Environmental factors affecting a topographic sequence of soils were examined on the University of British Columbia Endowment Lands. The soils and other landscape components were studied at four sites along a transect to provide information on those processes which are active in affecting site and soil development. Characterization of the water chemistry of precipitation, organic leachate, soil solution and groundwater; the magnitude of soil spatial variability and the influence of land use on the landscape were also evaluated. The landscape components considered to exert the greatest influence on soil and site development include topography, moisture regime, vegetation and parent material. The interrelationship between these components has resulted in the development of four podzol soils which differ in horizon differentiation and in the extent to which mobile constituents are redistributed in the pedon. Man, considered as an environmental factor, has indirectly influenced site and soil development through land use. The effects attributed to logging are reflected in the modification of the moisture regime along the lower portion of the transect. This appears to be the controlling factor in altering vegetation successional patterns and in affecting soil development. In these soils, soil development appears to be intensified, wiht the resultant increase in weathering and leaching processes in the surface mineral horizons and the initiation of the redistribution of mobile constituents within the pedon. Characterization of selected chemical components of precipitation (including crown wash), organic layer leachate, soil solution and groundwater was conducted to elucidate ion mobility and nutrient availability. The data presented suggest that: the weathering of soil minerals is the main source of ions to the soil-water system; the mineral weathering rates in the soils are fairly constant; the chemical concentrations in the groundwater are controlled to a great extent by the weathering of soil minerals; the input of ions from the atmosphere and organic leachates can be appreciable and may influence the exchange status in the surface mineral horizons; and the leaching of organic materials may be important in maintaining plant nutrient requirements in soils of inherent low fertility. Displacement techniques appear to be useful in providing data for the evaluation of water quality relationships between the atmosphere and the soil system and for assessing site-fertility. Spatial variability in the two soils was studied to elucidate soil chemical heterogeneity. Assessment of three sampling techniques in relation to sampling efficiency and intensity was made in light of the soil heterogeneity expressed by the soils. Spatial variability recorded for these soils, suggests that soil heterogeneity should be considered as an important soil characteristic as are the soils' inherent chemical and physical properties. The greatest extent of variation in soil chemical properties was found in the surface mineral layers where weathering and influences from environmental factor interactions are more pronounced. It is this portion of the soil that will regulate the sampling intensity required for soil field studies. The data presented suggest that the use of composite sampling schemes will allow for reasonable estimates of soil properties and reduce the probable disparites caused by non-representative samples. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Through empirical research the researcher gained an in-depth knowledge regarding the growth trends in the South African manufactured export industry as well as the factors determining the patterns of growth and champion industries. Finally, recommendations that may be used by relevant authorities and scholars were made. To researchers, a study at disaggregated level into the growth trends of each manufactured export sub-sector should be central to future research. / Dissertation (MA (Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Economics / unrestricted

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Title: How the expression “in the bargain” affects the valuation of an item Level: Final assignment for bachelor’s degree in business administration  Author: Pontus Axenfalk and Markus Gustafsson Supervisor: Patrik Sörqvist Date: 2022 - June Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between endowment effect and product bundling. More specifically, we intend to investigate whether the size of the endowment effect in relation to a purchased product becomes larger or smaller depending on whether the product is bundled together with another product at the time of purchase. Method: The study is based on a quantitative research method with a deductive approach. An experiment was conducted where data were collected via two web-based surveys, which through a random sample generated 86 responses (43 per survey). Data were analyzed in SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Results and conclusions: Since the average value of Willingness to Accept is higher than Willingness to Pay in a product bundle in comparison with an individual purchase, the conclusion can be cautiously drawn that according to the descriptive statistics an interaction is formed between endowment effect and product bundling.Contribution of the thesis: The results of the study give us strong indications that product bundling can be used to increase consumers' perceived value of a product, which is knowledge that cannot least be applied by business economists and marketers.Suggestions for future research: We believe that it would be interesting to carry out studies where a large sample is looking for the interaction between endowment effect for the various techniques in product bundling to be able to present a result with statistical certainty more strongly. Key words: Product bundling, Endowment effect, Willingness to pay and Willingness to accept. / Titel: Hur uttrycket ”på köpet” påverkar värderingen av en vara Nivå: Examensarbete på̊ grundnivå̊ (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Pontus Axenfalk och Markus Gustafsson Handledare: Patrik Sörqvist  Datum: 2022 - Juni Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka interaktionen mellan endowment effect och produktbuntning. Närmare bestämt avser vi att undersöka om storleken på endowment effect i relation till en inköpt produkt blir större eller mindre beroende på huruvida produkten bundlas tillsammans med en annan produkt vid inköpstillfället.  Metod: Studien är baserad på en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Ett experiment genomfördes där data samlades in via två webbaserade enkäter, som genom ett slumpmässigt urval genererade 86 svar (43 per enkät). Data analyserades i SPSS och Microsoft Excel.  Resultat och slutsats: Baserat på att medelvärdet för Willingness to Accept är högre än Willingness to Pay vid en produktbuntning i jämförelse med ett enskilt köp kan slutsatsen försiktigt dras att enligt den deskriptiva statistiken bildas en interaktion mellan endowment effect och produktbuntning. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studiens resultat ger oss starka indikationer på att produktbuntning kan användas för att öka konsumenters upplevda värde av en produkt vilket är kunskap som inte minst går att tillämpa hos företagsekonomer och marknadsförare. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Med vår studie i bakgrunden anser vi att det vore intressant att genomföra studier där man på ett stort urval letar efter interaktionen mellan endowment effect för de olika tekniker inom produktbuntning för att kunna presentera ett resultat som är statistiskt säkerställt. Nyckelord: Produktbuntning, endowment effect, Willingness to pay och Willingness to accept

