Previous research has demonstrated an association between violence exposure and aggression; however, research exploring the association between violence exposure and the forms and functions of aggression is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between trauma exposure with both reactive and proactive functions of aggression by examining two potential mediators (e.g., psychopathic traits and emotional dysregulation). Participants included 132 male juvenile offenders mandated to treatment in a residential facility (M = 16.78 years old; SD = 1.25). Results indicate emotional dysregulation partially mediated the association between trauma exposure and reactive aggression while controlling for proactive aggression. However, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that psychopathic traits mediated the association between trauma exposure and proactive aggression. Results suggest trauma exposure is important in the development of reactive aggression. Thus, treatment approaches for aggressive youth should address issues of trauma exposure.

The purpose of this research was to examine the nature of the relationship among the four major emotional intelligence realms--that is, Identify, Use, Understand, and Manage--of pastoral team leaders to the level of effectiveness of the team he leads. This relationship was evaluated by the lead pastors themselves and the members of their pastoral leadership teams. Three instruments were used in the research process: (1) the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale--a self-report instrument completed by the lead pastors, (2) the short version of the Team Effectiveness Questionnaire--completed by all participants, and (3) the Leader Emotional Intelligence Strength Rater--a qualitative instrument created by this researcher to be completed by team members to help assess the emotional intelligence of their pastoral team leader and how it influenced the effectiveness of their teams. From this research, four primary discoveries about the nature and strength of these relationships were discerned, one for each emotional intelligence (EI) realm. In the Identify EI realm, it was discovered that a pastoral leader's Identify EI skill of being able to "recognize his own feeling" related strongly to the team effectiveness realm of Principled Leadership. In the Use EI realm, the research revealed that the ability to "inspire others" demonstrated the strongest relationship of the pastoral team leaders' Use EI skills to their teams' effectiveness. Specifically, this skill related to the team effectiveness realm of creating team Collaboration. In the EI Understand realm, the skill of "makes correct assumptions about people" correlated strongly to the team effectiveness realm of Principled Leadership. And in the emotional competency Manage realm, the EI skill of "connects with other people" demonstrated the strongest relationship to the team effectiveness. This Manage EI skill correlated strongly to the team effectiveness area of creating team Collaboration. In sum, this research has demonstrated that within the pastoral team leaders and the teams that were the subjects of this research, specific EI abilities of the pastoral team leader relate to and influence particular realms team effectiveness. Moreover, these relationships can be evaluated by their strength of correlation and influence. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

M.A. / This study set out to investigate the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and martial satisfaction. In the past several years, marriages appear to have undergone much change, moving towards a more egalitarian relationship. Intimacy and conflict resolution appear to play an important role in maintaining marital satisfaction. Skills involved in conflict resolution and intimacy also form part of a greater construct called Emotional Intelligence (EI). Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso (1998), describe a four branch ability model of EI. This model describes EI as the ability to be perceptive of ones own and others emotions, to manage and regulate ones emotions, to be able to effectively express ones emotions and lastly, the ability to use stored emotional information to deal with various situations. To ascertain levels of emotional intelligence and marital satisfaction the Schutte Self Report Inventory (SRI) and the Marital Satisfaction Inventory–Revised (MSI-R) was administered to a group of couples married for longer than one year (n = 61). MANCOVA’s and ANCOVA’s were administered to asses the relationship between EI and various sub-scales of marital satisfaction in the couples. The results showed that there was significant relationship between EI and certain aspects of marital satisfaction. The level of male EI was found to have a significant effect on the couples affective and problem solving communication. It also effected the level of female sexual satisfaction and the ability to cope with family history of distress. The female EI was found to be related to decreased levels of male aggression, a greater ability to deal with her family history of distress and role orientation. It was found that in most circumstances, the level of male EI was responsible for couple’s marital satisfaction. Further results indicate that the greater the gap between each partners level of EI, the greater their level of marital dissatisfaction. For future research, it may be beneficial to do a longitudinal study of the same nature using a larger sample. Measuring instruments that do not rely on self-report may produce other results. Finally, future studies may benefit by using a culturally diverse sample, to assess whether the finding may be generalised to all communities in South Africa.

