京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第20639号 / 人博第828号 / 新制||人||198(附属図書館) / 29||人博||828(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷口 一美, 教授 齋藤 治之, 教授 壇辻 正剛, 教授 山梨 正明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Thulung Rai is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language of eastern Nepal, currently<br />spoken by approximately one thousand people. It is a member of the Kiranti group in the<br />Himalayish branch of Tibeto-Burman, along with languages characterized principally by their<br />complex pronominalizing verbal inflectional systems.<br />This dissertation provides an overview of the grammar of the Thulung language, along<br />with selected texts and a glossary. The aspects of the grammar which are discussed are those<br />which are particularly relevant as far as Thulung’s heritage as a Tibeto-Burman language is<br />concerned. The chapters discuss the phonological system of the language; the case marking<br />system; the use of discourse particles; nominalization and its etymological and semantic<br />relationship with relativization and genitivization; the finite verbs, with their complex agreement<br />system and stem alternations; the augmentation of verbs with aspect-bearing derivational<br />suffixes; clause-combining by means of converbs and sequencers.<br />Each of these topics bears a significance to Tibeto-Burman studies as a whole, and these<br />are characteristic features of languages from this area. The areal context for Thulung is another<br />important aspect of this dissertation. The endangered status of Thulung is a result of the inroads<br />of the Indo-Aryan national language of Nepal, Nepali. Each chapter, in addition to describing<br />and analyzing particular grammatical topics, also discusses the equivalent constructions in Nepali<br />in light of whether they constitute the source for the construction in Thulung as it stands today.<br />The contributions of this dissertation are in providing reliable and up-to-date information<br />on a little-known minority Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal. This is an important addition to<br />the field of Himalayan languages and will be useful for efforts towards reconstructing the<br />development of Tibeto-Burman languages in the Himalayas. An important dimension of this<br />dissertation is that it looks at grammatical features in one language in the context of their<br />distribution over the linguistic area, even across language family boundaries. In this way, the<br />materials presented are useful as another case-study of an intense language contact situation.

Nahuatl is one of the indigenous languages in Mexico that is at risk of falling out of use. The research in the last years have showed that this occurs due to the low amount of Nahuatl speakers and the social stigma and discrimination towards the indigenous peoples, among other factors.The studies of language attitudes are relevant when making attempts to revitalize a language. As Mexico City authorities have considered to implement a revitalization project, we wanted to approach the real situation of Nahuatl in that city. Our purpose was to measure the attitudes of young people towards this language. By using a direct method –a questionnaire- we asked two groups of students if they agreed or disagreed with some items about Nahuatl and its speakers. One group had contact with Nahuatl speakers and but not the other one. We compared the results and they showed that the students who have contact with Nahuatl have more positive attitudes than those who don’t have any contact with it. This study also revealed that the reason why the first group showed positive attitudes was solidarity with the Nahuatl speakers. However, the both groups considered that speaking or learning Nahuatl cannot contribute to raise their status in the Mexican society.

