De março de 2010 a dezembro de 2012, o Observatório de Comunicação, Liberdade de Expressão e Censura (OBCOM) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) desenvolveu a pesquisa Opinião Pública e Censura no Mundo Contemporâneo. Para abarcar a complexidade e a diversidade de pontos de vista, diferentes instrumentos de investigação foram empregados, dentre eles, a produção de vídeo-entrevistas. Consideramos relevante avivar o debate a incorporação da linguagem audiovisual ao trabalho de pesquisa empírica no âmbito das Ciências Humanas e Sociais tanto para ressaltar quanto justificar possibilidades renovadas de postura, abordagem, interação e divulgação de nossa produção científica. O processo desta proposta audiovisual em seus aspectos epistemológicos, teóricos e técnicos foi o objeto deste trabalho. Partindo da experiência de produção, a metodologia que adotamos converge com experiências contemporâneas da Antropologia, Ciências Sociais, Cinema e Documentário. Sendo assim, a construção da pesquisa colocou em relevo as questões: a) O debate sobre a incorporação das imagens ao trabalho científico e a validade de uma metodologia na pesquisa empírica com audiovisual; b) O questionamento do uso de mídias a partir das Ciências da Comunicação; c) Como o audiovisual foi incorporado em uma pesquisa sobre Opinião Pública e suas possibilidades de análises; d) As renovadas posturas de abordagem, interação e divulgação da produção científica contemporânea. / From March 2010 to December 2012, the Universitys of São Paulo Observatório de Comunicação, Liberdade de Expressão e Censura (OBCOM), developed the research Public Opinion and Censorship in Contemporary World (Opinião Pública e Censura no Mundo Contemporâneo). To arrest the complexity and the diversity of different points of view, multiple investigations apparatus were used, such as the video-recording production. We considered relevant, to enliven the debate, the implantation of audiovisual language in the empiric research work inside Humanities studies. This would justify the renewed possibilities of stance, approach, interaction and disclosing of scientific production and also, would highlight them. The process of this audiovisual proposal in its epistemological, technical and theoretical aspects is the object of this paper. Based on the production experience, we adopt a methodology that converges with contemporary experiences in Anthropology, Social Sciences, Cinema and Documentary. In light of this evidence, the main questions that the research points at are: a-) the debate about the images incorporation in scientific work and the validation of a methodology in empiric research with audiovisual resources; b-) the questioning of media uses in Communication Sciences; c-) how audiovisual resources were used in a research about public opinion and how we can analyze them; d-) the renewed stances of approach, interaction and divulgation of contemporary scientific production.

Orientador: Bernardo Laks / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:04:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcal_Nei_D.pdf: 86929566 bytes, checksum: 04c8aa7c4176175d973ff0990de45bad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Antes da década de 70, todos os materiais poliméricos eram considerados como isolantes e suas aplicações tecnológicas levavam em conta esta característica. De lá para cá, uma nova classe desses materiais, os polímeros conjugados, determinaram uma nova forma de aplicação de sistemas poliméricos baseados em suas propriedades elétricas e de ótica não-linear. Um maior estímulo surgiu a partir do experimento de Mac Diarmid, Heeger e Shirakawa [1] que, expondo o Poliacetileno a agentes oxidantes, demonstraram ser possível obter um sistema no estado metálico. Atualmente encontramos filmes de Poliacetileno com condutividade elétrica da ordem do cobre (105 S/cm). O Poliacetileno, quando no regime metálico, i.e., sob alta dopagem, apresenta algumas características de metal comum: alta condutividade elétrica (cresce 13 ordens de grandeza), susceptibilidade de Pauli finita e absorção no infravermelho. Já outras propriedades como a presença de modos vibracionais