This thesis sets out to study how entrepreneurial failure takes form and how entrepreneurs are affected by entrepreneurial failure. This study aims to contribute another perspective of the mindset of entrepreneurial failure to academic research. Through a qualitative method and a quantitate analysis, this study explores how failure takes form and how entrepreneurs respond to failure. This study present empirical material of failure present itself and how a larger personal investment in an entrepreneurial career affect entrepreneurs self-image. Entrepreneurs learn by direct interactions and failures are is part of an entrepreneurs learning process. The findings of this study present that entrepreneurial failure takes multiple different forms and failure within entrepreneurship presents itself when an entrepreneur has lost financial capital, clients, a larger amount of time invested in something who didn’t benefit the venture or energy. The findings in this study show how the idea of practising entrepreneurship as a lifestyle can have negative effects on entrepreneurs health and self-esteem. The analysis explains how entrepreneurs who differentiate themselves from their failures can learn from experience because they view their actions objectively.

Background: The leisure and recreational sports market, a multibillion-dollar industry, isexperiencing a transformative shift. With increased competition and changing consumerdemographics, businesses and facilities are seeking innovative strategies to ensure customerretention and maintain profitability. Golf, as a key player in this sector, has seen a resurgencein popularity due to its adaptability during social distancing measures. Amid this growth, theindustry faces challenges to engage and retain a new demographic of golfers. To address this,experiential marketing, emphasizing immersive and interactive customer experiences, hasbecome increasingly critical. This approach focuses on creating memorable experiences ratherthan simply providing product or service information. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of experiential marketing oncustomer engagement and loyalty within the golf industry, specifically analyzing howdifferent golf course dimensions affect consumers' emotional responses and willingness toreturn. This research will provide valuable insights for the development of effectiveexperiential marketing strategies in participation sports. Method: Ontology - Constructivism; Epistemology - Interpretivism; Methodology - Multiplecase study; Data collection - 10 semi-structured interviews; Sampling - Criterion sampling,which followed the criteria: (1) recent experience, participants must have played at both golfcourses during the 2023 season, ensuring that their experiences and feedback are current andrelevant to the present-day amenities offered by the clubs, while also minimizing theinfluence of any seasonal effects. (2) geographic location, participants must reside within theJönköping region, as this helps ensure that their experiences are not biased due to traveling toa new region or country, which could potentially lead to biased conclusions. (3) time played,the golfers must have completed at least 18 holes of golf as to ensure that they get the fullexperience at both of the selected golf courses.; Data Analysis – Content Analysis (creation ofa tree-diagram based on quotes, sub-categories, generic categories and main categories) Conclusion: This research offers insights into how experiential marketing dimensions likeamenities, atmosphere, and customer service influence golfer satisfaction and returnintentions. Key findings indicate that these elements elicit strong emotional responses, drivinggolfer loyalty. A holistic approach that addresses both tangible and intangible elementsenhance overall satisfaction. This study underlines the need for continued research into thesefactors to support the development of effective strategies for the golf industry.

Personal preference to darkmospheres , light corners & generally high contrasted views and spaces, as well as a curiosity of investigating other opinions & responses, were the driving force for conducting this survey. Regarding my subjective perception and since, after all,  the matter of taste and subjectivity is quite strong in this kind of investigations, I’ve always found solace in environments that were staged with different segments of light and darkness; whenever I was in a room, I would immediately turn off the general lighting and turn on different and multiple other light sources, trying to combine atmospheres and, of course, keep some intact dark corners. And that was always a matter of arguing between myself and most of my acquaintances. Also, as an art lover, the absolute drawing technique of contrast, chiaroscuro, is also my favorite one. These characteristics of sharp shadows-strong contrasts and the theatrical, spotlight effect, can dramatically provoke feelings, but of which kind? What  is  the general perception and emotional response to high  contrasted environments & views? My belief, despite my personal taste, is that the effect of high contrast lighting environments is mainly associated with feelings that have a negative aesthetic tone, and thus, this significant design value is not used as much; Based on these assumptions, the purpose of this research is to investigate whether perceptions of contrasts in the lighting design of space are related to subjective preference ratings deriving from negative or uneasy feelings. A mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative findings, combining background research along with a survey was held, and, in general, it demonstrates a distinct correlation between levels of contrast as stimuli and feelings aroused. Although contrast does play a significant role in arousing strong feelings, by increasing and stimulating our perception, albeit we are probably negatively attracted to it. Given images of high contrasted –in terms of lighting quality- environments were associated mostly with feelings of anxiety and tension by the participants of the survey; thus, a  balance between coherence and valence factors and complexity/arousal feelings is a prerequisite, in order to positively approve a new environment. Contrast as a design value, is characterized by contrasting feelings and, that is its most powerful value;  it's an influential design tool and the essential force within the articulation of both style and communication. It, therefore, deserves a wider use and appreciation.