Research in consumer behavior has focused predominantly on how consumers make purchase decisions. However, much less attention has been directed toward examining post-purchase behaviors. In this dissertation, I examine how ownership affects individuals' disposal decisions of their current possessions. In essay 1, I investigate how differences in duration of ownership affect consumers' food waste behaviors. I demonstrate that the same food products are more likely to be wasted as well as wasted more of when they are owned for a longer duration (vs. purchased more recently). I also delineate how this wastage can be reduced. In essay 2, I explore how a specific post-ownership experience, evaluations (positive vs. negative), influences consumers' recycling behaviors, even when these evaluations (e.g., taste of a drink) do not affect recyclability (e.g., of the bottle). I demonstrate that consumers will be more likely to recycle products associated with positive (vs. negative) evaluations, and, thus, will be more likely to recycle a drink's bottle when the taste is evaluated more positively. / Doctor of Philosophy / When thinking about the field of consumer behavior, most might believe it to involve studying how consumers evaluate products and make purchase decisions. Very few might believe that studying post-purchase behaviors also falls within the realm of consumer behavior. Unfortunately, these beliefs are quite common, and are not held by lay people alone. In fact, in the past, even researchers thought of consumer research as being synonymous with buyer behavior. However, researchers now recognize that consumer behavior is a dynamic ongoing process, which does not just start and end with product purchase. In this dissertation, I focus on one type of consumers' post-purchase behavior, disposal decisions. Specifically, I look at how ownership affects individuals' disposal decisions of their current possessions. In essay 1, I focus on consumers' food waste behavior. I study how differences in how long they have owned a food product (duration-of-ownership) affect their food evaluations as well as food waste behavior. I find that even when two food products are otherwise identical (i.e., same manufacturing/expiration dates, not expired, previously unopened), consumers are more likely to waste as well as waste more of the one purchased earlier (a longer duration-of-ownership) than that purchased more recently (a shorter duration-of-ownership). I also suggest one strategy to help reduce this food wastage. In essay 2, I focus on consumers' recycling behavior. I study how product evaluations affect consumers' recycling decisions. I find that even when these evaluations (e.g., taste of a drink) have nothing to do with the container (e.g., bottle of the drink), consumers are more likely to recycle the drink's bottle when they like the taste than when they do not like the taste of the drink.

The proposed 42,000 square foot facility is envisioned to be a satellite office for both the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, as well as a digital research institute. The institute seeks to provide integrated collaboration with the NEA and NEH, although it is also open to collaboration with other organizations related to arts and humanities scholarship. The proposed site is located at the intersection of 14th Street and Park Rd NW, in the Columbia Heights neighborhood of Washington, D.C. At this time, the neighborhood is experiencing a revival in development that began approximately 10-15 years ago. Community residents describe the site as being the "core area" of the neighborhood and also consider it to be the number one priority area for redevelopment of the entire neighborhood. Strategically locating the building at the main intersection of the neighborhood facilitates community involvement and cognition as well as encourages the surrounding arts and humanities related organizations to become more closely involved with the NEA and NEH and their research. This development is meant to be a cultural marker. Functionally, this facility will utilize the most advanced information technology and the most extensive humanities and arts related databases as tools for scholarly research. / Master of Architecture

This study analyses the treatment of Islamic law (Fiqh) under the English legal system by looking into the developments in waqf law in British India. It has the dual objective of analysing the impact of the English legal system upon Islamic law, and determining the role of various actors in this process. It argues that waqf law was transformed in order to fit into the state structure. The colonial state used the techniques of translation, adjudication, legislation and teaching in order to transform Islamic law. Adjudication was preferred over legislative codification as a mode of governance and rule making because of its flexibility. The translation of classical Islamic legal texts, the Hidāya and certain parts of the Fatāwā al-‘Ālamgīriyya, relieved English judges of the need for a reliance on local legal advisors. However, Muslim lawyers, judges, legal commentators, and some religious scholars (‘ulamā’) simultaneously collaborated and negotiated with, and resisted colonial administrators in the process of legal transformation. As adjudication was a preferred mode of transformation, legal commentaries played a crucial role in legal developments. A majority of legal commentators were Muslims, such as Ameer Ali, Abdur Rahim and Faiz Tyabji. They used their legal treatises to resist any colonial intervention in Islamic law. Although English educated Muslims replaced ‘ulamā’ as cultural intermediaries between the state and society, this did not eliminate the role of ‘ulamā’ as the custodians of Islamic law. They established closer links with society and issued fatāwā (legal opinions) on legal issues. Fatāwā were sought regarding every important aspect of waqf law, from the validity of family awqāf to the management of awqāf and the permissibility of awqāf of movables such as shares of companies. ‘Ulamā’ also lobbied for the enforcement of Islamic law in order to promote women’s rights of inheritance and to get a divorce. This study finds that Anglo-Muhammadan law was a product of interaction between various sections of Muslim society and colonial administrators. It reflected the socio-political context of colonial India and the process of negotiations between divergent interest holders. Despite replacing the traditional institutional structure, the overall legal system became more inclusive. It could interact with various stakeholders and represent them in the process of law making in order to respond to social change.