L’objectif premier de cette thèse est de contribuer à la documentation et à la description d’une langue indigène en danger de disparition au Mexique et parallèlement, à sa revitalisation, en apportant aux locuteurs de cette langue des outils pour l’enseignement et la transmission de la langue.La langue étudiée dans cette thèse est le tének (parfois écrit teenek ; connu également comme le huastèque/wastek) – une langue maya parlée dans l’Etat de San Luis Potosí au Mexique. Bien qu’elle ne soit pas officiellement reconnue comme étant en danger d’extinction à court terme, le destin du ténekdemeure toutefois incertain dans le moyen terme. Ce fait est dûment démontré dans la première partie de lathèse, où l’on remet en question la classification des langues dites en voie de disparition, en révélant l’étendue du risque encouru par beaucoup d’autres langues indigènes.Les locuteurs de maya tének sont séparés des autres locuteurs de langues mayas par plus de 700km,tout en étant en contact avec des locuteurs de langues indigènes d’autres familles de langues mésoaméricaines(notamment uto-aztèque et otomangue). Cette situation ambivalente d’isolement endogène etde contact exogène fait de la documentation du tének contemporain un sujet d’étude particulièrement intéressant du point de vue typologique. Son isolement par rapport aux autres langues mayas contribue àfaire du tének une langue conservatrice maintenant certains liens privilégiés avec le proto-maya, mais par ailleurs, ce même isolement, associé au contact avec d’autres langues méso-américaines non maya, a conduit le tének à innover et à évoluer de manière originale, par rapport aux tendances typologiques de son groupe phylogénétique. Un exemple d’une innovation marquante de ce genre est, sur le plan morphosyntaxique, le système de l’inverse, fondé sur une hiérarchie de marqueurs personnels – un paramètre typologique original, qui a été développé par le tének comme une innovation périphérique, et qui s’avère unique à l’intérieur de la famille maya. Un autre exemple est la classification des substantifs, qui diffère de celle des autres langues mayas. La complexité de la structure verbale tének nous fournit également de nombreux traits intéressants : elle se manifeste par des marqueurs d’aspects primaires(accompli, inaccompli, etc.) et également d’aspects secondaires (exhaustif, intensif, résultatif, etc.), plusieurs marqueurs antipassifs (dont un est utilisé pour exprimer la réciprocité, ce qui est un phénomène plutôt inhabituel pour une langue maya), et plus d’un moyen pour exprimer le passif et la voix moyenne.Toutes ces caractéristiques sont examinées en détail dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, en fondant l’argumentation sur des données de première main, collectées sur le terrain dans le cadre de ce projet, à la fois sous forme d’élicitation, de collecte et de transcription de mythes et textes oraux.La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse est dédiée à la présentation de certains outils et méthodes de documentation originaux et participatifs, qui ont servi non seulement pour le travail de terrain, mais également dans des ateliers organisés afin de collecter des données pour ce projet aussi bien que pour fournir aux locuteurs et/ou aux enseignants du tének des moyens de lutter contre la disparition de la langue et la détresse pédagogique due au manque de moyens pour se former sur leurs langues autochtones.Certains des résultats obtenus grâce à ces méthodes sont également présentés ici. Cette partie de la thèse examine aussi la façon dont l’éducation bilingue et interculturelle au Mexique travaille à la protection des langues natives mexicaines. / The principal objective of this thesis is to document and describe an endangered indigenous language of Mexico and, in parallel, to provide tools to its speakers for the teaching and transmission of said language, thereby contributing to efforts for its revitalisation.As documented within the thesis, Tének (sometimes written Teenek; also known by thename Huastec/Wastek) is a Mayan language spoken in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, and although it is not officially recognised as being in any particular danger of extinction, its destiny is quite uncertain in the mid-term. This is duly demonstrated within the first part of the thesis, thereby questioning the classification of endangered languages, and revealing the extent to which manymore languages are at risk than apparent.The Maya Tének are separated from the other Mayan language speakers by more than 700km, but are in close contact with indigenous language speakers of other origins (namely Uto-Aztec and Otomanguean). This configuration of isolation/contact creates, typologically speaking, aparticularly interesting object of study. Its isolation from the other Mayan languages means thatTének is and has remained a conservative language displaying close links with the proto-language,yet this same situation of isolation, coupled with its contact with languages of other origins, hasforced Tének to innovate and to evolve in other ways. One such example is the classification of nouns which differs from other Mayan languages. Another Tének development is its morphological inverse system based on a hierarchy of person markers which is unique within the Mayan family.The complex verb structure of Tének also presents some interesting features : it has both primary aspect markers (completive, incompletive, etc.) and secondary aspect markers (exhaustive,intensive, résultative, etc.), several antipassive markers (one of which is used to express reciprocity,which is in itself unusual for a Mayan language), more than one way to express the passive as well as the middle voice. All of these features are examined in detail within the second part of this thesis based on original materials collected in the field within the framework of this project both via elicitation and the collection and transcription of stories.The third and final part of the thesis is dedicated to the presentation of some of the original and creative documentation methods and tools used both for fieldwork and in organised workshop sessions in order to collect data for this project as well as to provide means by which the speakersand/or teachers of Tének can fight against the loss of the language. Some of the results of the work accomplished via these methods are presented here too. This part of the thesis also takes a look at how bilingual and intercultural education in Mexico is shaped and the actions taken toward protecting Mexican native languages.This thesis was developed as an experimental project in documentary linguistics; this particular paradigm of linguistics is revealing itself to be more and more important as languages continually disappear but remains as yet a little explored domain within the field of linguistics inFrance.

