian literature, a relationship which has often been framed in terms of the portability of a 'Scottish model' of fiction associated most strongly with Walter Scott. Overall, this thesis contends that foregrounding the literature of emigration allows for greater understanding of the synchronicity of Scottish Romanticism and the escalation of transatlantic emigration, offering an alternative to conceptions of Canada's colonial and transatlantic belatedness.

This thesis investigates socio-economic integration of men and women immigrants (‘Old’ and ‘New’) relative to United Kingdom (UK) born White in the UK labour market. In order to assess my research hypotheses I use both cross-sectional and panel data based on the world’s largest panel survey: UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), (data collected between 2009 and 2014). The first two essays are cross-sectional studies examining access (or lack of access) to the professional class and pay asymmetry of these groups, while, the third paper, uses the full potential attributes of a ‘strict balanced’ panel to investigate occupational status transitions and earning trajectories using a more refined parsimonious random effects model approach. The main findings show that the labour market performance of immigrants differs from that of UK born White in several important ways. The education and experience of immigrants are subject to different ‘rewards’ to those of natives, and immigrants will usually end up in jobs that are a poor match for their education. These findings are in line with the results of the literature in this field. The main contributions of this thesis are twofold: substantively, the thesis addresses and explores the heterogeneity in the groups studied in terms of observable and unobservable characteristics. Also, this study is among the pioneering research being conducted with the re-scaling of complex survey weights associated with the UKHLS.

The aim of this research is to examine the impact of UKs immigration policies and procedures on asylum seekers and ‘illegal’ migrants. The study investigates the ways in which ‘risks’ have been proffered as a justification to contain and control this group of individuals. Those claiming asylum are increasingly subjected to a complex set of rules and legislation, and their access to the welfare state and labour market is severely restricted, if not completely denied. Individuals are increasingly pushed into a bureaucratic limbo in which they are rendered destitute and stateless. This Thesis draws upon asylum seekers’ and ‘illegal’ migrants’ experiences of living in this empty space and shows the ways in which they have used their agency to ‘resist’ and overcome the controls that render them as ‘bare-life’. The study employs a qualitative methodology which includes in-depth interviews with twenty two asylum seekers and six specialist practitioners. The conclusion reveals a constant struggle against the status quo and dissent against abusive state power.

Although the immigrant flow to South Africa has been relatively small compared to that of other immigrant receiving countries, when considered in terms of the size of South Africa's population and the fact that immigrants are restricted to the White population group, the role of immigrants in this society is considerable. Despite this, few comprehensive studies of the experiences of immigrants in South Africa have been attempted. The aim of this study is to examine the adaptation of immigrants from various countries according to a number of dimensions. Adaptation is conceived of as a dynamic and multidimensional process. A mail survey of seven immigrant groups in South Africa was undertaken during 1985. A total of 3,520 completed questionnaires were obtained from respondents representing British, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, British African and Portuguese African immigrants. The relationships among dimensions of subjective adaptation (satisfaction, identification and acceptance) and objective adaptation (social, cultural, economic, religious and political adaptation) are examined. The role of settlement and citizenship intentions are also investigated, as are various factors (country of origin, length of residence, etc.) that affect immigrant adaptation in South Africa. Multivariate analyses are undertaken to explore the nature of the relationships among these variables. Following these analyses a model of immigrant adaptation in South Africa is proposed. This model is intended to serve as a framework to guide future research on the adaptation of immigrants in South Africa.

