No description available.

No description available.

We report an experiment to consider the emotional correlates of prudent decision making. In the experiment, we present subjects with lotteries and measure their emotional response with facial recognition software. They then make binary choices between risky lotteries that distinguish prudent from imprudent individuals. They also perform tasks to measure their cognitive ability and a number of personality characteristics. We find that a more negative emotional state correlates with greater prudence. Higher cognitive ability and less conscientiousness is also associated with greater prudence.

The drive and appeal of luxury designer products has fuelled consumer desire for luxury designer brands and their counterfeit versions. Some women value luxury designer handbags just the way men value their cars. The luxury designer handbag market has witnessed a surge of counterfeit handbag versions. The study focused on women in London, which has been ranked at number one in relation to demand levels of fashion handbags. Several antecedents were investigated for the purpose of this research, which are as follows: •Social consumption factors which incorporates an investigation into brand meaning and social meaning; •Attitudinal factors; •Individual factors which looks at the BLI (brand luxury index) and materialism; and •Post consumption emotions; Several research gaps were identified: firstly, there are no studies available on investigating identical antecedents in both luxury designer and counterfeit commodities, or even to a specific product category. Secondly, a number of researchers have examined consumers’ evaluative criteria in clothing, yet few have focused on the mentioned antecedents as part of the evaluative criteria of luxury designer handbags and counterfeit handbag versions. The investigation was carried out via quantitative data collection and was cross-analysed. The highlighted antecedents are important domains in the discipline of consumer choice behaviour. The research included two phases; a pilot survey study which pre-tested the acknowledged scales and a main survey incorporating the most important adapted constructs influencing consumer choice behaviours. The main analysis was based on data collected from a sample of 353 respondents in London. The conceptual model is unique in its specifications presenting a new behaviour orientated model which highlights integral factors in consumer behaviour. The research identified contemporary associations and discrepancies among women in London. The result of this research provides general support in understanding consumer decision-making and offers a comprehensive understanding of the effect of consumer evaluation and attitudes towards luxury designer handbags and counterfeit handbag versions. The differences and similarities across the antecedents are used to propose strategies to luxury designer companies thereby improving their marketing activities and achieving a competitive edge.

This thesis is about death, grief and bereavement counselling in the North East of England. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out over a period of three years. I have three main objectives in this thesis. Arguing that the anthropology of death has neglected grief, I seek to describe and explain how people in the North East of England experience grief; how they make sense of the death of their loved ones, and their own reactions to those deaths. Working with interviews with bereaved people and drawing upon work in narrative analysis about the importance of stories in how we think, interact and relate to other people, I focus especially on the stories that bereaved people tell in their grief. I seek to illuminate, too, how grief is managed in the North East. In particular, I focus on bereavement counselling which has, I suggest, assumed something of an authority over how people should grieve. Seeking inspiration from the anthropolo gy of emotion and the Foucauldian notions of discourse and 'technologies of the self', I examine how grief is constituted in bereavement counselling both in training and practice. Finally, I compare how bereaved people experience grief with the construction of grief in bereavement counselling. In bereavement counselling the focus is upon the emotions the bereaved is experiencing in the present; grief is understood as an emotion that has its origin and location inside the individual mourner now. For bereaved people, grief is a part of their ongoing relationships and interactions with their loved ones, and other people around them, and as such it is a feature of the history of those relationships and interactions. The difference between the experiences of the bereaved and the workings of bereavement counselling IS explained by placing the latter in the context of modem govemmentality.

