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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

InteraÃÃo Albendazol â Praziquantel em voluntÃrios sadios: DisposiÃÃo cinÃtica, metabolismo enantiosseletividade / Albendazole â praziquantel interaction in healthy volunteers: Kinetic disposition, metabolism, and enantioselectiveness

Renata Monteiro Lima 30 May 2008 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O praziquantel (PZQ), um fÃrmaco quiral disponÃvel como racemato, e o albendazol (ABZ), um fÃrmaco biotransformado ao metabÃlito ativo quiral sulfÃxido de abendazol (ASOX), tem sido empregados no tratamento da neurocisticercose humana. O estudo abrange a investigaÃÃo da disposiÃÃo cinÃtica, metabolismo e enantiosseletividade na associaÃÃo ABZ - PZQ em voluntÃrios sadios. O estudo cruzado e aleatÃrio foi desenvolvido em trÃs fases (n=9), sendo que alguns voluntÃrios iniciaram pela FASE 1 (400mg de ABZ), outros pela FASE 2 (1500mg de PZQ) e outros pela FASE 3 (400mg de ABZ + 1500mg de PZQ). O perÃodo de washout foi de no mÃnimo 15 dias (FASE 1 seguida da FASE 2 e FASE 1 seguida da FASE 3) ou 7 dias (FASE 2 seguida de uma das outras FASES). As amostras seriadas de sangue foram coletadas no perÃodo de 0-48h. Os metabÃlitos do ABZ foram analisados por HPLC com detecÃÃo por fluorescÃncia e os enantiÃmeros do PZQ e do trans-4-hidroxipraziquantel (4-OHPZQ) foram analisados por LC-MS-MS. Os parÃmetros farmacocinÃticos foram determinados com auxÃlio do programa WinNonlin. O teste de Wilcoxon (p≤0.05) foi empregado para avaliar as razÃes enantiomÃricas de concentraÃÃes plasmÃticas do ASOX, PZQ e 4-OHPZQ. Os dados estÃo expressos como medianas. A disposiÃÃo cinÃtica do PZQ, 4-OHPZQ e do ASOX Ã enantiosseletiva na situaÃÃo de monoterapia; as razÃes de AUC sÃo de 2,97 para (+)-(S)-PZQ /(-)-(R)-PZQ, 0,78 para (+)-(S)-4OHPZQ /(-)-(R)-4-OHPZQ e 7,08 para (+)-ASOX/(-)-ASOX. A administraÃÃo de PZQ resulta em aumento das concentraÃÃes plasmÃticas do (+)-ASOX em 264% (AUC 980,42 vs 2591,80 ng.h/ml), do (-)-ASOX em 358% (139,59 vs 500,28 ng.h./ml) e do sulfona de albendazol em 187% (170,85 vs 319,50ng.h./ml) sugerindo o PZQ como inibidor da Pgp intestinal. A administraÃÃo de ABZ nÃo altera a disposiÃÃo cinÃtica do (+)-(S)-PZQ e dos metabÃlitos (-)-(R)-4-OHPZQ e (+)-(S)-4OHPZQ, mas resulta em aumento das concentraÃÃes plasmÃticas do (-)-(R)-PZQ em 64,77% (AUC 518,02 vs 853,57ng.h/ml) sugerindo inibiÃÃo enantiosseletiva do metabolismo do ASOX. Os dados permitem sugerir a