localizados no infravermelho e o não comportamento da condutividade com o inverso da temperatura evidenciam ser este um material não usual. Estes polímeros conjugados que apresentam uma extensiva delocalização de elétrons são considerados semicondutores orgânicos com gap de energia relativamente pequeno, da ordem de 1,5 a 2,0 eV. O comportamento semicondutor e as propriedades decorrentes entre os elétrons e a luz têm originado a construção de vários dispositivos semicondutores e optoeletrônicos [2, 7, 3]. Problemas técnicos como estabilidade ao ambiente, processabilidade e solubilidade destes materiais provocaram a produção de uma nova classe de materiais poliméricos que foi obtida por polimerização eletroquímica [57, 58, 59] cuja estrutura molecular trata-se de sistemas que introduzem grupos vinilas (V) entre anéis de tiofeno (T). Experimentos de voltametria cíclica, espectroscopia de absorção ótica e ressonância eletrônica de spin indicam que esses sistemas possuem potencial de ionização e gap de energia menores que o apresentado pelo Politiofeno. Estudos com oligômeros de tiofeno (T) com vinilenos (V) sugerem a possibilidade de escolha desse material como alternativa ao politiofeno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar teoricamente a influência do grupo vinila (V) sobre as propriedades eletrônicas nestes polímeros, reproduzir os resultados experimentais e determinar qual proporção de vinilenos (V) e tiofenos (T) que provoque o menor gap de energia de forma que quando sobre dopagem possibilite uma transição isolante metal. Desta maneira, primeiramente, determinamos as geometrias dos sistemas de interesse utilizando métodos semi-empíricos. Posteriormente investigamos a estrutura eletrônica dos polímeros de tiofeno (T) com vinilenos (V), sendo que estes polímeros foram estudados para o caso neutro e na presença de defeitos conformacionais do tipo pólaron e bipólaron. Finalizamos o estudo investigando as absorções ópticas UV-vis dos sistemas de interesse através de cálculos semi-empíricos utilizando o código ZINDO/S. / Abstract: Before the 1970s, all polymeric materials were considered insulators; therefore their technological applications would take this trait into account. Since then, a new development on these materials, the conjugated polymers, determined new applications for polymeric systems based in their electrical and nonlinear optical properties. Greater interest arose from the experiment by Mac Diarmid, Heeger and Shirakawa [1] who, by using polyacetylene and oxidizing agents, showed that it is possible to obtain a system in the metallic state. Nowadays it is possible to find polyacetylene films with electrical conductivity of the order of copper (10-5 S/cm). Polyacetylene, when in its metallic behavior, i.e., under high dopage, presents some characteristics of real metal: high electrical conductivity (increased by 13 orders of magnitude), finite Pauli susceptibility and infrared absorption. On the other hand, other properties such as the presence of vibrational modes localized on infrared and the odd behavior of conductivity versus the inverse of temperature make clear that this is a unusual material. These conjugated polymers, presenting an extensive delocalization of electrons, are considered organic semiconductors with relatively low energy gap, of the order of 1.5 to 2.0 eV. The semiconductive behavior and the resulting properties of the interaction between electrons and light have been the drive for the manufacturing of several semiconductor and optoelectronic devices [2, 7, 3]. Technical problems, such as environmental stability, processability and solubility of these materials, gave rise to the production of a new kind of polymeric materials that were obtained by electrochemical polymerization [57, 58, 59], in which the molecular structure is a system that introduces vinylene groups (V) between tiophene rings (T). Experiments involving cyclic voltametry, optical absorption spectrometry and spin electronic ressonance indicate that these systems have ionization potential and energy gap smaller than those presented by Polythiophene. Studies with thiopene oligomers (T) with vinylene (V) suggest this