This dissertation explores the dynamic nature of passion. To do so, I theoretically and empirically examine the pursuit, experience, and perception of passion. This dissertation took its initial shape when my review of the passion literature revealed two key gaps. First, there was a proliferating number of definitions of passion; many of them focused on different, but what I deemed to be essential, aspects of passion. Drawing on, integrating, and extending prior conceptualizations of passion, I define passion as a strong feeling toward a personally value/preference that motivates behaviors to express that value/preference. The second gap in the passion literature I noted was that passion was almost always conceptualized as a static, trait-like characteristic, unvarying over time. In contrast, due to its’ affective and behavioral components, I propose that passion has a dynamic nature: it can vary in the short- and long-term and it is subject to social dynamics through how people perceive and respond to the expressions of passion by others. My dissertation includes four chapters, with each one offering new theoretical insights and empirical evidence that highlight the dynamic nature of passion. In Chapter 1, I explore how people define and conceptualize the pursuit of passion for themselves. I find that employees generally hold one of two lay beliefs about how to follow their passion, believing they should either a) engage in experiences that make them feel good or b) engage in personally important experiences. I then conducted two correlational and one experimental study and find that the differential endorsement of these different lay beliefs influences how likely employees are to attain their desired levels of passion, using a passion attainment scale I developed, and whether they quit their jobs. Chapter 2 investigates the existence and consequences of short-term variations in passion over time, what I term passion variability. To explore the dynamics of passion variability, I ran a study that asked a sample of 526 full-time employees to respond to 30 daily prompts and three surveys, conducted a week prior to, two weeks following, and two months following the daily survey portion. This data structure also allowed me to investigate the consequences of passion variability, operationalized as the standard deviation of daily levels of passion. Indeed, I find that passion variability is double-edged: while it is associated with worse evaluative outcomes, it also associated with increased motivation. In Chapter 3, I explore why prior studies linking both passion and grit to performance have been beset by contradictory evidence. Although grit has been defined as the combination of passion and perseverance, I highlight that prior measurements of grit have focused on perseverance but have not adequately captured passion. Across a meta-analysis and two correlational studies, I find that the combination of perseverance (measured through the grit scale) and passion attainment (a construct that explicitly incorporates passion’s dynamic nature) is associated with higher performance. Chapter 4 extends the dynamic nature of passion to the social world and explores how expressions of passion are interpreted by others. Across six studies, including an archival analysis of entrepreneurial pitches, I find that others confer status on those who express passion, but only when a) those displays of passion are viewed as appropriate to the situation, b) perceivers agree with the target of expresser’s passion, and c) when the context is cooperative. Taken together, the findings across the four chapters of this dissertation establish the dynamic nature of passion—its pursuit, experience, and perception.

Wong, So-wan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-53). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter I --- Abstract / English Version --- p.i / Chinese Version --- p.ii / Chapter II --- Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Chapter III --- Table of Contents --- p.v / Chapter IV --- Chapter 1: Introduction --- p.1 / Theories of Emotional Expressivity - Individual Level --- p.4 / Cross-Cultural Studies on Emotional Expressivity --- p.11 / Model of Emotional Expressivity of the Present Study --- p.17 / Chapter V --- Chapter 2: Method / Data Source --- p.22 / Data Analyses --- p.25 / Chapter VI --- Chapter 3: Results --- p.27 / Chapter VII --- Chapter 4: Discussion --- p.32 / Model of Emotional Expressivity --- p.32 / Future Direction --- p.40 / Concluding Notes --- p.42 / Chapter VIII --- References --- p.44 / Chapter IX --- Tables --- p.54 / Chapter X --- Figure --- p.60 / Model of Emotional Expressivity at the Individual Level --- p.61 / Dendogram of hierarchical cluster analysis of the three forms of emotional expressions for the emotion of anger --- p.62 / Dendogram of hierarchical cluster analysis of the three forms of emotional expressions for the emotion of joy --- p.63