Background: Childhood emotional abuse can lead to mental illness. Research about emotional abuse is limited and therefore complicates the work of the nurse, since understanding of what emotional abuse means is of importance. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe what consequences people may suffer later on in life if they were exposed to emotional abuse or emotional neglect as a child. Method: A literature overview was performed by collecting and analysing eight quantitative studies, two qualitative studies and one study with mixed-method. The analysis was performed according to Friberg's three-step-model. Results: Childhood emotional abuse showed to affect the victims mental health later on in life. There were many different mental illnesses associated with persons that had experienced emotional abuse in their childhood. Personality disorders, depression and eating disorder was found to have a significant connection of mental health outcomes based of childhood emotional abuse. There were also a significant connection with social inhibiting states such as anxiety, post traumatic stress syndrom (PTSD), low self-esteem and low self-image. Conclusion: More information about how to detect and prevent emotional abuse of children is needed. Nurses also need more knowledge about how to handle the care of adult patients struggling with mental illness due to childhood trauma. / Barn som utsätts för psykisk misshandel (PM) eller psykisk försummelse (PF) är ofta svåra att uppmärksamma. Att de flesta som utsätts lever i tysthet kan vara en förklaring till att forskning kring ämnet är begränsad. PM har visats vara den mest förekommande formen av misshandel mot barn. Det har även framkommit att PM är den misshandelsform som lämnar störst avtryck på barnet. Vårdpersonal är skyldig att anmäla om ett barn misstänks vara utsatt för PM. Dock är detta en problematisk uppgift när befintlig kunskap kring ämnet är otillräcklig. Ofta bär barnet med sig sitt trauma upp i vuxna år som leder till psykiska besvär och kan påverka deras liv negativt. PM har även en tendens att gå i arv och kan begränsa ett utsatt barns kapacitet i en framtida föräldraroll. Denna studie avser att öka kunskap kring PM av barn genom att påvisa vilka konsekvenser det kan leda till. Kunskap om detta kan medföra att omvårdanden för utsatta barn förbättras och livslånga konsekvenser kan förhindras. Alternativt kunna ge bättre omvårdnad till vuxna patienter som blivit utsatta i sin barndom, genom att vår studie kan öka förståelsen för andra människors lidande. Resultatet i föreliggande studie visar på en mängd allvarliga konsekvenser för den utsattas psykiska hälsa. Det övergripande ämnet i studien är därför psykisk ohälsa med huvudteman som är tänkt att kategorisera hälsotillstånden ytterligare i form av psykisk sjukdom, socialt hämmande tillstånd samt negativ självuppfattning.

The main objective of this research was to establish a model for emotional intelligence as a determinant of organisational climate. This model should help companies and organisational psychologists to better understand the interrelatedness of the two constructs in order to optimally enhance organisational performance. This research was conducted in a large organisation, utilising a large sample (n = 1 612) of employees in the financial services industry. During the first phase of this research, emotional intelligence was conceptualised from literature research within the trait paradigm and organisational climate as a molar construct. A theoretical model of emotional intelligence as a determinant of organisational climate was developed and suggested a link to organisational output. During the second phase of this research (empirical research), assessment instruments for emotional intelligence (the Gerber Emotional Intelligence Scale) and organisational climate (the High Performance Climate Questionnaire) were developed and validated. Thereafter an assessment instrument for work output was designed to test the link with performance. The structural equation model (SEM) produced a new best-fitting model of emotional intelligence, organisational climate and work output. The model indicates that emotional intelligence does not correlate with work output as expected, but organisational climate does correlates moderately with work output and explains almost 40% of the variance in work output. The strongest influence seems to flow from teamwork and management. The regression weights between emotional intelligence and organisational climate were trivial, although the model fit indices were all within an acceptable range. The researcher attributed the lack of support for the model to the characteristics of the employees of this type of organisation and concluded that emotional intelligence should not be seen as a determinant of organisational climate in this specific financial services sector. The results further indicate that significant differences exist between the organisational climate experiences of four biographical categories (race, position level, age and geographical region) and also for the categories of position level and age for work output. These differences need to be considered when developing future interventions. This research contributes towards a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between emotional intelligence, organisational climate and work output. The three newly developed questionnaires and the SEM could help researchers and practitioners to apply the research model in other industries and subsequently improve organisational outputs. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Comm. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Thesis advisor: Richard M. Jackson / Belonging in schools is an often-researched topic. However, the lived experiences of students with disabilities as related to belonging have not been explored in great depth. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to begin to understand the lived experiences of belonging for middle school students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs) through a relational lens (relational here was meant as more than just focusing on relationships). This phenomenological approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of how participants understand belonging and how it impacts their lives. Ten student participants were interviewed over a series of four interview sessions in which they discussed their experiences with and understanding of belonging in school. Findings revealed complex and multifaceted subjective lived experiences of belonging. Findings are presented here through participant summaries, across participants in broader descriptive themes, and through the creation of a participant model. Interpretive themes are also presented to help guide further analysis and understanding of the findings. Considering the qualitative nature of this study, these themes are not meant to be reductive, but rather to generate additional questions. In keeping with this purpose, a Generative Model of Belonging was created from the broader literature base on middle school belonging, and this model was revisited and revised based on the findings of this study. It was also used to create the aforementioned participant model. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction.