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O núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) é uma estrutura límbica envolvida na expressão de respostas relacionadas à ansiedade. O NLET é um dos principais alvos de inervação noradrenérgica no sistema nervoso central e evidências sugerem uma ativação desta neurotransmissão em situações aversivas, em particular aquelas associadas ao medo condicionado. Assim, o presente estudo investigou o envolvimento do sistema noradrenérgico do NLET na modulação de respostas comportamentais e autonômicas induzidas pelo medo condicionado contextual (MCC) em ratos. Animais condicionados apresentaram resposta comportamental (congelamento) e alterações autonômicas, como aumento da pressão arterial média e da frequência cardíaca e queda da temperatura cutânea após serem re-expostos ao contexto previamente pareado com choques nas patas. Esses efeitos foram atenuados pela injeção de L-propranolol e fentolamina, antagonistas não seletivos dos adrenoceptores e , respectivamente, no NLET. Adicionalmente, também foi observado que a administração de WB4101, antagonista seletivo de adrenoceptores 1, e de CGP20712, antagonista seletivo de adrenoceptores 1, no NLET, reduziu a resposta emocional condicionada (REC) contextual, sugerindo que a neurotransmissão noradrenérgica no NLET, através da ativação dos receptores 1 e 1 adrenérgicos estaria envolvida na expressão das respostas induzidas pelo MCC. Além disso, dados da literatura indicam que a ativação dos receptores adrenérgicos 1 no NLET aumenta a liberação de glutamato de forma dependente da ativação de receptores CRF1. Portanto, o presente estudo também investigou uma possível interação entre a neurotransmissão noradrenérgica e os sistemas CRFérgico, glutamatérgico e nitrérgico no NLET sobre a modulação da REC contextual. A administração de reboxetina, um inibidor da recaptação de noradrenalina, aumentou o tempo de congelamento e as respostas autonômicas após reexposição ao contexto aversivo. Esses efeitos foram bloqueados pela administração prévia de antagonista dos adrenoceptores 1 e 1, WB4101 e CGP20712 respectivamente, do antagonista CRF1, CP376395, do antagonista de receptores NMDA, AP7 e do inibidor da óxido nítrico sintase neuronal, NPLA. Similar à reboxetina, a urocortina, um agonista de receptores CRF, aumentou a REC após a re-exposição ao contexto aversivo. Esses efeitos foram bloqueados pelo CP376395 e também pelo AP7 e NPLA, mas não pelo WB4101 e CGP20712. O presente estudo demonstra que o sistema noradrenérgico no NLET está envolvido na REC observada no modelo do MCC de forma dependente da ativação de receptores CRF1 e dos sistemas glutamatérgico e nitrérgico. / The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a limbic structure that has been associated to the expression of anxiety responses. BNST is one of the main targets of noradrenergic innervation in the central nervous system and evidence suggests an activation of this neurotransmission in aversive situations, particularly fear conditioning. Thus, the present study investigated the involvement of BNST noradrenergic system in modulating of behavioral and autonomic responses induced by contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in rats. The conditioned animals showed significant behavioral response (freezing) and autonomic changes such as increased in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and decreased in the tail temperature after re-exposure to context. These effects were attenuated by intra-BNST injection of L-propranolol and phentolamine, non-selective antagonists of and -adrenoceptors, respectively. Additionally, it was also observed that the administration of WB4101, a selective 1 adrenoceptor antagonist, and CGP20712, selective 1 adrenoceptor antagonist, in the BNST reduced conditioned emotional response (CER), suggesting that the BNST noradrenergic neurotransmission through the activation of adrenergic receptors, especially 1 and 1-adrenergic receptors, is involved in the expression of CER. Moreover, evidence shows that activation of 1 adrenoreceptor increases the release of glutamate by CRF1 receptor activation. Therefore, this study also investigated the involvement of CRF, glutamatergic and nitrergic systems in the noradrenergic neurotransmission modulation of CER induced by CFC. Administration of reboxetine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, significantly increased freezing behavior and induced autonomic responses after re-exposure to aversive context. These effects were blocked by previous administration of the antagonist of 1 and 1-adrenoceptor, WB4101 and CGP20712 respectively, CRF1 antagonist, CP376395, an NMDA receptor antagonist, AP7, and inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, NPLA. Similar to reboxetine, urocortin significantly induced CER. These effects induced by urocortin were blocked by CP376395, NPLA and AP7, but not by CGP20712 and WB4101. The present study demonstrates that BNST noradrenergic system is involved in CER observed in CFC model, possibly interacting with CRF, nitrergic and glutamatergic systems.

This thesis is an examination of reader or audience response to Shakespeare’s tragedies. Primarily, it identifies key pleasures that Shakespeare’s King Lear and Othello offer. The complementary nature of these two plays is such that the analysis of their various pleasures allows for an in-depth treatment of the topic and also reflects the diversity of emotional response elicited by Shakespeare’s tragedies. The kinds of pleasure addressed in this study are catharsis as explained by Aristotle, the delight of violent passion as advocated by DuBos, pleasure from details in the work, satisfaction from the coherence of the tragedy, and pleasure in the idealization of tragedy.

As consumers or customers, when we go into a shop and buy a product or, these days, when we buy something online, we expect not only the product itself to be fit for purpose but we also expect that we, the customers, get good customer service. If we get good or excellent customer service, we leave the shop feeling satisfied and positive in some way. How do shops, online or otherwise, or any other organisations, such as banks, hospitals or universities help to ensure that their employees deliver the appropriate customer service? It is still the main challenge. Thus, there are instances when a customer does not get the service that they deserve, or believe that they deserve. A happy, satisfied customer may perhaps tell others and thus encourage others to buy or go to that particular shop or organisation thus benefiting the business (new customers, who will spend money). However, there is evidence that an angry, upset dissatisfied customer will almost certainly tell five, or perhaps more, people of their bad experience. This is, clearly, bad for the business in question. No wonder, then, that businesses want, and need, to ensure that they have happy, satisfied customers and not dissatisfied or grudgeholders. Given the importance of customer satisfaction to businesses/organisations, the literature in this area demonstrates that there is still much to further understand about not only customer satisfaction but, importantly, customer dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction can be short and easily forgotten and it might be argued that this might not negatively affect a business/organisation too much in terms of future business. However, if a customer experiences or believes that they have suffered a great deal of negative emotions such as anger, fear, disappointment, betrayal and/or disgust, as well as perhaps telling many people, potential future customers about their bad experience they may well, also, take more direct action in the form of either making a formal complaint to the business/organisation, or perhaps retaliating in some way either immediately or at the nearest opportunity. Such a customer may hold a grudge against the business/organisation which is not only bad for the customer for their mental health (holding a grudge is negative) but is also bad for the business/organisation, too. Unfortunately, despite vital advances in dissatisfaction and complaining behaviour research, the psychological cognitive-emotive process underlying consumers’ coping behaviour have been neglected in the literature, as major work on this issue did not take into account the different negative emotions responsible for grudge and their impact on the grudgeholding coping responses. Dealing with those customers who are more than dissatisfied is time consuming for a business/organisation. Time is money. It is therefore important that, if businesses/organisations are to better understand their customers’ feeling and thinking to be able to predict their behaviours in order to make them happy returners instead of angry revengers. Therefore, it is essential to understand the experiences of grudgeholding customers through a process model and to look closely at issues related to grudgeholding, including the wide range of retaliatory behaviours. These might well vary according to factors such as the cost of the product (dissatisfaction might be greater for a goods or service costing a lot of money compared to something costing very little) but it may also vary according to individual characteristics of the customers themselves. Gender also plays its part, perhaps, that is, men and women may possibly think, feel and behave differently when it comes to holding grudge or retaliating as always controversial disputes exist in terms of gender differences. For example, females complain and spread the word more aligning with their communal stereotypical nature, and males like bargains and shop to win according to their agentic stereotypical nature. There is a need to further explore the consumer grudgeholding behaviour and why emotion is an important factor when talking about grudgeholding, the behaviours undertaken by those who hold a grudge and the impact of grudges on businesses/organisations if businesses/organisations are to better deal with their customers. Therefore, a cognitive-emotive process model is developed based mainly on cognitive appraisal theory to better understand consumers grudgeholding through deeper insight on their cognitions and emotions. The model is designed due to the lack of attention to the role of emotion in the dissatisfying marketplace experience. The model presents cognitive appraisal as the key element in the evaluation of grudgeholding consumer stress and aggression. Stressful appraisal outcomes are posited to elicit emotive reactions that, in combination with cognitive appraisal, impact the type of coping strategy used by the grudgeholder. Two coping strategies (problem focused and emotion focused) are recognized and discussed. Key propositions are presented to answer some questions about consumer grudgeholding behaviours such as (causes of grudge, product or service involved, the cost, the emotions generated, the coping behaviours like complaining and word-of-mouth, the corrective actions, the current emotions, the purchase intentions and future behaviours). To achieve the aims of this study, the research described in this thesis adopts the positivist research, quantitative research approach. According to the exploratory nature of this research, self-administered questionnaires are used for data generation. Closed and open-ended questions (specifically propping questions) were both used in the research as a way of motivating the respondent’s memory to retrieve a previous experience and recall actions and behaviours. Using both closed and open-ended questions provides the research with expected and unexpected answers. The research used non-probability sampling; namely, convenience sampling consisted of 786 responses to undergraduates and postgraduates British students whose age groups range from 18 to 39.The survey data were subsequently edited, coded and entered in SPSS 20 for analysis. The ultimate contribution of this study stems from explaining the consumer grudgeholding phenomenon by designing a cognitive-emotive process model that takes the role of consumer’s emotion into account. The findings revealed that emotion made a critical difference, especially anger. Gender gap was relatively small between the young British males and females. Angry females shared their negative experiences with others more than angry males. Besides, females shop to love and males shop to win.

O núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) é uma estrutura límbica envolvida na expressão de respostas relacionadas à ansiedade. O NLET é um dos principais alvos de inervação noradrenérgica no sistema nervoso central e evidências sugerem uma ativação desta neurotransmissão em situações aversivas, em particular aquelas associadas ao medo condicionado. Assim, o presente estudo investigou o envolvimento do sistema noradrenérgico do NLET na modulação de respostas comportamentais e autonômicas induzidas pelo medo condicionado contextual (MCC) em ratos. Animais condicionados apresentaram resposta comportamental (congelamento) e alterações autonômicas, como aumento da pressão arterial média e da frequência cardíaca e queda da temperatura cutânea após serem re-expostos ao contexto previamente pareado com choques nas patas. Esses efeitos foram atenuados pela injeção de L-propranolol e fentolamina, antagonistas não seletivos dos adrenoceptores e , respectivamente, no NLET. Adicionalmente, também foi observado que a administração de WB4101, antagonista seletivo de adrenoceptores 1, e de CGP20712, antagonista seletivo de adrenoceptores 1, no NLET, reduziu a resposta emocional condicionada (REC) contextual, sugerindo que a neurotransmissão noradrenérgica no NLET, através da ativação dos receptores 1 e 1 adrenérgicos estaria envolvida na expressão das respostas induzidas pelo MCC. Além disso, dados da literatura indicam que a ativação dos receptores adrenérgicos 1 no NLET aumenta a liberação de glutamato de forma dependente da ativação de receptores CRF1. Portanto, o presente estudo também investigou uma possível interação entre a neurotransmissão noradrenérgica e os sistemas CRFérgico, glutamatérgico e nitrérgico no NLET sobre a modulação da REC contextual. A administração de reboxetina, um inibidor da recaptação de noradrenalina, aumentou o tempo de congelamento e as respostas autonômicas após reexposição ao contexto aversivo. Esses efeitos foram bloqueados pela administração prévia de antagonista dos adrenoceptores 1 e 1, WB4101 e CGP20712 respectivamente, do antagonista CRF1, CP376395, do antagonista de receptores NMDA, AP7 e do inibidor da óxido nítrico sintase neuronal, NPLA. Similar à reboxetina, a urocortina, um agonista de receptores CRF, aumentou a REC após a re-exposição ao contexto aversivo. Esses efeitos foram bloqueados pelo CP376395 e também pelo AP7 e NPLA, mas não pelo WB4101 e CGP20712. O presente estudo demonstra que o sistema noradrenérgico no NLET está envolvido na REC observada no modelo do MCC de forma dependente da ativação de receptores CRF1 e dos sistemas glutamatérgico e nitrérgico. / The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a