O uso de substâncias químicas tem sido relatado em diferentes culturas e períodos históricos; entretanto os tipos de substâncias utilizadas, o contexto social, as práticas de consumo e o que é considerado excesso, bem como as práticas de seu controle e os modos de intervenção, apresentam especificidades. Deparamo-nos hoje com o fato de que o uso considerado abusivo pode ser caracterizado como doença (dependência). Para os sujeitos nessa condição de existência, existe toda uma estrutura de poderes (Ministério da Saúde e Ministério Público) e saberes (médico, jurídico, psicológico, religioso, etc.) propondo instituições e modelos de tratamento. Através da inserção em uma dessas instituições de tratamento para dependentes químicos e da análise dos modos de subjetivação e das políticas cognitivas, propomos uma pesquisa-intervenção, com a finalidade de possibilitar o exercício da cognição enativa/inventiva. Adotar como perspectiva a cognição enativa/inventiva implica estabelecer outra relação de conhecimento, baseada na produção de si próprio (autopoiese) e daquilo que tomamos por realidade em distintas redes de conversação. Dessa forma, as oficinas de máscaras surgem como uma proposta de pesquisa-intervenção que tem como objetivo mapear e acompanhar os movimentos cognitivos emergentes nas mesmas, inseridas no marco institucional de um serviço para dependentes de substâncias químicas. Tomamos como foco de estudo os modos pelos quais os usuários desse serviço de saúde que participam da oficina (intervenção) de produção de máscaras colocam questões e compartilham emoções - por eles consideradas pertinentes - em relação às experiências pessoal, institucional e com as tecnologias. Buscamos ainda, avaliar os efeitos da emergência de uma política de cognição enativa em um contexto terapêutico predominantemente recognitivo. Para a análise das oficinas, tomamos o conceito de cognição enativa como uma ferramenta metodológica que nos potencialize distinguir momentos em uma rede de produção-conversação nos quais exista um linguajar que vitalize coordenações de ações até então inusitadas na história desse coletivo e um emocionar no qual a experiência do outro possa ser aceita como legítima. / The use of chemical substances has been reported in different cultures and historical periods. However, the types of substances used, the social context, the consumption practices and what is considered excessive, as well as control practices and means of intervention present specificities. Nowadays, we face the fact that the use considered abusive may be characterized as a disease (dependence). There is a structure of powers (Health Ministry and Public Ministry) and knowledge (medical, legal, psychological, religious, etc.) proposing institutions and treatment models concerning subjects who live under such conditions. Through the insertion in one of such treatment institutions for chemical dependents and through the analysis of the subjectivation forms and of the cognitive policies, we propose an interventionresearch, aiming to enable the assignment of the inventive/enactive cognition. Adopting the inventive/enactive cognition as a perspective implies to establish another knowledge relation based on the production of oneself (autopoiesis) and on what we take as reality in distinct conversation networks. Thus, the mask workshops rise as a proposal of intervention-research that have as their aim to map and follow the cognitive movements emerging from them, inserted on the institutional placement of a service for chemical substance dependents. Our study focuses on the means by which the users of this health service that take part on the mask production workshop (intervention) lay questions and share emotions - considered relevant by them - concerning personal and institutional experiences, as well as the experiences regarding technologies. Yet, we pursue to evaluate the effects of the emergency of enactive cognition policies in a predominantly recognitive therapeutic context. Regarding the analysis of the workshops, we take the concept of enactive cognition as a methodological tool that potentializes the distinction of moments in a productionconversation network in which there is an expression through the language that vitalizes unusual coordination of actions in the history of this group and an emotional stimulation in which the experience of the other ones may be accepted as legitimate.