Cette thèse consiste en la description grammaticale du ye'kwana, langue à tradition orale de la famille caribe pratiquée au Venezuela et au Brésil par moins de 7.000 locuteurs. La variété étudiée dans ce travail est parlée dans le bassin du Caura, au Venezuela. L'étude est basée sur des données primaires obtenues auprès de 59 locuteurs grâce à un travail de documentation et quinze mois de terrain, notamment dans deux villages traditionnels. L'analyse proposée s'intègre dans le cadre de la linguistique typologique et fonctionnelle, dans le contexte des langues en danger. Ce travail s'ouvre sur un profil sociolinguistique de la langue. Puis, les thèmes linguistiques abordés dans cette thèse couvrent la phonologie, la morphologie verbale, nominale et adverbiale. Une attention particulière est accordée aux thèmes du temps-aspect-mode (TAM) et de l'indexation des marques de personne. Un chapitre est consacré aux lexique adverbial et postpositionnel relatifs à l'espace. Y sont inclus également des éléments de syntaxe, notamment sur la prédication non verbale et la subordination. Les annexes de la thèse présentent six textes, glosés et traduits, extraits d'une base de données plus ample compilée dans le cadre de la documentation. Une des caractéristiques typologiquement remarquables de la langue relève de la diversité des patrons d'alignements possibles au sein des propositions principales. En effet, on peut identifier un patron d'alignement prédominant, de type hiérarchique et intransitivement scindé, une construction imperfective innovante présentant un alignement de type ergatif et trois constructions auxiliarisées présentant un alignement mixte de type nominatif-absolutif. / This dissertation is a grammatical description of Ye'kwana, a language of oral tradition of the Cariban family spoken in Venezuela and Brazil by less than 7.000 speakers. The language variety studied in this work is spoken in the Caura bassin, in Venezuela. This study is based on primary data obtained among 59 speakers thanks to a documentation project and 15 months of fieldwork, in particular in two traditional villages. The analysis was conducted within a functional-typological approach and within the context of endangered languages. The dissertation starts with a sociolinguistic profile of the language. Then the linguistic topics covered in the dissertation include the phonology and verbal, nominal and adverbial morphology. Special attention is given to the topics of tense-aspect-mood (TAM) and person cross-reference. A chapter is dedicated to the adverbial and postpositional lexicon related to space. Also included are some elements of syntax, particularly non verbal predication and subordination. The annexes provide six texts, glossed and translated, extracted from a larger database within the frame of the documentation. One of the remarkable typological characteristics of the language pertains to the diversity of main clause alignment patterns. Indeed, there is a dominant split/intransitive-hierarchically organized alignment type, an innovative imperfective construction ergatively aligned and three auxiliarized constructions presenting a mixed pattern of nominative absolutive alignment.

