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The main aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of Chinese domestic political discourse through an analysis of the Chinese domestic media narrative surrounding the recent trade war with the United States. Using a mixed method of quantitative analysis of keywords and qualitative analysis of headline emotivity from media articles published by three big Chinese domestic news outlets, we were able to explore the language and emotions of their narrative. The results of keyword analysis identified the prevalence of politically motivated discourse, which was dominant throughout majority of this conflict. Themes such as strong self- identification, Chinese victim self-portrayal and American aggression were very strongly mentioned in the discourse of this population. Meanwhile, the interest of Chinese media in global economy and multilateral trading system was very little, with only few mentions in comparison to the political aspects of the discourse. Additionally, publishing volumes over the course of the conflict showed that despite the Chinese media reporting escalatory developments of the trade conflict more, the qualitative headline emotivity analysis discovered a general preference for the usage of rather neutral language and appeasing rhetoric.

This dissertation examines (1) whether there are differences in how sympathy is expressed in situations of differing gravity by native speakers (NSs) of Spanish and English, as well as intermediate second language (L2) learners of Spanish; and (2) Spanish NSs' thoughts regarding learners' nonstandard reactions to these situations. The data collection involved an informal conversation eliciting sympathy and a retrospective interview. Sympathy is examined not only as an emotion but also as a means to achieve social or conversational goals. Hence, the analysis involves both linguistic and sociological theories. Using aspects of Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969), Conversation Analysis (Schegloff & Jefferson, 1974) and Politeness Theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987), and following Clark's (1997) ideas on the process of giving sympathy, it was found that when reacting to an interlocutor's hardships, speakers may experience genuine overt sympathy, covert sympathy or surface sympathy, which are influenced by social and politeness factors, personality differences and conversational structure. Results also indicate that differences exist in how sympathy is expressed by NSs of English and Spanish, particularly for low gravity situations. For high gravity situations, speakers of both languages tended to rely more on the use of formulaic expressions. Also, learners were often unable to react due to linguistic limitations. Some learners transferred pragmatic knowledge from their L1 to their L2, while others had acquired sufficient L2 pragmatic information to react appropriately. Finally, it was seen that NSs are more lenient regarding pragmatic errors committed by non-NSs of the language, but many consider that failing to express compassion in certain contexts could negatively impact the communication or relationship between interlocutors. The findings suggest that learning to express emotion such as compassion is an important part of achieving L2 communicative competence and, since cultural and pragmatic differences exist among languages, learners should be exposed to real-life, communicative situations in order to acquire such emotive skills. This dissertation contributes to the fields of second language acquisition and pragmatics by combining cognitive, affective and social factors to show how they interact with language production and comprehension. / text

V teoretické části diplomové práce jsem se zabývala rizikovými faktory, které mohou přecházet v poruchy chování u dětí v období školní docházky. Dále jsem zpracovala metodiku, která je s touto problematikou spjatá a uvedla možnosti přístupů, které lze v preventivních aktivitách využít. Nejedná se pouze o aktivity směřující k dětem a mládeži, ale i o přístupy směrem k pedagogům, rodičům a široké veřejnosti. Snažila jsem se vždy zdůraznit to, co je pro školní prostředí nejúčinnější. Nechybí ani názorné příklady.

Le développement comportemental de l’individu est particulièrement sensible aux influences sociales précoces. La mère, en tant que partenaire privilégié des jeunes dès la naissance, joue un rôle primordial dans leur survie et leur développement. Chez l’oiseau précoce, s’il est bien établi que le comportement maternel varie en fonction des caractéristiques personnelles de la mère, en revanche le rôle des jeunes dans ces variations et les conséquences sur leur développement restent encore méconnus. Chez la caille japonaise (Coturnix coturnix japonica), nous nous sommes, dans un premier temps, intéressés à l’influence d’un lien de parenté entre la mère et tous ses cailleteaux. Nous avons montré que ce facteur n’induisait pas de variation de son comportement maternel, permettant de poser l’hypothèse d’une faible sélectivité parentale chez cette espèce. Nous avons montré qu’en revanche un changement de comportement des cailleteaux suite à une modification de l’environnement prénatale pouvait améliorer le comportement maternel en diminuant l’agressivité maternelle. Nous avons ensuite démontré qu’un nombre de cailleteaux plus important induisait une amélioration des premières interactions mais amenait un rejet émancipatoire plus précoce de la part de la mère. Enfin nous avons exploré l’influence de la composition sexuée de la fratrie. Il apparait que les mères s’investissaient plus auprès de leurs petits mâles mais que cela était dépendant du sexe des autres membres de la fratrie. L’ensemble de nos travaux montre que les variations du comportement maternel ont une influence certaine sur le développement comportemental des jeunes dont le sexe détermine leur sensibilité aux différents traits maternels. / The behavioural development of the individual is particularly sensitive to early social influences. The mother, as a privileged partner of the young from the birth, plays a primordial role in their survival and their development. In the precocial bird, although it is well established that maternal behavior varies according to the mother's personal characteristics, the role of the young in these variations and the consequences on their development remain unknown. In the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), we were initially interested in the influence of a relatedness between the mother and all her chicks. We showed that this factor did not induce any variation in its maternal behaviour, allowing us to place the hypothese of a weak parental selectivity in this species. We showed that, on the other hand, a change in the chicks’ behaviour following a modification of the prenatal environment improved the maternal behaviour, decreasing maternal aggressivity. We then demonstrated that a greater number of chicks induced an improvement of the first interactions but induced an emancipatory rejection earlier by the mother. Finally, we explored the influence of the sexual brood composition. It appears that mothers were more involved in their male chicks but that it was dependent on the sex of the other members of the brood. All of our work shows that these variations in maternal behaviour have a sure influence on the behavioural development of chicks whose sex determines their sensitivity to different maternal traits.