material can be chosen as an alternative to Polytiophene. The goal of this work is to theoretically investigate the in uence of the vinyle group (V) on the electronic properties on these polymers, reproduce experimental results and determine what is the vinylene (V) to thiophene (T) rate that causes the smallest energy gap, such that doping will produce a insulator-metal transition. Therefore, we first determine the target systems' geometry using semi-empirical methods. Then we investigate the electronic structure of the tiophene (T) and vinylene (V) polymers both for neutral systems and in the presence of conformational defects of polaron and bipolaron types. We nalized the study by investigating the UV-vis optical absorption of the target systems through semi-empirical calculations using ZINDO/S code. / Doutorado / Estrutura Eletronica de Atomos e Moleculas ; Teoria / Doutor em Ciências

[pt] Um dos objetivos da engenharia de software é a construção de software com um nível de qualidade elevado com o menor custo e no menor tempo possível. Nesse contexto, muitas técnicas para o controle da qualidade de design de software têm sido definidas. Além disso, mecanismos baseados em métricas para a detecção de problemas também têm sido definidos. A maioria dessas técnicas e mecanismos foca a análise do código fonte. Porém, para reduzir retrabalho inútil, é importante utilizar técnicas de análise da qualidade capazes de detectar problemas de design já desde os modelos dos sistemas. Esta dissertação propõe: (i) um conjunto de estratégias de detecção para identificar, em modelos UML, problemas de design específicos e recorrentes na literatura: Long Parameter List, God Class, Data Class, Shotgun Surgery, Misplaced Class e God Package, e (ii) a utilização do modelo da qualidade QMOOD para avaliar design de software a partir de seus diagramas de classes. Para automatizar a aplicação destes mecanismos foi implementada uma ferramenta: a QCDTool. Os mecanismos desenvolvidos foram avaliados no contexto de dois estudos experimentais. O primeiro estudo avaliou a acurácia, precisão e recall das estratégias de detecção propostas. Esse estudo mostrou os benefícios e desvantagens da aplicação, em modelos, das estratégias de detecção propostas. O segundo estudo avaliou a utilidade da aplicação do modelo da qualidade QMOOD em diagramas UML. Esse estudo mostrou que foi possível identificar, em diagramas de classes, variações das propriedades de design, e, conseqüentemente, dos atributos da qualidade nos sistemas analisados. / [en] One of the goals of software engineering is the development of high quality software at a small cost an in a short period of time. In this context, several techniques have been defined for controlling the quality of software designs. Furthermore, many metrics-based mechanisms have been defined for detecting software design flaws. Most of these mechanisms and techniques focus on analyzing the source code. However, in order to reduce unnecessary rework it is important to use quality analysis techniques that allow the detection of design flaws earlier in the development cycle. We believe that these techniques should analyze design flaws starting from software models. This dissertation proposes: (i) a set of strategies to detect, in UML models, specific and recurrent design problems: Long Parameter List, God Class, Data Class, Shotgun Surgery, Misplaced Class and God Package; (ii) and the use of QMOOD quality model to analyze class diagrams. To automate the application of these mechanisms we implemented a tool: the QCDTool. The detection strategies and QMOOD model were evaluated in the context of two experimental studies. The first study analyzed the accuracy, precision and recall of the proposed detection strategies. The second study analyzed the utility of use QMOOD quality model in the class diagrams. The results of the first study have shown the benefits and drawbacks of the application in class diagrams of some of the proposed detection strategies. The second study shows that it was possible to identify, based on class diagrams, variations of the design properties and consequently, of the quality attributes in the analyzed systems.