limbic structure that has been associated to the expression of anxiety responses. BNST is one of the main targets of noradrenergic innervation in the central nervous system and evidence suggests an activation of this neurotransmission in aversive situations, particularly fear conditioning. Thus, the present study investigated the involvement of BNST noradrenergic system in modulating of behavioral and autonomic responses induced by contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in rats. The conditioned animals showed significant behavioral response (freezing) and autonomic changes such as increased in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and decreased in the tail temperature after re-exposure to context. These effects were attenuated by intra-BNST injection of L-propranolol and phentolamine, non-selective antagonists of and -adrenoceptors, respectively. Additionally, it was also observed that the administration of WB4101, a selective 1 adrenoceptor antagonist, and CGP20712, selective 1 adrenoceptor antagonist, in the BNST reduced conditioned emotional response (CER), suggesting that the BNST noradrenergic neurotransmission through the activation of adrenergic receptors, especially 1 and 1-adrenergic receptors, is involved in the expression of CER. Moreover, evidence shows that activation of 1 adrenoreceptor increases the release of glutamate by CRF1 receptor activation. Therefore, this study also investigated the involvement of CRF, glutamatergic and nitrergic systems in the noradrenergic neurotransmission modulation of CER induced by CFC. Administration of reboxetine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, significantly increased freezing behavior and induced autonomic responses after re-exposure to aversive context. These effects were blocked by previous administration of the antagonist of 1 and 1-adrenoceptor, WB4101 and CGP20712 respectively, CRF1 antagonist, CP376395, an NMDA receptor antagonist, AP7, and inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, NPLA. Similar to reboxetine, urocortin significantly induced CER. These effects induced by urocortin were blocked by CP376395, NPLA and AP7, but not by CGP20712 and WB4101. The present study demonstrates that BNST noradrenergic system is involved in CER observed in CFC model, possibly interacting with CRF, nitrergic and glutamatergic systems.

Title: Psychological and pedagogical factors that influence player performance in youth football Objectives: The objective of the theoretical part is to analyze the psychological development of the player and the pedagogical aspects influencing the performance from the point of view of the educational activities of the coaches and parents. The selected theoretical starting points are then linked to the player's game play and its sporting development. The content of the research section is to examine the emotional reactions of the players of the preparatory and pupil categories in the clubs AC Sparta Praha and FK Dukla Praha. We analyzed the results of the emotional experience of the players and then we analyzed the differences of factors in the developmental stages of the sporting development and the results of the differences of emotional reactions of the players of both clubs. Methods: In this work we used a questioning method, namely a standardized DEMOR emotional reaction questionnaire examining emotional reactions of pupils. We have adapted it to the sport training environment and piloted. The research was conducted in seven teams of the AC Sparta Prague Football Club and seven teams of FK Dukla Prague in the U9-U15 category. Results: The results showed high values of positive emotional...

In some previous studies, felines were evaluated as one of the most beautiful groups of mammals, but at the same time, they were rated as dangerous. Some studies suggest that felines may be among those dangerous animals that are prioritized by humans in terms of faster neural response and preferential processing of visual information. This thesis tests the prioritization of potentially dangerous animals with each other while trying to identify the factors that influence the positive evaluation of felines. It has been found that felines are prioritized among potentially dangerous animals, but the experimental design is very important. Prioritization has not been proven when respondents have followed a different task and the animals have only acted as distractors. Big cats were evaluated as the most beautiful and most feared felines, with morphology, especially the weight of the animal, influencing both of these ratings. The ranking of beauty was also influenced by the presence of the pattern and saturation and lightness of the colors. Compared to viverrids, felines were rated both as more beautiful and more feared. Felines would be more likely protected and treated as pets than viverrids. Furthermore, large felines are relatively well-known among humans, while respondents basically did not know any...