Thesis advisor: Sara M. Moorman / There is much prior research on the benefits of marriage for adults, including for mental and physical health (Carr and Springer 2010). Further research has demonstrated that the quality of one’s marriage provides benefits, and not merely the status itself (see Carr and Springer 2010; Proulx, Helms, and Buehler 2007). A close, salient relationship such as marriage is not experienced in isolation, but is rather an interpersonal system, where the characteristics, feelings, and opinions of each partner can influence the other (Berscheid and Ammazzalorso 2001; Carr et al. 2014; Moorman 2016). However, less research has been performed that takes advantage of dyadic data to determine whether and how a partner’s marital quality may affect one’s own well-being (Carr et al. 2014; Kenny 1996). Moreover, emotional experiences rarely remain truly private; individuals unconsciously signal and express their feelings to others, and can even transmit these emotional experiences to close social partners (Christakis and Fowler 2013; Hatfield, Cacioppo, and Rapson 1994). The present dissertation examines the associations among older husbands’ and wives’ marital quality and well-being, using two sources of dyadic data, a range of measures of marital quality and well-being, and advanced analytic strategies appropriate for longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Older couples can differ from their younger and midlife counterparts, as both men and women trim their broader social networks in later life and increasingly focus on their closest and most rewarding relationships, such as marriage (Carstensen, Isaacowitz, and Charles 1999; Mancini and Bonanno 2006). Gendered roles may shift in later life, as well, as older adults cease activities such as child-rearing and full-time employment (Bookwala 2012). Thus, potential differences according to gender are also explicitly tested. The results of this dissertation will shed greater light on how older couples’ perceptions of marital quality influence various aspects of spouses’ well-being, cross-sectionally and over time. Mutual Influence and Older Married Adults’ Anxiety Symptoms: Results from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing analyzes cross-sectional dyadic data from 1,114 married older couples surveyed in the initial wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA; Kenny 2014), 2009-2011. Dyadic structural equation models (SEM) examined the direct and indirect associations between husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital strain and generalized anxiety symptoms in later life. Findings revealed that perceptions of marital strain were related with husbands’ and wives’ own generalized anxiety symptoms. Further, husbands’ anxiety symptoms were significantly related with wives’ anxiety symptoms, and vice versa, illustrating bi-directional feedback. Lastly, husbands’ and wives’ perceptions of marital strain were significantly indirectly related with their partners’ anxiety symptoms, with these associations being mediated by spouses’ own anxiety symptoms. These results suggest that emotional contagion may be the pathway for partner effects of marital strain on spouses’ well-being. Findings also suggest that efforts to reduce anxiety symptoms may be most effective when taking marital context and quality into account. Two-Wave Dyadic Analysis of Marital Quality and Loneliness in Later Life: Results From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing analyzes dyadic reports of marital quality and loneliness over a two-year period, using longitudinal dyadic data collected from 932 older married couples who participated in both of the first two waves of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), collected from 2009-2013. Two-wave lagged dependent variable (LDV) models tested the cognitive perspective on loneliness, emotional contagion theory, and actor-partner interdependence by examining whether husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital quality and loneliness at baseline predicted both spouses’ loneliness two years later. Results indicated that one’s own perceptions of negative marital quality at baseline were related with greater loneliness after two years, supporting the cognitive perspective on loneliness. Further, both spouses’ reports of loneliness at baseline were related with loneliness two years later, supporting emotional contagion theory. Partners’ reports of marital quality were not related with future loneliness, failing to support actor-partner interdependence. Do “His” and “Her” Marriage Influence One Another? Older Spouses’ Marital Quality Over Four Years uses two-wave longitudinal data from the Disability and Use of Time (DUST) supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine associations between husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital quality over a four-year period. The sample consisted of 209 older married couples who participated in both the 2009 and 2013 waves of DUST. Lagged dependent variable (LDV) models tested whether older husbands’ and wives’ perceptions of marital quality are themselves subject to emotional contagion, by examining whether baseline reports of marital quality were related with one’s own and a partner’s marital quality after four years. Results indicated that (a) husbands reported better marital quality than their wives in both 2009 and 2013, (b) for both husbands and wives, baseline marital quality was significantly related with both one’s own and one’s partner’s marital quality four years later, and (c) there were no differences in effects according to gender. These findings offer support for the framework of “his” and “her” marriage, as well as emotional contagion theory. Together, these papers examine whether and how older spouses’ reports of marital quality and well-being are associated with one another, with a particular emphasis on assessing emotional contagion as a potential explanation and mechanism for dyadic partner effects. The results of these articles contribute empirically and theoretically to the literature(s) on marital quality and well-being; spousal interdependence; and emotional contagion. I discuss the implications of these articles for theory and future research concerning marriage and well-being in later life.