Context: Despite continuously increasing importance of Agile and Lean in software development, the number of studies that investigate on use of metrics relevant to Agile or Lean are limited and yet few studies implements was unclear. Unclear is which are the prominent metrics that are useful in industries, and their purpose of usage. Objectives: Main goal of this study is to find the metrics useful in Agile and Lean practicing industries; that are evaluated in industries by systematically identifying all the metrics from empirical evidence found in Literature as well as verifying which of them are prominently being used in industries. In addition, the purpose of using these metrics in industries are reported, and causes for dissatisfaction on use of some of the identified metrics among surveyed companies are investigated and reported. Methods: Two research methodologies are used; Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Industrial Survey. SLR is performed using snowballing as search approach to select primary studies. SLR is used to identify all the metrics that are useful for Agile and Lean software development. Rigor and relevance analysis is performed to assess the quality of the resulted primary studies. Industrial survey was conducted in order to verify and extend the empirical evidence exists in Literature regarding metrics by finding which of them are more prominently being used. Moreover causes for dissatisfaction over outcome of metrics use for process improvements were observed by performing comparative analysis between unsatisfied respondents results and satisfied respondents results. Results: In total 20 metrics were identified from the studies having high rigor and high relevance. Moreover 11 out of these 20 metrics were identified to be prominently being used in industries using survey and other 9 metrics are found useful for Agile or Lean methods but need more awareness. Evidence from both SLR and survey shows that most of these identified or potential metrics are used for time associated purposes which are predictability, tracking, forecasting or planning, and very little evidence found for metrics that are being used directly for quality purpose. It was observed that some of the surveyed respondents who answered not satisfied with the metrics being used are not aware of the potential benefits these metrics can offer in Agile or Lean settings. Conclusion: Evidence from both SLR and survey shows that the identified 20 metrics are very important and useful for Agile or Lean methods. 11 out of these 20 metrics are prominently being used by industries and evidence shows for other 9 metrics are also useful for Agile but needs more awareness for industries to realize their potential benefits in large scale. Also, more evidence is found for metrics that are used for time related purposes which are being dominant and important in industries than quality focused metrics. Therefore, it is important for industries not only to know which metrics are appropriate for Agile or Lean but also to have a deep understating of metrics behaviors. This will help to realize the level predictability these metric’s offer in order to make right assumptions or planning. / Mobile no: (+46)-723110118

Context. Global Software Development (GSD) is the plan of action in which software development is performed under temporal, political, organizational and cultural boundaries. Offshore outsourced software development is the part of GSD, which refers to the transfer of certain software development activities to an external organization in another country. The primary factors driving offshore outsourced software development are low cost, access to a large pool of skilled laborers, increased productivity, high quality, market access and short development cycle. Requirements engineering (RE) and especially requirements elicitation is highly affected by the geographical distribution and multitude of stakeholders. Objectives. The goal of conducting this study is to explore the challenges and solutions associated with requirements elicitation phase during offshore software projects, both in research literature and in industrial practice. Moreover, this study examines that which of the challenges and practices reported in literature can be seen in industrial practice. This helped in finding out the similarities and differences between the state of art and state of practice. Methods. Data collection process has been done through systematic literature review (SLR) and web survey. SLR has been conducted using guidelines of Kitchenham and Charters. During SLR, The studies have been identified from the most reliable and authentic databases such as Compendex, Inspec (Engineering village) and Scopus. In the 2nd phase, survey has been conducted with 391 practitioners from various organizations involved in GSD projects. In the 3rd phase, qualitative comparative analysis has been applied as an analysis method. Results. In total 10 challenges and 45 solutions have been identified from SLR and survey. Through SLR, 8 challenges and 22 solutions have been identified. While through industrial survey, 2 additional challenges and 23 additional solutions have been identified. By analyzing the frequency of challenges, the most compelling challenges are communication, control and socio-cultural issues. Conclusions. The comparison between theory and practice explored the most compelling challenges and their associated solutions. It is concluded that socio-cultural awareness and proper communication between client and supplier organization’s personnel is paramount for successful requirements elicitation. The scarcity of research literature in this area suggests that more work needs to be done to explore some strategies to mitigate the impact of additional 2 challenges revealed through survey. / 0046 707123094