Cette thèse constitue la première grammaire d’envergure de la langue stieng, une langue minoritaire en danger parlée au Cambodge et au Vietnam. Si le nombre exact de locuteurs est à ce jour méconnu, la population stieng compterait 51 540 membres dans les deux pays. Ce travail se base sur deux variétés différentes de stieng, toutes deux parlées au Cambodge, dans la région de Kratie et le district de Snuol. L’étude s’appuie sur des données de première main collectées auprès de onze locuteurs, dans le cadre de trois séjours de terrain totalisant 12 mois et réalisés dans des villages traditionnels. Cette thèse répond à un double objectif : elle propose d’une part, une description d’une langue en danger encore très peu décrite, dans un cadre de linguistique typologique-fonctionnelle, génétique et aréale et, d’autre part, le développement de thématiques particulières. Ce travail propose dans un premier temps une introduction sociolinguistique de la langue dans le but de contextualiser la recherche. Puis, les thèmes linguistiques abordés dans cette thèse couvrent la phonologie et la morphosyntaxe. La partie phonologique propose une synthèse de la phonologie du stieng dans une perspective comparative et diachronique. La partie morphosyntaxe est quant à elle scindée en différentes sous-parties dédiées aux catégories de mots ainsi qu’aux domaines nominal, verbal et phrastique. Une attention particulière est accordée aux thèmes de la catégorisation nominale, de la composition nominale, du temps-aspect-mode (TAM), des constructions verbales en série et de l'expression de l’espace. Les annexes de cette thèse présentent des informations complémentaires au sujet de la situation des minorités du Cambodge, des éléments relatifs à l’analyse phonologique ainsi que trois textes, glosés et traduits, extraits d'une base de données plus ample compilée dans le cadre des séjours de terrain. / This dissertation is the first far-ranging grammar of Stieng, a language of oral tradition of the Môn-Khmer group, spoken in Cambodia and Vietnam. If the exact number of speakers is currently unknown, the whole Stieng community may group 51 540 members in both countries. This dissertation is based on two different varieties of Stieng, both spoken in Cambodia (Kratie province, Snuol district). This study relies on primary data obtained among 11 speakers, within three fieldtrips realized in traditional villages, for a total duration of 12 months. This dissertation achieves a double objective by proposing a description of an endangered language, so far very little described, in a functional-typological, areal and genetic framework and by developing specific topics. The dissertation starts with a sociolinguistic introduction of the language in order to contextualize the research. Then the linguistic topics covered in the dissertation include the phonology and the morphosyntax. The phonology part gives a summary of the phonology of the language in a comparative and diachronic perspective. The morphosyntax part is divided into different subparts respectively dedicated to word classes and the nominal, verbal and phrase domains. Special attention is given to the topics of nominal categorization, nominal composition, tense-aspect-mood (TAM), verbal serialization and the expression of space. The appendices provide additional information about the situation of minority peoples of Cambodia, further elements about the phonological analysis and three texts, glossed and translated, extracted from a larger database compiled during the fieldtrips.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:29:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LInguas Cruzadas, Historias que se Mesclam.pdf: 4189875 bytes, checksum: 309264f7e5378b166b514f640aa9a215 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / The Chiquitano, poorly known in Brazil, are part of the contemporary Indian groups, segregated and silenced by the different contexts of population density of the geopolitical frontiers. Living currently in the frontier between Brazil and Bolivia, the Chiquitano of the Brazilian communities live in a process of ethnogenesis, searching for favorable ways to ressignification of the ethnic collectivity and to the citizenship of law through the identity recognition and the demarcation of their lands. And in this way, attempting to contribute for the strengthening and the revitalization of the Chiquitano language is that this work is contextualized. Based on several theoretical and methodological premises, this Thesis addresses historical, sociolinguistic, phonetic and phonological aspects of the Chiquitano language in the Brazilian communities of Vila Nova Barbecho, Acorizal, Central and Fazendinha, in the municipality of Porto