The majority of literature on the adult entertainment looks at objectification and subjugation of women. Women’s experiences in such arenas are negotiated through circumstances beyond their immediate control. In fact many find themselves in this profession out of destitution and need. The result of which is an experience that is even more harrowing, and psychologically and physically destructive. Previous research suggest that many women in this profession then find themselves in precarious relations, often turning to drugs and alcohol to deal with the highly negative aspect of the industry. However, what is not that often reported on are those women who decide to explore this profession out of mere curiosity or even as a career choice. This analysis aimed to investigate one area of this industry, namely striptease. With focus on the high-end (a more regulated and lucrative end) of the striptease spectrum, this analysis was aimed at investigating the phenomological experiences of women in this sector. We look at the experiences of four women at one of the more prestigious strip-clubs in Johannesburg, referred to as The Club. This study aimed to provide some insight to why some South African women chose to enter striptease—as not much research has been done in this area. More high-end clubs seemed theoretically the most practical site to investigate such a choice. This study was based qualitatively, with the use of semi-structured interview which were analyzed through thematic content analysis. The results of this study are categorized into three sections and framed from an emotional labour perspective. Firstly, the experiences on these women provide a challenge to the traditional feminism perspective—exposing a dynamic power relation that may suggest that, within the high-end at least, women may experience a sense of liberation. Secondly, this study aimed to expose the emotional laboriousness of enacting a sexualised fantasy that is convincing. It was found that such an enactment requires an intense interplay between what is considered the real self and the embodiment and portrayal the girlfriend experience. Lastly, we look at the psychological defensive dissociation that occurs though this interplay between fantasy and reality. In essence this analysis has shed new light on striptease and has provided many new avenues for future research in South Africa.

User interfaces often incorporate sound to notify users of application updates, to enhance games, and to assist complex interactions. Sound exists as a medium that can provide information that humans cannot understand through a purely visual interaction, and in a mobile interface context, using another medium could be useful to mitigate visual limitations in screen space and the amount of users’ attention focused on screen. Smartphones are now a ubiquitous part of people’s lives, and sound interactions can play an important role within these experiences. This study conducts research on users’ interactions with supplemental sounds while using Facebook Messenger. Facebook Messenger is the most popular messaging app in the United States, and its design includes a variety of unique user interface sounds. This study contributes design considerations for both researchers and industry professionals to apply to further research or the application of audio within a mobile messaging space.

This case study research explores the effects of emotional support on four newly qualified Foundation Phase teachers in their first year of teaching, and how this affects their ability to teach reading. The research is qualitative and draws on data from from four sources to construct and interpret the different experiences of support within a conceptual framework derived from literature on the subject. The literature review is presented in two sections. Section 1 investigates the essential components of a reading programme to establish if the teachers were adequately prepared during pre-service training. Section 2 investigates the effects of support on newly qualified teachers‟ ability to teach. A key theme from Section 2 suggests that appropriate support positively affects first year teachers‟ ability to teach and implement the skills and knowledge acquired during pre-service training. Each teacher kept a journal, completed a questionnaire and was observed and interviewed between April and November 2008. The research draws out themes from the data about the support experienced by the participants during their first year and then correlates these experiences to their teaching of reading. Key findings suggest that these newly qualified teachers perceived themselves to be adequately prepared to teach reading but, without adequate support, they struggled to implement their newly acquired skills and knowledge and resorted to less effective strategies. This research seeks to add to the literature on how to support newly qualified teachers in their first year as a means to improving the teaching of reading in the Foundation Phase. in South African schools.