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude numérique et expérimentale de l’utilisation de métamatériaux pour le contrôle des ondes à la surface de l’eau. Dans la première partie, nous avons montré comment focaliser les ondes à la surface de l’eau en utilisant une analogie existant avec des métamatériaux électromagnétiques de permittivité diélectrique quasi nulle qualifiés de ”epsilon-near-zero”. Cela a permis d’adapter le motif de phase à l’interface circulaire entre deux domaines présentant un contraste élevé de profondeur d’eau. L’analogie a donné lieu a un comportement fortement non linéaire des ondes, qui se manifeste par la génération d’une cascade de points focaux associés à des sous-multiples de longueurs d’onde par rapport à l’onde incidente. La deuxième application envisagée des métamatériaux pour les ondes à la surface est de rendre invisible les défauts géométriques d’un guide pour un observateur situé en champ lointain. Dans le premier projet lié au cloaking, des guides d’onde possédant différentes sections transverses ont été analysés. L’efficacité de la bathymétrie, donnée par la cartographie conformationnelle, a été evaluée numériquement en termes de propriétés de diffusion. Dans le second projet, nous avons montré numériquement comment rendre invisible un cylindre qui est décalé de l’axe d’un guide d’onde. Utiliser une bathymétrie de cloaking lisse autour du cylindre permet de reduire de manière significative la dispersion dans une large gamme de frequences. Des experiences réalisées avec des bathymétries conformes aux simulations ont confirmé une augmentation de la transmission par rapport à un scenario de référence avec fond plat. / This thesis presents numerical and experimental results concerning usage of metamaterials for water waves control. Two applications were considered. Firstly, we showed how to focus water waves using analogy to a group of metamaterials called epsilon-near-zero. This allowed to tailor phase pattern at the circular interface between two domains with high contrast in water depth. The analogy resulted in highly nonlinear behaviour of waves, manifested by sub-wavelength cascade of focal spots with respect to the incident wave. The second considered application of metamaterials for water waves was hiding (cloaking) defects in a waveguide from the far-field observer. In the first project, related to cloaking, waveguide with varying cross-sections was analyzed. The efficiency of bathymetry, rendered by conformal mapping, was evaluated in terms of scattering properties. The influence of water waves dispersivity on the cancellation of scattering was also determined. Cloaking properties of the obtained bathymetry were experimentally confirmed using a wave packet characterized by broadband spectrum. In the second project, we showed how to cloak a cylinder that is shifted from the centreline of a waveguide. Smooth cloaking bathymetry surrounding a cylinder was able to significantly reduce the scattering in broad range of frequencies. The experimental counterparts confirmed increase in transmission with respect to a reference case with flat bathymetry. The remainder of the thesis presents novel method for the analysis of fringe profilometry images. Performance of the new method was compared to the Fourier Transform Profilometry. We obtained significant enhancement in spectral capabilities.

Context: Software Process Improvement uses lean principles for eliminating wastes in the software development process. Waste is defined as anything that does not add value to the customer and product. The seven traditional wastes in software engineering are partially done work, extra process, extra features, waiting, motion, task switching and defects. Using the lean principles and practices, the wastes can be reduced or eliminated. It is important to know the lean practices that are widely used in software development and to know the practices, which captures the seven wastes. From the literature, the ability of waste reduction is theoretically discussed [2], but practically only little empirical evidence is available on ‘which practice is best capable in reducing specific kinds of waste.’ Objectives: Many software development organizations have adopted lean practices and agile practices for eliminating wastes of different kinds. Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of lean practices in their ability to reduce the seven types of wastes associated with Lean Software Engineering. Methodology: The methodology that is used in this study is systematic literature review and industrial survey. In order to achieve the objective on evaluating the lean practices and agile practices in their ability to reduce the seven types of wastes that have more attention in research, a systematic literature review is conducted. Thereafter, to capture the effectiveness of lean practices in waste removal, a survey is designed to capture the perception of practitioners. Results: The systematic literature review has identified 53 relevant studies to the research topic. From these primary studies, the lean practices/principles, hybrid agile and lean practices, and the efficiency of agile practices in eliminating the seven wastes were identified. In addition to that, wastes that are captured by using lean practices; hybrid lean and agile practices were also identified. The reason for considering agile practices is that, agile and lean have similarities in eliminating the wastes and creating value to the customer [2][3]. Through the systematic literature review, it can be observed that researchers have not investigated all the seven wastes captured by lean practices. Thereafter, survey is the main contribution to this research where, the responses of 55 respondents from different countries were recorded. Most of the respondents are from India with 42% of the responses. We have asked the role of every respondent in their companies, and 19 respondents are Team leaders, 16 respondents are project managers and remaining people perform various other roles in software development. 