O uso de substâncias químicas tem sido relatado em diferentes culturas e períodos históricos; entretanto os tipos de substâncias utilizadas, o contexto social, as práticas de consumo e o que é considerado excesso, bem como as práticas de seu controle e os modos de intervenção, apresentam especificidades. Deparamo-nos hoje com o fato de que o uso considerado abusivo pode ser caracterizado como doença (dependência). Para os sujeitos nessa condição de existência, existe toda uma estrutura de poderes (Ministério da Saúde e Ministério Público) e saberes (médico, jurídico, psicológico, religioso, etc.) propondo instituições e modelos de tratamento. Através da inserção em uma dessas instituições de tratamento para dependentes químicos e da análise dos modos de subjetivação e das políticas cognitivas, propomos uma pesquisa-intervenção, com a finalidade de possibilitar o exercício da cognição enativa/inventiva. Adotar como perspectiva a cognição enativa/inventiva implica estabelecer outra relação de conhecimento, baseada na produção de si próprio (autopoiese) e daquilo que tomamos por realidade em distintas redes de conversação. Dessa forma, as oficinas de máscaras surgem como uma proposta de pesquisa-intervenção que tem como objetivo mapear e acompanhar os movimentos cognitivos emergentes nas mesmas, inseridas no marco institucional de um serviço para dependentes de substâncias químicas. Tomamos como foco de estudo os modos pelos quais os usuários desse serviço de saúde que participam da oficina (intervenção) de produção de máscaras colocam questões e compartilham emoções - por eles consideradas pertinentes - em relação às experiências pessoal, institucional e com as tecnologias. Buscamos ainda, avaliar os efeitos da emergência de uma política de cognição enativa em um contexto terapêutico predominantemente recognitivo. Para a análise das oficinas, tomamos o conceito de cognição enativa como uma ferramenta metodológica que nos potencialize distinguir momentos em uma rede de produção-conversação nos quais exista um linguajar que vitalize coordenações de ações até então inusitadas na história desse coletivo e um emocionar no qual a experiência do outro possa ser aceita como legítima. / The use of chemical substances has been reported in different cultures and historical periods. However, the types of substances used, the social context, the consumption practices and what is considered excessive, as well as control practices and means of intervention present specificities. Nowadays, we face the fact that the use considered abusive may be characterized as a disease (dependence). There is a structure of powers (Health Ministry and Public Ministry) and knowledge (medical, legal, psychological, religious, etc.) proposing institutions and treatment models concerning subjects who live under such conditions. Through the insertion in one of such treatment institutions for chemical dependents and through the analysis of the subjectivation forms and of the cognitive policies, we propose an interventionresearch, aiming to enable the assignment of the inventive/enactive cognition. Adopting the inventive/enactive cognition as a perspective implies to establish another knowledge relation based on the production of oneself (autopoiesis) and on what we take as reality in distinct conversation networks. Thus, the mask workshops rise as a proposal of intervention-research that have as their aim to map and follow the cognitive movements emerging from them, inserted on the institutional placement of a service for chemical substance dependents. Our study focuses on the means by which the users of this health service that take part on the mask production workshop (intervention) lay questions and share emotions - considered relevant by them - concerning personal and institutional experiences, as well as the experiences regarding technologies. Yet, we pursue to evaluate the effects of the emergency of enactive cognition policies in a predominantly recognitive therapeutic context. Regarding the analysis of the workshops, we take the concept of enactive cognition as a methodological tool that potentializes the distinction of moments in a productionconversation network in which there is an expression through the language that vitalizes unusual coordination of actions in the history of this group and an emotional stimulation in which the experience of the other ones may be accepted as legitimate.