Esperidião, in the State of Mato Grosso. Reflections about the situation of endangered language experienced in these communities and the Indigenous people´s involvement in the actions for the strengthening of the identity and in the initiatives for the revitalization of their ancestral mother tongue are also presented in this thesis. It is also shown how the dialogic contact among the research for Doctorate, the socialization of the linguistic data and the Chiquitano community´s motivation served as a basis for actions and pedagogical proposals, which subsidized the definition of an experimental orthography and encouraged didactic activities, seeking motivation of the learners for the appropriation of the Chiquitano language and culture. / Os Chiquitano, pouco conhecidos no Brasil, fazem parte dos grupos indígenas contemporâneos, segregados e silenciados pelos diversos contextos de povoamento das fronteiras geopolíticas. Habitando a região fronteiriça entre o Brasil e a Bolívia, atualmente, os Chiquitano brasileiros vivem um processo de etnogênese, buscando caminhos favoráveis à ressignificação da coletividade étnica e à cidadania de direito através do reconhecimento identitário e da demarcação de suas terras. E nesta trilha, buscando contribuir para o fortalecimento e a revitalização da Língua Chiquitano é que este trabalho se contextualiza. Fundamentada em diversas premissas teóricas e metodológicas, esta Tese aborda aspectos históricos, sociolinguísticos, fonéticos e fonológicos da língua Chiquitano nas comunidades brasileiras de Vila Nova Barbecho, Acorizal, Central e Fazendinha, no município de Porto Esperidião, no Estado de Mato Grosso. Também são apresentadas, nesta Tese, reflexões sobre a condição de língua ameaçada, vivenciada nestas comunidades, e sobre o envolvimento dos indígenas nas ações para o fortalecimento da identidade e nas iniciativas para a revitalização da sua língua materna ancestral. São apresentados, ainda, descrições de como os estudos realizados sobre a língua Chiquitano, bem como as discussões e encontros mantidos com os professores durante a pesquisa para o Doutorado, subsidiaram a definição de uma ortografia experimental e fomentaram atividades pedagógicas de uso da língua nas comunidades Chiquitano brasileiras.

This exploratory multiple embedded case study investigates perspectives on education reform under conditions of minority language endangerment in Sunan Yughur Autonomous County, a minority-district in northwest China. The study included three school sites: a Yughur minority urban school; a Yughur minority rural district school, and a Yughur majority rural district school and four embedded cases: school administrators, teachers, parents and students, of Yughur, other minority, or Han nationality. Adult stakeholders were interviewed on what is important to learn in “education for quality”, and what aspects of Yughur knowledge, culture and language should be included in school curriculum as part of education for quality, while students were asked what they enjoyed studying and whether they would enjoy learning stories, poems and songs in Yughur in school. Findings include strong support among parents and students regardless of ethnicity or school site for Yughur language and culture as “essential qualities” to foster in Sunan County school curriculum, with moderate to weak support among educators ranges with some variation among sites. Three parallel visions emerge from the study of what it means today for Chinese minority student to be an educated person in contemporary China: (a) regular Chinese-medium education; (b) multicultural Chinese-medium education; and (c) maintenance bilingual education in Yughur and Chinese. The third vision envisions developing additive bilinguals who know the heritage of their minority as well as the national curriculum in Mandarin. A vision of balanced bilingualism and multiculturalism that sees heritage languages and Mandarin as “resources” is shared by the large majority of parents and students, most teachers and some administrators. Holders of other visions for local minority education largely share a “Language as Problem” orientation towards minority languages. One aim of devolution of school-based curriculum authority is to develop schools’ individuality. This study reveals three divergent models of local schooling that have developed in one minority school district: one that centres on a monolingual model of national culture, one monolingual, multicultural model, and one bilingual, multicultural model, with the latter model corresponding more closely to minority stakeholder perspectives that schools should play a stronger role in the maintenance and revitalization of their cultural and linguistic heritage.