In the period between 1858 and 1914, two different waves of Jewish immigrants came to British Columbia. The first wave, composed largely of Jews of German and West European origin, came to British Columbia during the gold-rush period, 1858-1871. The second wave, composed for the most part of East European Jews, settled in the province between 1886 and 1914. This thesis is a historical geographical study of the adaptation of each of the two groups of European Jewish immigrants to their respective new settings in British Columbia. The main questions addressed concern ethnic/religious group formation and survival in new and unfamiliar physical, economic and social environmental conditions. Archival and library sources have yielded most of the primary data on which the thesis was based. The two groups of Jewish immigrants each settled in different parts of British Columbia. Between 1858 and 1871, several hundred German and West European Jews were lured from California by the discovery of gold in the new British colony. Most settled in the city of Victoria on Vancouver Island where they formed a vibrant Jewish community during the gold-rush period. Others went to the smaller communities in, and en route to, the gold-mining regions in the mainland interior of British Columbia. By 1871, in the aftermath of the Cariboo gold-rush, many Jews had left the province, but a small core of Jewish families remained in Victoria. In contrast, between 1886 and 1914, the province received a large influx of generally impoverished Jewish immigrant families who had fled from pogroms in their homelands in Eastern Europe. The city of Vancouver absorbed the majority of these East European Jewish immigrants. Most concentrated in the low-income East End immigrant district of the city. For the most part, the German and West European Jews were merchants and traders whose main business involved provisioning and outfitting the large transient mining population in the Cariboo region during the gold rushes. The base of these commercial operations was in Victoria where a concentration of Jewish businesses emerged after 1858. Many of the Jewish firms in Victoria were linked with Jewish businesses in San Francisco. The first wave of Jewish immigrants was received with a remarkable degree of tolerance and became well-integrated into the British host society in Victoria without losing their ethnic identity. They formed a traditional Jewish community and built a synagogue in 1863 in Victoria. The East European Jews lacked the entrepreneurial spirit of their earlier counterparts in the province. The immediate concern of most of the East European Jewish immigrants upon arrival in Vancouver was to rebuild their uprooted lives. Most set themselves up as tailors, dressmakers, scrap dealers, shopkeepers and petty traders in the East End of Vancouver. By 1914, there was a marked concentration of Jews in the clothing business in Vancouver. Feelings of alienation from the British host society among the East European Jews led to the formation of a segregated, ghetto-like traditional Jewish community in the East End of Vancouver by 1914. Jewish life was focussed on an Orthodox congregation which built the first synagogue in Vancouver in 1911. Despite shared religious traditions, the two waves of Jewish immigrants each produced widely different 'Jewish geographies' in British Columbia between 1858 and 1914. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This study investigated the question: What is the experience of immigration for Iranian women? This was accomplished by using an existential-phenomenological approach. The study included four adult single female co-researchers who had migrated to Canada from Iran and, by their own reckoning, were feeling settled in this country. The co-researchers were asked to describe their experience of immigration, from the beginning to the time they felt adjusted. The descriptions were audio-taped and transcribed. The analysis of these descriptions was conducted according to the method described by Colaizzi (1978). From the four descriptions thirty-two themes were derived. These themes were clarified and woven into a narrative description of the experience of immigration. Highlighted in the narrative description were five significant phases involved in the process which depicted an approximate symmetry of experiences. These significant experiences included sense of loss and attachment to the homeland, awareness of differences and conflicts, sense of self-invalidation and disorientation, reviewing oneself and the situation and sense of personal growth, stability and deriving meaning from the experience. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Orientadora: Larissa Maués Pelúcio Silva / Banca: Lídia Maria Vianna Possas / Banca: Luís Antônio Francisco de Souza / Banca: Natália Corazza Padovani / Banca: Jorge Leite Júnior / Resumo: As experiências das mulheres brasileiras imigrantes têm merecido atenção da mídia portuguesa desde a chamada "segunda vaga" migratória, cujo marco temporal data de 1999. A feminilização dos fluxos migratórios confere centralidade às questões de gênero, as quais só podem ser entendidas em sua complexidade quando interseccionadas com outros marcadores sociais como nacionalidade, raça/etnia e classe. A fim de compreender como a mídia lusitana veio reportado este fenômeno, foram analisados nesta tese dois importantes periódicos locais, o lisboeta Público e Jornal de Notícias, do Porto. A partir da locução "mulher brasileira" e das palavras de busca "brasileira/s" chegou a um universo de 162 notícias, as quais foram organizadas em categorias classificatórias e analisadas em diálogo com os estudos feministas e pós-coloniais. Reiterações, cristalizações e tensionamentos relativos à experiência destas brasileiras imigrantes são problematizadas nesta pesquisa a partir de referencial foucaultiano. Considerando que os discursos são mais que atos de fala descritivos e sustentados por signos, procurou-se, justamente, sublinhar este "mais" no esforço de fazê-lo aparecer, procurou-se descrever seus sentidos. Os resultados mostram que os periódicos analisados tendem a reproduzir visões colonialista e sexistas relativas às experiências destas mulheres, ainda que, em um deles, voltado para o público lisboeta, de classe média, tenda a problematizar o preconceitos e estereótipos aos quais estas ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

A methodology is developed to estimate comparable international migration flows between a set of countries. International migration flow data may be missing, reported by the sending country, reported by the receiving country or reported by both the sending and receiving countries. For the last situation, reported counts rarely match due to differences in defnitions and data collection systems. In this thesis, reported counts are harmonized using correction factors estimated from a constrained optimization procedure. Factors are applied to scale data known to be of a reliable standard, creating an incomplete migration flow table of harmonized values. Cells for which no reliable reported flows exist are then estimated from a negative binomial regression model fitted using the Expectation- Maximization (EM) type algorithm. Covariate information for this model is drawn from international migration theory. Finally, measures of precision for all missing cell estimates are derived using the Supplemented EM algorithm. Recent data on international migration between countries in Europe are used to illustrate the methodology. The results represent a complete table of comparable ows that can be used by regional policy makers and social scientist alike to better understand population behaviour and change.