38 respondents are from large-scale industry, which constitutes the majority part of the survey. The main contribution of the survey is identifying the ability of lean practices in eliminating different wastes. The respondents were asked to provide their level of agreement related to the effectiveness of each lean practices and agile practice in waste removal. A comparison between the results of SLR and survey reveals that there is a lot of variance in the perception of researchers and practitioners regarding the lean practices in eliminating wastes. Survey captures more wastes than SLR. From the results of survey, it was also identified that using the lean practices i.e. Kanban and VSM can eliminate most of the wastes. Kanban (41) and VSM (33) are mostly used and more efficient in industries. Conclusions: To conclude, the obtained results from this study will be quite useful for the real-time execution of lean practices. Team leaders, project managers, and organizations can adopt lean by choosing lean practices in accordance to the wastes that have to be eliminated from their software development process. This study has also identified the benefits and limitations of lean practices implemented in industry. This study helps researchers in providing necessary information that is very useful for further research in lean practices. The combinations of lean practices were also presented, which in terms one lean practice can compensate another in capturing all the seven wastes. In the survey, the additional wastes were identified when compared to SLR and this complements the literature. There is a considerable reach gap between the state of art and state of practice. It has been identified that VSM and Kanban practices have much attention in the literature. The remaining practices like Kotter and Kaizen are less concentrated in most of the research literature. From the literature, it is evident that none of the practices is capable of eliminating all the seven wastes in software development. VSM is capable of capturing wastes like waiting, extra process and motion. In addition, Kanban captures and eliminates wastes like partially done work, defects, task switching and extra features. With respect to the survey, Kanban and VSM practices are efficient in eliminating wastes. When the practitioners consider hybrid lean and agile practices, the combination of Kanban and Scrum, Scrum and VSM are efficient in eliminating wastes. The practitioners can consider the benefits of lean practices that are identified in this research. / V S S N R Ram Nanduri vssnrram@gmail.com

Open-source software is becoming a gradually more popular as a software development method; some of the most successful softwares are for example: the Linux operating system, Mozilla, Apache web server and openoffice.org. Open source softwares viewed by many as being very good in terms of their usage, reliability, performance and market share. Mostly open source software developer focus on functionality and different feature of the software; on the other hand they ignore the user centric design requirement. In this thesis the importance of the usability in Open source applications, such as Openoffice.org are described and how usability can be measured by assessing user performance such as, satisfaction, effectiveness and acceptability. Openoffice.org is a freely available office suite in different operating system and with different languages. The OpenOffice.org 3.0 feature set is similar to the feature set of Microsoft Office 2003. It has word processing, spreadsheet and presentation applications all together within a common suite. But still this application suite is not much familiar among common users that cause a major usability threat for usability studies. The basic purposed of this thesis was to find out the issues and users satisfaction regarding this Openoffice.org. Empirical method of usability assessment such as thinks aloud, Questionnaires and interviews were used. / Folkparkvagen 20 Lag 10 Ronneby 37240 Sweden Mobile number 0046-700183591

This final thesis covers the basics of artificial neural networks, with focus on supervised learning, pruning and the problem of achieving good generalization ability. An empirical investigation is conducted on twelve dierent problems originating from the Proben1 benchmark collection.The results indicate that pruning is more likely to improve generalization if the data is sensitive to overtting or if the networks are likely to be trapped in local minima.

Mutation testing is a powerful, but resource intense technique for asserting software quality. This report investigates two claims about one of the mutation operators on procedural logic, the relation operator replacement (ROR). The constrained ROR mutant operator is a type of constrained mutation, which targets to lower the number of mutants as a “do smarter” approach, making mutation testing more suitable for industrial use. The findings in the report shows that the hypothesis on subsumption is rejected if mutants are to be detected on function return values. The second hypothesis stating that a test case can only detect a single top-level mutant in a subsumption graph is also rejected. The report presents a comprehensive overview on the domain of mutation testing, displays examples of the masking behaviour previously not described in the field of mutation testing, and discusses the importance of the granularity where the mutants should be detected under execution. The contribution is based on literature survey and experiment. The empirical findings as well as the implications are discussed in this master dissertation.