possibilidade de aumento da eficÃcia terapÃutica na interaÃÃo ABZ-PZQ, embora outros estudos sejam necessÃrios para avaliar a seguranÃa da interaÃÃo. / The praziquantel (PZQ), a chiral drug available as racemic, and the albendazole (ABZ), a drug biotransformed into active metabolic chiral suphoxide of abendazol (ASOX), have been used in the treatment of human neurocysticercosis. The study covers the examination / search of the kinetic disposition, the metabolism, and the enantioselectiveness in the ABZ-PZQ association in healthy volunteers. The crossed and random study was developed in three phases (n=9), in which some volunteers started by PHASE 1 (400 mg of ABZ), others by PHASE 2 (1500mg of PZQ), and others by PHASE 3 (400 mg of ABZ + 1500mg of PZQ). The period of washout was of a minimum of 15 days (PHASE 1 followed by PHASE 2 and PHASE 1 followed by PHASE 3) or of 7 days (PHASE 2 followed by one of the other Phases). The serial blood samples were collected in a period of 0-48 hours. The ABZ metabolics were analised by HPLC with detection by fluorescence and the PZQ enantiomers and the trans-4-hydroxypraziquantel (4-OHPZQ) were analised by LC-MS-MS. The pharmacokinetic patterns were determined with the help of the WinNonlin program. The test of Wilcoxon (p≤0.05) was used to evaluate the enantiomer ratios of plasma concentrations of ASOX, PZQ and 4-OHPZQ. The data are shown as medians. The kinetic disposition of the PZQ, 4-OHPZQ and ASOX is enantioselective in the monotherapy situation; the ratios of AUC are of 2.97 to (+)-(S)-PZQ / (-)-(R)-PZQ, 0.78 to (+)-(S)-4-OHPZQ / (-)-(R)-4-OHPZQ, and 7.08 to (+)-ASOX / (-)-PZQ. The administration of the PZQ results in the increase of the plasma concentrations of the (+)-ASOX in 264% (AUC 980.42 vs 2591.80ng.h./ml), of the (-)-ASOX in 358% (139.59 vs 500.28ng.h./ml), and of the sulphona of albendazole in 187% (170.85 vs 319.50ng.h./ml), suggesting the PZQ as an inhibiting factor of the intestinal Pgp. The administration of the ABZ does not change/ alter the kinetic disposition of the (+)-(S)-PZQ, and of the metabolic (-)-(R)-4-OHPZQ and (+)-(S)-4-OHPZQ, but it results in the increase of the plasma concentrations of the (-)-(R)-PZQ in 64.77% (AUC 518.02 vs 853.57ng.h./ml ), suggesting enantioselective inhibition of the metabolism of the ASOX. The data allow us to suggest the possibility of increase of therapeutic efficacy in the ABZ-PZQ interaction; although, other studies are necessary to evaluate the safety of the interaction.
2