This exploratory multiple embedded case study investigates perspectives on education reform under conditions of minority language endangerment in Sunan Yughur Autonomous County, a minority-district in northwest China. The study included three school sites: a Yughur minority urban school; a Yughur minority rural district school, and a Yughur majority rural district school and four embedded cases: school administrators, teachers, parents and students, of Yughur, other minority, or Han nationality. Adult stakeholders were interviewed on what is important to learn in “education for quality”, and what aspects of Yughur knowledge, culture and language should be included in school curriculum as part of education for quality, while students were asked what they enjoyed studying and whether they would enjoy learning stories, poems and songs in Yughur in school. Findings include strong support among parents and students regardless of ethnicity or school site for Yughur language and culture as “essential qualities” to foster in Sunan County school curriculum, with moderate to weak support among educators ranges with some variation among sites. Three parallel visions emerge from the study of what it means today for Chinese minority student to be an educated person in contemporary China: (a) regular Chinese-medium education; (b) multicultural Chinese-medium education; and (c) maintenance bilingual education in Yughur and Chinese. The third vision envisions developing additive bilinguals who know the heritage of their minority as well as the national curriculum in Mandarin. A vision of balanced bilingualism and multiculturalism that sees heritage languages and Mandarin as “resources” is shared by the large majority of parents and students, most teachers and some administrators. Holders of other visions for local minority education largely share a “Language as Problem” orientation towards minority languages. One aim of devolution of school-based curriculum authority is to develop schools’ individuality. This study reveals three divergent models of local schooling that have developed in one minority school district: one that centres on a monolingual model of national culture, one monolingual, multicultural model, and one bilingual, multicultural model, with the latter model corresponding more closely to minority stakeholder perspectives that schools should play a stronger role in the maintenance and revitalization of their cultural and linguistic heritage.

Cette grammaire de l’amuzgo (ISO 639-3) ou n͂omndaa (littéralement ‘le mot de l’eau’) tend à combler un manque de travaux théoriques sur cette langue otomangue de la branche orientale (branche qu’elle partage avec le mixtec). La source référentielle Ethnologue lui attribue le statut ‘en développement’. Pourtant, l’amuzgo reste vulnérable sur le plan socio-politique de par son statut de langue indigène du Mexique : le village Xochistlahuaca (Etat de Guerrero) est la 16è municipalité la plus pauvre du pays. En employant des approches non-concaténatives de phonologie et de morphologie, telles la phonologie gabaritique, la morphologie templatique, et des formalismes non-lexicalistes comme le Paradigm Function Morphology, cette grammaire cherche à modéliser des systèmes complexes représentés dans cette langue. Des approches non-linéaires sont plus aptes à rendre compte des inventaires élaborés comme les tons, et (dans une échelle scalaire) la phonation non-modale, la nasalisation, et la balisticité (un contraste phonétique et articulatoire au niveau de la syllabe). Ces systèmes complexes comprennent des fonctions lexico-grammaticales par grades à travers des structures diverses dans la grammaire, de la lexicalité à la phonologie interne, de la dérivation à la flexion. / This grammar of Amuzgo (ISO 639-3), endonymically n͂omndaa, literally ‘the word of water’) seeks to fill a lack in theoretical work on this Otomanguean language from the Eastern branch (shared with Mixtec). Rated as developing by the reference Ethnologue, this language is nevertheless in a constant position of socio-political vulnerability as an indigenous language of Mexico, spoken in the village of Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero State), also the 16th poorest municipality in the country. Using non-concatenative approaches in phonology and morphology such as autosegmental phonology, templatic morphology and non-lexical morphological formalisms such as Paradigm Function Morphology, this grammar seeks to model complex systems represented in this language. Non-linear approaches account for elaborate inventories of tone, and, in a gradient scale, non-modal phonation and autosegments like nasalization and ballisticity, a syllable level contrast of phonetic and articulatory saliency. These complex systems display gradient lexical-grammatical functions across structures in the grammar, from lexicality to internal phonology, to derivation and inflection.