Cette thèse propose une approche de la collaboration homme-machine, inspirée de la théorie de l'Enaction, dans le domaine de l'interprétation de données complexes. L'autonomie des deux partenaires vise à leur permettre de réaliser une interprétation en s'appuyant sur leurs compétences. Pour préserver leur autonomie, la communication du système avec son partenaire est réalisée au moyen d'annotations. Cette approche est appliquée à la conception d'un système multi-agents pour l'interprétation collaborative de signaux physiologiques de patients en réanimation médicale, i.e. des séries temporelles multivariées. Ce système est capable de construire une interprétation des séries temporelles par la construction (1) de modèles d'évènements et de scénarios (ensembles d'évènements reliés par des relations temporelles) et (2) d'annotations à partir de ces modèles. Les modèles qu'il construit évoluent au cours de l'interprétation pour prendre en compte les annotations du partenaire humain.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A presente pesquisa se constitui na intersecção entre os estudos da cognição propostos por Humberto Maturana e Francisco Varela, a cultura dos videogames e a mobilidade das tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Considerando que tal intersecção constitui espaços híbridos físico-digitais, o estudo aborda processos de produção de sentido em oficinas com adolescentes e com professoras de uma escola de ensino fundamental do município de Porto Alegre, nas quais os participantes jogaram um jogo digital baseado em localização. A compreensão dos processos de produção de sentido é sugerida a partir de três modulações performáticas da cognição que se constituem como pistas que movem a pesquisa: (1) a existência de afetos e disposições para a ação, (2) as coordenações de ações e a dinâmica de acoplamentos estruturais e (3) a emergência da função observador e a produção de distinções. Ao longo de três meses, foram realizados cinco encontros no formato de oficinas com o jogo “Um Dia no Jardim Botânico”, desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Ecologias e Políticas Cognitivas (NUCOGS) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Os encontros tiveram a participação de 33 estudantes (18 meninas e 15 meninos) que tinham entre 11 e 15 anos e frequentavam o 4º e 5º ano; e cinco professoras do 1º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental. A partir da análise dos registros, o estudo sugere que a experiência emocional exerce uma função importante em processos de produção de sentidos relacionados às práticas de jogo compartilhadas pelos jogadores, assim como para a composição de espaços percebidos como híbridos físico-digitais. / The following research brings forth the intersection between cognitive studies proposed by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, videogame culture and the mobility of communication and information technologies. Considering that such intersection consists of hybrid physical-digital spaces, this paper aims to investigate sense-making processes by school teenagers and teachers from Porto Alegre during workshops in which participants play a locative digital game. Comprehension of the sense-making processes is brought to light from three performatic modulations of cognitive sense-making that provide clues and push the research forward: (1) the existence of affects and dispositions for action, (2) action coordination and structural dynamic coupling and (3) the emergent function of observer and the creation of distinctions. Across three months, five workshop meetings were arranged where participants would play the game “A Day in the Botanic Garden”, developed by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul’s Cognitive Policy and Ecology Nucleus (Núcleo de Ecologias e Políticas Cognitivas – NUCOGS). With a total of 33 participant students (18 girls and 15 boys), between the ages of 11 and 15 years old as well as five 4th and 5th elementary grade school teachers. From the analysis of the workshop’s records our study suggests that emotional experience plays an important role in sense-making processes related to play activities shared between players just as well as for the creation of spaces perceived as physical-digital hybrids.

Behavioural scientists argue that ‘social learning' provides the link between biological phenomena and cultural phenomena because of its role in the ‘cultural transmission' of knowledge among individuals within and across generations. However, leading authors within the social sciences have proposed alternative ways of thinking about social life not founded on the Modern oppositions including nature-culture, biology-culture, body-mind, and individual-society. Similarly, the distinction between a domain of nature and a domain of nurture has also been extensively criticized within biology. Finally, advocates of ‘radical embodied cognitive science' offer an alternative to the representational-computational view of the mind which supports the conventional notion of culture and cultural information. This thesis attempts to integrate developmental systems theory, radical embodied cognitive science, and relational thinking, with the goal to bring the field of social learning closer to these critical theoretical developments. In Chapter 2, I find no justification for the claim that the genome carries information in the sense of specification of biological form. Chapter 3 presents a view of ontogeny as a historical, relational, constructive and contingent process. Chapter 4 uses the notions of environmental information, abilities, affordances, and intentions to make sense of behaviour and learning. In Chapter 5, I argue that the notion of social learning can be understood in terms of relational histories of development rather than in terms of transmission of information. I then report empirical studies investigating behavioural coordination and social learning consistent with this theoretical framework. Chapter 6 presents evidence that dyads in a joint making activity synchronize their attention constrained by their changing situation and that coordination of attention is predictive of implicit and explicit learning. Chapter 7 presents evidence that joint attention does not require gaze following and that attentional coordination is predictive of learning a manual task. Together, these theoretical and empirical studies suggest a new way of thinking about how humans and other animals live and learn socially, one that is consistent with critical theoretical and philosophical developments that are currently neglected in the literature on social learning.

Cette thèse propose une méthodologie qui intègre les méthodes formelles dans la spécification, la conception, la vérification et la validation des systèmes complexes concurrents et distribués avec une perspective à événements discrets. La méthodologie est basée sur le langage graphique HILLS (High Level Language for System Specification) que nous avons défini. HiLLS intègre des concepts de génie logiciel et de théorie des systèmes pour une spécification des systèmes. Précisément, HiLLS intègre des concepts et notations de DEVS (Discrete Event System Specification), UML (Unified Modeling Language) et Object-Z. Les objectifs de HILLS incluent la définition d’une syntaxe concrète graphique qui facilite la communicabilité des modèles et plusieurs domaines sémantiques pour la simulation, le prototypage, l’enaction et l’accessibilité à l’analyse formelle. L’Enaction se définit par le processus de création d’une instance du système qui s’exécute en temps réel (par opposition au temps virtuel utilisé en simulation). HiLLS permet la construction hiérarchique et modulaire des systèmes à événements discrets grâce à une description simple et rigoureuse des aspects statiques, dynamiques et fonctionnels des modèles. La sémantique pour simulation de HiLLS est définie en établissant un morphisme sémantique entre HiLLS et DEVS; de cette façon chaque modèle HiLLS peut être simulé en utilisant un simulateur DEVS. Cette approche permet aux utilisateurs DEVS d’utiliser HiLLS comme un langage de spécification dans la phase de modélisation et d’utiliser leurs propres implémentations locales ou distribuées de DEVS en phase de simulation. L’enactment des modèles HiLLS est basé sur une adaptation du patron de conception Observateur pour leur implémentation. La vérification formelle est faite en établissant un morphisme entre chaque niveau d’abstraction de HiLLS et une méthode formelle adaptée pour la vérification formelle des propriétés à ce niveau. Les modèles formels sur lesquels sont faites les vérifications formelles sont obtenus à partir des spécifications HiLLS en utilisant des morphismes. Les trois niveaux d’abstraction de HiLLS sont : le niveau composite, le niveau unitaire et le niveau des traces. Ces niveaux correspondent respectivement aux trois niveaux suivants de la hiérarchie de spécification des systèmes proposée par Zeigler : CN (Coupled Network), IOS (Input Output System) et IORO (Input Output Relation Observation). Nous avons établi des morphismes entre le niveau Composite et CSP (Communicating Sequential Processes), entre le niveau unitaire et Z, et nous utilisons les logiques temporelles telles que LTL, CTL et TCTL pour exprimer les propriétés sur les traces. HiLLS permet à la fois la spécification des modèles à structures statiques et les modèles à structures variables. Dans le cas des systèmes à structures variables, le niveau composite intègre à la fois des propriétés basées sur les états et les processus. Pour prendre en compte ces deux aspects, un morphisme est défini entre le niveau Composite de HiLLS et CSPZ (une combinaison de CSP et Z). Le processus de vérification et de validation combine la simulation, la vérification exhaustive de modèle (model checking) et la preuve de théorèmes (theorem proving) dans un Framework commun. La vérification exhaustive et la preuve de théorèmes sur les modèles HiLLS sont basées sur les outils associés aux méthodes formelles sélectionnées dans les morphismes. Nous appliquons la méthodologie de modélisation de HiLLS à la modélisation du Alternating Bit Protocol (ABP) et à celle d’un guichet automatique de dépôt de billet (Automated Teller Machine) (ATM). / This thesis proposes a methodology which integrates formal methods in the specification, design, verification and validation processes of complex, concurrent and distributed systems with discrete events perspectives. The methodology is based on the graphical language HILLS (High Level Language for System Specification) that we defined. HiLLS integrates software engineering and system theoretic views for the specification of systems. Precisely, HiLLS integrates concepts and notations from DEVS (Discrete Event System Specification), UML (Unified Modeling Language) and Object-Z. The objectives of HILLS include the definition of a highly communicable graphical concrete syntax and multiple semantic domains for simulation, prototyping, enactment and accessibility to formal analysis. Enactment refers to the process of creating an instance of system executing in real-clock time. HILLS allows hierarchical and modular construction of discrete event systems models while facilitating the modeling process due to the simple and rigorous description of the static, dynamic, structural and functional aspects of the models. Simulation semantics is defined for HiLLS by establishing a semantic mapping between HiLLS and DEVS; in this way each HiLLS model can be simulated by a DEVS simulator. This approach allow DEVS users to use HiLLS as a modeling language in the modeling phase and use their own stand alone or distributed DEVS implementation package to simulate the models. An enactment of HiLLS models is defined by adapting the observer design-pattern to their implementation. The formal verification of HiLLS models is made by establishing morphisms between each level of abstraction of HILLS and a formal method adapted for the formal verification of the properties at this level. The formal models on which are made the formal verification are obtained from HILLS specifications by using the mapping functions. The three levels of abstraction of HILLS are: the Composite level, the Unitary level and the Traces level. These levels correspond respectively to the following levels of the system specification hierarchy proposed by Zeigler: CN (Coupled Network), IOS (Input Output System) and IORO (Input Output Relation Observation). We have established morphisms between the Composite level and CSP (Communicating Sequential Processes), between Unitary level and Z and we expect to use temporal logics like LTL, CTL and TCTL to express traces level properties. HiLLS allows the specification of both static and dynamic structure systems. In case of dynamic structure systems, the composite level integrates both sate-based and process-based properties. To handle at the same time state-based and process-based properties, morphism is established between the dynamic composite level and CSPZ (a combination of CSP and Z); The verification and validation process combine simulation, model checking and theorem proving techniques in a common framework. The model checking and theorem proving of HILLS models are based on an integrated tooling framework composed of tools supporting the notations of the selected formal methods in the established morphisms. We apply our methodology to modeling of the Alternating Bit Protocol (ABP) and the Automated Teller Machine (ATM).

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Il s’agit dans cette étude des processus créatifs des systèmes automatiques et autogénératifs. Notre problématique se base sur le paradoxe suivant : comment est-il possible à un système automatique et autopoïétique de créer quelque chose de doté d’une valeur esthétique ? Peut-on parler d’une poïétique et d’une esthétique propres aux systèmes autogénératifs ? Si cela est possible, en quel sens peut-il avoir ? Et quels seraient les implications et les enjeux ? Comment faire concilier la conscience, l’intentionnalité, l’émotion, la subjectivité, l’intelligence créative et la libre décision avec l’automatisation et la programmation algorithmique ? En s’appuyant sur un échantillon de neuf artistes, et à partir d’une approche inductivo-déductive, nous avons essayé de réfléchir sur les liens nécessaires entre : automatisation, autonomie, auto génération et énaction. Nous nous sommes rendu compte qu’il y avait une évolution continue qui dirigeait toute l’histoire de l’instrumentalisation dans l’art. Cette médiation, toujours en évolution, a finalement abouti à un changement qualitatif, c'est-à-dire à un passage de paradigme du faire au paradigme du faire faire avec lequel les processus d’automatisation, d’autonomisation, d’autogénération et d’énaction se sont devenus de plus en plus déterminants pour l’acte de création artistique.Le paradigme du faire faire est un paradigme d’automatisation, d’autogénération, d’autopoïèse et d’émergence dans lequel, l’« artiste » ne génère plus directement l’œuvre, mais plutôt il instaure le contexte de son auto génération. Cette autogénérativité progressive prendra des formes et des degrés multiples, à commencer par la générativité combinatoire, exploratoire, adaptative et transformationnelle…, à travers les quelles, le triangle créatif traditionnel s’est trouvé inopérationnel, et par conséquent, la théorie de l’art condamnée à changer ses catégories.Dans ce contexte de changement paradigmatique, une « nouvelle hybridation homme-machine », une « créativité collective et distribuée » ou une « auto générativité éco systémique » se présentaient comme des pistes possibles vers des nouvelles pratiques créatives énactives, vers des nouvelles aventures de théorisation et de réflexions esthétiques ? / The purpose of this study is the creative processes of automatic and self-generating systems. The raised issue is based on the following paradox: how is it possible for an automatic and autopoietic system to create something that has an aesthetic value? Can we speak of poietic and aesthetic that are characteristics of self-generating systems? If possible, in what sense it is. And what would the implications and the stakes be. How to reconcile consciousness, intentionality emotion, with automation and algorithmic programming? Based on a sample of nine artists, and from a deductive-inductive approach, we have tried to reflect on the necessary links between: automation, autonomy, self-generation and énaction. We have come to realize that there is a continuous evolution that runs the entire history of the instrumentalization of art. This mediation, always evolving, has eventually led to a qualitative change. That is to a passage from a paradigm of do to a paradigm of make do with which the processes of automation, self-generation and enaction have become increasing crucial to the act of artistic creation. The make do paradigm is a paradigm of autopoiesis and emergence, in which, the artist no longer generates directly the work of art, but rather establishes the context of its self-generation. This progressive self-generation takes multiple forms and degrees, beginning with the combinatorial, explaratory, adaptive and transformational generativity through which the traditional creative triangle is found inoperative, and therefore the theory of advance art has changed its categories. In this context of paradigmatic change, à “new hybridization Human-Machine”, a “collective and distributed creativity” or “ecosystem auto-generativity” have become possible leads to new enactive and creative practices, to new adventures of aesthetic theory.

A presente pesquisa se constitui na intersecção entre os estudos da cognição propostos por Humberto Maturana e Francisco Varela, a cultura dos videogames e a mobilidade das tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Considerando que tal intersecção constitui espaços híbridos físico-digitais, o estudo aborda processos de produção de sentido em oficinas com adolescentes e com professoras de uma escola de ensino fundamental do município de Porto Alegre, nas quais os participantes jogaram um jogo digital baseado em localização. A compreensão dos processos de produção de sentido é sugerida a partir de três modulações performáticas da cognição que se constituem como pistas que movem a pesquisa: (1) a existência de afetos e disposições para a ação, (2) as coordenações de ações e a dinâmica de acoplamentos estruturais e (3) a emergência da função observador e a produção de distinções. Ao longo de três meses, foram realizados cinco encontros no formato de oficinas com o jogo “Um Dia no Jardim Botânico”, desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Ecologias e Políticas Cognitivas (NUCOGS) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Os encontros tiveram a participação de 33 estudantes (18 meninas e 15 meninos) que tinham entre 11 e 15 anos e frequentavam o 4º e 5º ano; e cinco professoras do 1º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental. A partir da análise dos registros, o estudo sugere que a experiência emocional exerce uma função importante em processos de produção de sentidos relacionados às práticas de jogo compartilhadas pelos jogadores, assim como para a composição de espaços percebidos como híbridos físico-digitais. / The following research brings forth the intersection between cognitive studies proposed by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, videogame culture and the mobility of communication and information technologies. Considering that such intersection consists of hybrid physical-digital spaces, this paper aims to investigate sense-making processes by school teenagers and teachers from Porto Alegre during workshops in which participants play a locative digital game. Comprehension of the sense-making processes is brought to light from three performatic modulations of cognitive sense-making that provide clues and push the research forward: (1) the existence of affects and dispositions for action, (2) action coordination and structural dynamic coupling and (3) the emergent function of observer and the creation of distinctions. Across three months, five workshop meetings were arranged where participants would play the game “A Day in the Botanic Garden”, developed by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul’s Cognitive Policy and Ecology Nucleus (Núcleo de Ecologias e Políticas Cognitivas – NUCOGS). With a total of 33 participant students (18 girls and 15 boys), between the ages of 11 and 15 years old as well as five 4th and 5th elementary grade school teachers. From the analysis of the workshop’s records our study suggests that emotional experience plays an important role in sense-making processes related to play activities shared between players just as well as for the creation of spaces perceived as physical-digital hybrids.