AvaliaÃÃo do equilÃbrio de adsorÃÃo e projeto de condiÃÃes de separaÃÃo de praziquantel por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE) / Evaluation of the adsorption equilibrium and design conditions of praziquantel separation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

BÃrbara Vasconcelos de Farias 01 March 2013 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O praziquantel (PZQ) à um medicamento anti-helmÃntico de alto espectro utilizado no tratamento de todos os tipos de esquistossomose. No Brasil a mistura racÃmica à utilizada na fabricaÃÃo do medicamento. Sabe-se que a espÃcie enantiomÃrica R-PZQ à a que possui efeito anti-helmÃntico e que esta espÃcie possui sabor menos amargo. Sendo assim formulaÃÃes baseadas no R-PZQ somente teriam metade da dose necessÃria da formulaÃÃo sÃlida da mistura racÃmica e as formulaÃÃes lÃquidas teriam sabor menos amargo. Para obtenÃÃo de enantiÃmeros puros a cromatografia quiral à uma tÃcnica promissora por produzir enantiÃmeros com grau de pureza bastante elevada. Neste trabalho a separaÃÃo dos enantiÃmeros do fÃrmaco praziquantel foi realizada em uma fase estacionÃria quiral (FEQ) celulose tris(3-cloro-4- metilfenilcarbamato), comercialmente conhecida como Lux Celulose-2, por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE). Ensaios em soluÃÃo diluÃda (1 g/L) e soluÃÃes concentradas (5, 10, 15 e 20 g/L) foram realizados em laboratÃrio. Em todos estes experimentos foram estudados os efeitos da variaÃÃo da vazÃo da fase fluida (0,5, 1 e 2 mL/min) e do volume de injeÃÃo (20, 60 e 100ÂL). Nestes foram alcanÃadas separaÃÃes por linha de base indicando alta eficiÃncia da coluna para a separaÃÃo requerida. Experimentos com soluÃÃo de PZQ de 40 g/L e com vazÃo de fase fluida de 1 mL/min foram realizados objetivando encontrar as condiÃÃes em que ocorreria sobreposiÃÃo dos picos. Os enantiÃmeros foram separados satisfatoriamente nos volumes de injeÃÃo testados (100, 140 e 180 ÂL), com indicaÃÃo de sobreposiÃÃo no volume injetado de 250 ÂL obtendo-se uma produÃÃo de 533 mg/dia no limite de separaÃÃo por linha de base. Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se prever um comportamento nÃo linear da isoterma de equilÃbrio de adsorÃÃo. Foram estimados parÃmetros da isoterma de Langmuir competitivo a partir dos experimentos nas concentraÃÃes de 5 g/L a 20 g/L por um mÃtodo hÃbrido entre o mÃtodo dos tempos de retenÃÃo e o mÃtodo inverso a partir de uma soluÃÃo analÃtica do modelo ideal. Esses parÃmetros foram utilizados em um programa computacional desenvolvido no Fortran objetivando a simulaÃÃo para prediÃÃo dos perfis cromatogrÃficos pelo modelo do equilÃbrio dispersivo. Os perfis obtidos na simulaÃÃo representaram bem os dados experimentais quando comparados os tempos de retenÃÃo da frente de massa de ambos os enantiÃmeros. Os parÃmetros estimados tambÃm foram utilizados na prediÃÃo dos perfis cromatogrÃficos para as condiÃÃes de 40 g/L e apresentaram resultados satisfatÃrios quando os erros de prediÃÃo foram levados em consideraÃÃo. / Praziquantel is a high spectrum anthelmintic drug used in the treatment of all types of schistosomiasis. In Brazil, the racemic mixture is used on the drug manufacture. It is known that the R-PZQ enantiomeric species is the one which has the anthelmintic effect and a less bitter taste. Thus, the solid formulations based on R-PZQ only, would have half of the dosage and the liquid formulations would have a less bitter taste. To obtain pure enantiomers chiral chromatography is a promising technique which produces high purity enantiomers. In this work the praziquantel enantiomers separation was obtained on a cellulose tris(3-chlorine-4-methyl-phenyl-carbamate) chiral stationary phase (CSP), commercially known as Lux Cellulose-2, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Experiments with diluted solution (1 g/L) and concentrated solutions (5, 10, 15 and 20 g/L) were carried out. On these experiments the effects of the mobile phase flow rate variation (0,5, 1 e 2 mL/min) and the injection volume (20, 60 e 100ÂL) have been studied. On these baseline separations were achieved indicating high column efficiency for the required separation. Experiments with 40 g/L PZQ solution and a mobile phase flow rate of 1 mL/min were performed aiming to find conditions on which overlapping peaks occur. The enantiomers were well separated on the tested injection volumes (100, 140 and 180 ÂL), indicating an overlapping on the injection volume of 250 ÂL yielding a production of 533 mg per day at the limit of baseline separation. From the results one can predict a nonlinear adsorption equilibrium isotherm behavior. Parameters of the competitive Langmuir isotherm were estimated from experiments in the concentration range 5g/L to 20 g/L by a hybrid method between the retention time method and the inverse method by an analytical solution of the ideal model. These parameters were used on a computer program developed in Fortran aiming at the prediction of the chromatographic profiles by the Equilibrium Dispersive Model. The profiles obtained from the simulation represent well the experimental data when comparing the front mass retention times of both enantiomers. The estimated parameters were also used on the prediction of the chromatographic profiles obtained for 40 g/L conditions and showed satisfactory results when prediction errors were taken into account.

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