根據進化心理學理論，厭惡情緒是通過啟動回避行為來抵禦潛在的病菌的感染而演化出來的行為免疫系統。在進化過程中，厭惡情緒通過組間和組內兩種策略來防止病菌的侵害。組間策略包括回避組間個體以及可能攜帶病菌的人或物，組內策略包括作出更多的從眾行為以及更嚴格的道德判斷。本研究旨在對厭惡情緒的組內策略進行研究。已有實驗顯示厭惡情緒促使成年被試對道德違背行為的判斷更嚴格以及做出更多的從眾行為。目前還沒有研究考察這種影響隨著年齡的增長會出現怎樣變化，因此本研究從發展的角度考察厭惡情緒對道德判斷和從眾行為的影響。研究一以小學一年級、四年級兒童和成人為被試。結果顯示，厭惡組中小學四年級和成人的道德評價比中性組更為嚴格；控制組中一年級、四年級和成人被試都存在厭惡情緒評分與行為判斷的相關。研究二以小學一年級、五年級、初中以及高中學生為被試，使用焦慮情緒和中性情緒啟動組作為對照。研究發現厭惡情緒對被試的從眾得分影響不顯著。對控制組中的五年級、初中和高中被試的回歸分析發現，厭惡圖片引發的焦慮情緒越高從眾得分越高。在社會道德反射問卷上，五年級和高中的厭惡組被試的道德判斷比中性組更為嚴格。在道德違背行為判斷上，五年級和高中的厭惡組被試的道德評價比焦慮組更為嚴格。同時回歸分析發現厭惡圖片引發的厭惡情緒越高道德判斷越嚴格。 / 與預期一致，厭惡情緒對小學低年級兒童的道德判斷並沒有影響，厭惡情緒對道德判斷的影響出現在小學高年級，並從高中階段一直持續到成人階段。與預期不符的是，厭惡情緒對初中生的道德判斷沒有影響。此外，沒有出現厭惡情緒對從眾行為的影響，而是發現厭惡圖片誘發的焦慮感受越強從眾行為越多。總之，本研究發現厭惡情緒可能是道德判斷內化的基礎，而厭惡材料引發的焦慮情緒可能是引起從眾行為增加的原因。將來的研究可以重點考察厭惡情緒的組內策略在中學階段是如何發展的，以及厭惡啟動材料誘發的厭惡情緒和焦慮情緒對從眾行為是否有不同的影響。 / According to the perspective of evolutionary psychology, disgust is an integral part of behavioral immune system evolvedto resist the potential infectious disease by activating avoidance behavior. Specifically, disease infection can be minimized by between-group vs. within-group strategies of disgusting emotion, i.e., by avoiding out-group people and those who may carry disease vs. by complying with the majority and with rigid morality standards, respectively. This dissertation focuses on the within-group strategy. Previous studies showed that disgusting emotion increased conformity behaviors and triggered more severe moral judgments in young adults and it is still unknown how this influence developed as children grew up. To fill up this gap, I investigated the impact of disgust on moral judgments and conformity behaviors from the developmental perspective. In Study 1, we compared the moral judgments in the states of disgust vs. neutral emotionin primary school students (grades 1 and 4) and young adults. Results revealed the influence of disgust emotion on the moral judgment in grade 4 students and adults, but not in grade 1 students. In the control group, there were significant correlations between disgust evaluation and moral judgment in all participant groups. In Study 2 that involved grades 1 and 5 primary school, middle school, and high school students, I investigated the influence of disgust emotion on the conformity behavior and moral judgment by using both anxiety and neutral groups as controls. Results showed no difference between disgust group and control group on conformity scores. However, for the neutral group in grade 5, middle school, and high school students, the higher anxiety induced by disgusting pictures, the higher the participants’ conformity scores. In moral judgments in sociomoral reflection measures-short form, grade 5 and high school students showed harsher judgments in the disgust group than in the neutral group. As to behaviors’ moral judgment, grade 5 and high school students showed harsher judgments in the disgust group than in the anxiety group. Regression analyses showed that the stronger disgust feeling induced by disgusting pictures, the harsher moral judgments the participants made. / Consistent with my prediction, disgust emotion influenced the moral judgments in higher-grade primary school students and this persisted from high-school age to young adults and did not influence the moral judgments in lower-grade primary school students. Contrary to my expectation, there was no influence of disgust emotion on the moral judgment in middle school students and no influence of disgust emotion on conformity behavior in all participant groups. However, anxiety induced by disgusting pictures predicted the conformity scores, suggesting that anxiety should be taken into account when investigating the effect of disgust emotion. Overall, consistent with evolutionary psychology theories, disgust can be the foundation of internalization of moral judgment. but inconsistent with evolutionary psychology theories, anxiety, rather than disgust, induced by disgusting pictures predicted the conformity scores. Future studies should emphasize more on the within-group strategies of disgust emotion in middle school students and investigate the differential effects of disgust and anxiety emotion induced by disgust stimuli on the conformity behavior. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 彭明. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-104). / Abstracts also in English. / Peng Ming.

Wong, Muk Yan. / Thesis submitted in: October 2007. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-93). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter One: --- What is a Cognitive Theory of Emotion? / Chapter Section One: --- How are emotion and cognitive elements related? --- p.5 / Chapter Section Two: --- What kind of cognitive element is involved? --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Challenges from Neuroscience / Chapter Section One: --- The Quick-and-Dirty Route Argument --- p.31 / Chapter Section Two: --- The Backward Masking Argument --- p.35 / Chapter Section Three: --- The Brain Development Argument --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Possible Responses from the Cognitive Theory of Emotion / Chapter Section One: --- Response to the Quick-and-Dirty Route Argument --- p.44 / Chapter Section Two: --- Response to the Backward Masking Argument --- p.56 / Chapter Section Three: --- Response to the Brain Development Argument --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Reflection on the Conversation between Neuroscience and Philosophy / Chapter Section One: --- Conceptual Questions Versus Empirical Questions --- p.71 / Chapter Section Two: --- Competition for the Authoritative Interpretation of Common Understanding --- p.74 / Chapter Section Three: --- Explanatory Power as the Final Aim of Both Philosophy and Neuroscience --- p.77 / Conclusion --- p.82 / Bibliography --- p.85

Appraisal theory posits that the addition of new, relevant, information can alter the outcome of the appraisal process for a given emotional elicitor, such as an animal. The current study aimed to explore whether the addition of animal movement would sufficiently influence the intensity of emotional reactions and action motivation ratings for animals. The current study compared self-reported emotional reactions and self-reported action motivations for still images and videos for six animal categories (snakes, spiders, cockroaches, tortoises, deer, and ducks). Our findings indicate that movement increases the intensity of relevant emotional reactions to cockroaches, tortoises, deer, and ducks, but not snakes or spiders. Action motivation ratings indicate that movement increases approach motivations for the positively associated animals but does not alter avoidance motivations for the negatively associated animals. The implications for our understanding of the perception of and reactions to animals are discussed. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection