L’essor des technologies renouvelable à apport variable pose des nombreuses difficultés dans le fonctionnement du système électrique. Ce système doit garantir l’équilibre offre-demande à tout moment, ainsi que d’assurer des hauts niveaux de fiabilité du service. Donc, la variabilité accroît les besoins de flexibilité et des services système. Ils existent plusieurs options capables de fournir ceux services, dont : le renforcement des interconnections, le pilotage intelligent de la demande, le renforcement des capacités de réponse rapide des unités de production, mais aussi, le mis en œuvre des technologies de stockage de l’électricité. Cependant, les marchés électriques actuels sont basés sur la rémunération de l’énergie. Donc, la valorisation intégrale des services qui peut fournir le stockage semble difficile, ce qui restreint le « business case » des options de flexibilité.Cette thèse s’inscrit autour des propos suivants : (1) modéliser et évaluer les interrelations entre variabilité, besoins de flexibilité et objectifs de décarbonation du parc électrique, (2) analyser le rôle, ainsi que la valeur, des différents technologies du stockage à travers le cas Français aux horizons 2020, 2030 et 2050, et (3) discuter sur les aspects de régulation de la flexibilité, ainsi que proposer des politique énergétiques concrètes permettant la réussite des objectifs de transition énergétique et de décarbonation du mix électrique français. / The increasing variability of electricity production in Europe, which is mainly due to the intermittent production of renewables such as wind and photovoltaic (VRE), will require significant efforts to reconcile demand and supply at all times. Thus, increasing shares of variability imply increasing amounts of system services. In addition to upgraded interconnections, demand-side management (DSM) and dispatchable backup capacity, electric energy storage (EES) technologies will have a major role to play in this context.However, due to the peculiar price formation mechanism prevailing in energy-only electricity markets, the commercial case for EES is being eroded by the very forces that create the need for its increased deployment at the system level. The private incentives of EES are thus diminishing while its social value, which is determined by the multiple system services these technologies can supply, is increasing.This thesis sets out to (1) model and assess the interplays between variability, flexibility needs and decarbonization objectives, (2) analyze the role and the value of EES technologies in view of the French official objectives by 2020, 2030 and 2050, and (3) discuss regulatory aspects, and propose a set of energy policies allowing to succeed in the energy transition and decarbonization goals.

Elements when bombarded with neutrons emit a gamma ray that is characteristic of the isotope that underwent a neutron induced nuclear reaction; this is known as neutron activation. The characteristic gamma energy of an isotope can then be detected and recorded. One can then analyze the gamma energies captured and determine the elemental makeup of the sample. This form of analysis can be used in an underwater environment making it potentially a valuable tool for agencies tasked with maritime security of ports and waterways, or clean-up operations. This thesis will focus on the feasibility of neutron interrogation using pulsed fast/thermal neutrons in an underwater environment for detecting various chemical substances in metal containers. A hermetically sealed, submersible container was used to test a d-T neutron generator’s and semiconductor detector’s functionality underwater in regards to detecting such chemicals as sulfur, nitrogen and chlorine rich materials.

The K-shell x-ray and ionization cross sections are measured for protons on Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Ba, and La over the ion energy range of 0.6 to 2.0 MeV. The data are compared to the predictions of the PWBA, the PWBA with corrections for binding energy and/or Coulomb deflection, the BEA, and the constrained BEA predictions. In general, the non-relativistic PWBA with binding energy correction gives the best overall agreement with the measurements of proton-induced x-ray processes for the K-shell of the elements studied in this work. The data further suggest the need for relativistic PWBA treatment of the interactions in the K-shell for the range of binding energies represented by the elements investigated in this work.

This master thesis aims to examine the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and between energy consumption and greenhouse emissions for the EU countries, using a panel time series data from 1996 to 2012 within a multivariate framework for 26 EU countries. The energies are composed from oil consumption, natural gas consumptions, and renewable energies including the biomass as a distinct part. To do that, Unit Root Tests, cointegration test, Pairwise Granger causality tests, and Error Correction Model are employed to find out the type of the causal relationship. The main results to denote are that, there is in the short run, a positive unidirectional causal relationship running from oil consumption to economic growth. We can as well denote a positive bidirectional causal relationship between renewable energies and economic growth and between greenhouse emissions and economic growth. However, there is an unexpected negative bidirectional causal relationship between biomass consumption and gas consumption. From the greenhouse emissions perspective, we can see in the short run, a negative bidirectional causal relationship between greenhouse emissions and renewable energies, and a positive unidirectional causal relationship running from both oil consumption and biomass consumption...

This project aims to make a comparison between the Swedish and Indianelectricity market, the design of new improvements will achieve a betteroperation for both markets as well as the price forecasting for markets. Thisresults will give a clear idea about the electricity prices, different energy uses andpeak hours and also the carbon dioxide emissions.Also the main organizations of the market and their roles has been characterized,discussing about the functions of the Market Operator and the System Operator.And also the different markets, the trading products and the price formation havebeen explained and giving an idea about the market structure with enough details.Moreover, Time Series Analysis explained in a detail manner and some of themost used methods in Time Series Analysis are also explained in a very goodmanner. Mainly the results section includes the description of the market situationin Swedish and Indian electricity markets comparison, which includes Powerinstalled capacity, electricity generation, main renewable technologies andpolicies to increase the renewable energy share in total electricity generated.After this analysis, the strengths and weakness of both markets are presented andthe main problems of Swedish electricity system like dependency for nuclearpower, uncertainty for solar electricity generation and the Indian electricitysystem problems like high losses in power system, power quality issues, and veryless focus on energy mix with renewable systems.Finally, due to the quick development of the energy sector in the last few yearsto reach a new design for the electricity market, different kinds ofrecommendations for the future have been considered.

Radioactive beams of 8Li and 6He were produced using the double superconducting solenoid system of RIBRAS (Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil) with a primary beam of 7Li of Elab = 30 MeV, at the São Paulo Pelletron Accelerator. The production reactions were 9Be(7Li, 8Li)8Be and 9Be(7Li, 6He)10B. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering of the 8Li radioactive beam of 26.0 MeV and 6He radioactive beam of 23.0 MeV were measured on 51V target of 1.9 mg/cm2.The elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed using Optical Model, where the real and imaginary parts are described through a Non-Local Interaction Model called São Paulo Potential . The results were compared with the data present in the literature. The largest cross section, particularly for the halo 6He, shows evidence of the importance of the break up for these medium mass systems. [1]R. Lichtenthaler et al, Eur. Phys. J. A 25,s01,733 (2005); [2]L.C. Chamon et al, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 014610. / Radioactive beams of 8Li and 6He were produced using the double superconducting solenoid system of RIBRAS (Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil) with a primary beam of 7Li of Elab = 30 MeV, at the São Paulo Pelletron Accelerator. The production reactions were 9Be(7Li, 8Li)8Be and 9Be(7Li, 6He)10B. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering of the 8Li radioactive beam of 26.0 MeV and 6He radioactive beam of 23.0 MeV were measured on 51V target of 1.9 mg/cm2.The elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed using Optical Model, where the real and imaginary parts are described through a Non-Local Interaction Model called São Paulo Potential . The results were compared with the data present in the literature. The largest cross section, particularly for the halo 6He, shows evidence of the importance of the break up for these medium mass systems. [1]R. Lichtenthaler et al, Eur. Phys. J. A 25,s01,733 (2005); [2]L.C. Chamon et al, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 014610.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo algébrico para o cálculo de energias de ligação de núcleos pesados com N = Z baseado nas versões invariantes por isospin do Modelo de Bósons interatuantes (IBM). Com a utilização de uma interação adequada para a descrição dos modos isoescalar e isovetorial do emparelhamento nuclear adicionada àquelas interações que descrevem globalmente uma dada região de massa, foram ajustados os parâmetros da hamiltoniana e calculados núcleos com N = Z ao longo das camadas sd e pf. Deste modo, pôde-se fazer algumas predições, para suas massas do estado fundamental e para estados excitados, que oferecem um desafio às novas gerações de feixes radiativos que estão por vir. / In this work we present an algebraic model for calculating the binding energies of heavy nuclei with the same number of protons and neutrons which is based in the isospin invariant versions of the Interacting Boson Model (IBM). With an adequate interaction for the description of the isoscalar and isovector pairing modes of the residual nuclear interaction added to those terms responsible for the bulk properties of a given mass region, we have fitted the parameters of our algebraic Hamiltonian and have calculated nuclei with N=Z along the sd and pf shells. Therefore we were able to make some predictions, for their ground state masses as well as for the excited states, which offer a challenge to the new generations of radioactive nuclear beams.

Numerous countries are trying to reach almost 100\% renewable penetration. Variable renewable energy (VRE), for instance wind and PV, will be the main provider of the future grid. The efforts to decrease the greenhouse gasses are promising on the current remarkable growth of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) capacity. This thesis provides an overview of the presented techniques, standards and grid interface of the PV systems in distribution and transmission level. This thesis reviews the most-adopted grid codes which required by system operators on large-scale grid connected Photovoltaic systems. The adopted topologies of the converters, the control methodologies for active - reactive power, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), as well as their arrangement in solar farms are studied. The unique L(LCL)2 filter is designed, developed and introduced in this thesis. This study will help researchers and industry users to establish their research based on connection requirements and compare between different existing technologies. Another, major aspect of the work is the development of Virtual Inertia Emulator (VIE) in the combination of hybrid energy storage system addressing major challenges with VRE implementations. Operation of a photovoltaic (PV) generating system under intermittent solar radiation is a challenging task. Furthermore, with high-penetration levels of photovoltaic energy sources being integrated into the current electric power grid, the performance of the conventional synchronous generators is being changed and grid inertial response is deteriorating. From an engineering standpoint, additional technical measures by the grid operators will be done to confirm the increasingly strict supply criteria in the new inverter dominated grid conditions. This dissertation proposes a combined virtual inertia emulator (VIE) and a hybrid battery-supercapacitor-based energy storage system . VIE provides a method which is based on power devices (like inverters), which makes a compatible weak grid for integration of renewable generators of electricity. This method makes the power inverters behave more similar to synchronous machines. Consequently, the synchronous machine properties, which have described the attributes of the grid up to now, will remain active, although after integration of renewable energies. Examples of some of these properties are grid and generator interactions in the function of a remote power dispatch, transients reactions, and the electrical outcomes of a rotating bulk mass. The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is implemented to smooth the short-term power fluctuations and main reserve that allows renewable electricity generators such as PV to be considered very closely like regular rotating power generators. The objective of utilizing the HESS is to add/subtract power to/from the PV output in order to smooth out the high frequency fluctuations of the PV power, which may occur due to shadows of passing cloud on the PV panels. A control system designed and challenged by providing a solution to reduce short-term PV output variability, stabilizing the DC link voltage and avoiding short term shocks to the battery in terms of capacity and ramp rate capability. Not only could the suggested system overcome the slow response of battery system (including dynamics of battery, controller, and converter operation) by redirecting the power surges to the supercapacitor system, but also enhance the inertial response by emulating the kinetic inertia of synchronous generator.

Le développement de la production éolienne permet de satisfaire les objectifs de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Cependant, dans certaines zones du réseau électrique, l'intégration d'un volume important de production peut créer des congestions qui traduisent l'incapacité du réseau à évacuer cette production. Les méthodes actuelles pour gérer les congestions sont basées sur des calculs prévisionnels de restrictions de production qui peuvent entrainer des pertes de production importantes pour le renouvelable. Cependant, dans le cadre d'un développement important du renouvelable, il est nécessaire de définir une méthodologie de gestion des congestions fiable, optimale du point de vue économique et non discriminatoire pour la production renouvelable.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, la méthodologie de gestion des congestions locales proposée repose sur l'usage d'un contrôle correctif. Le contrôle correctif est basé sur une boucle de régulation et un algorithme utilisant les réseaux de Petri. Une étude de stabilité de la boucle de régulation a montré que les marges de stabilité dépendantes des gains composant la boucle sont suffisantes. L'algorithme permet de définir les groupes de production à choisir pour la gestion des congestions en considérant leur coût d'utilisation et leur impact sur la congestion. Les essais, effectués sous le logiciel EUROSTAG, ont montré la pertinence de la méthodologie proposée et sa capacité à s'adapter à l'insertion des moyens de production. De plus, des conclusions générales sur les différents coûts associés à la gestion des congestions en fonction des différentes règlementations régissant la production renouvelable ont été obtenues

Les systèmes hybrides EnR/H2 sont une solution innovante au problème du stockage des énergies renouvelables. Ces systèmes comprennent : une ou plusieurs sources renouvelables d'énergie ; un électrolyseur pour produire de l'hydrogène et de l'oxygène lorsque la source renouvelable fournit un excédent d'énergie ; à l'inverse, lorsque la demande excède la capacité de la source renouvelable, une pile à combustible consomme les gaz afin de fournir le complément d'énergie nécessaire. Afin de développer ces solutions dans le futur : il est nécessaire de constituer un ensemble de références architecturales correspondant aux applications cibles pour les systèmes hybrides EnR/H2 ; et de posséder un instrument décisionnel permettant le dimensionnement optimum des sous-systèmes selon plusieurs critères (efficacité énergétique du système ou coût du kWh). Un code numérique de dimensionnement sous langage MATLAB®, baptisé ORIENTE, a donc été développé dans le cadre des travaux de recherches qui s'inscrivent dans le projet ANR PEPITE (ANR-07-PANH-012). Les différents partenaires de ce projet sont la société HELION, l'Université De Corse, le CEA, l'INPT - LAPLACE et ARMINES. Les applications concernées par ce code, sont l'électrification de sites isolés, la gestion énergétique de micro-réseaux électriques et l'écrêtage de pointes de puissance sur un réseau électrique. La première application sera traitée via un démonstrateur qui sera installé à Cadarache début 2011, sur le site du CEA, celle-ci concerne l'alimentation d'un pylône météorologique. Cette application est labellisée par les pôles de compétitivité CAPENERGIES et TENERRDIS. La 2ème application concerne l'étude d'un micro-réseau sur le site de MAFATE (îlet de la Réunion). Cette étudie est en partenariat avec l'ARER. La dernière application, nommée projet MYRTE a été traitée à travers une plateforme technologique sur le site de Vignola (près d'Ajaccio) pour des modes de contrôle-commande répondant à de l'écrêtage de pointe et à du lissage de la production photovoltaïque. Cette plateforme est financée par la région, l'Etat et l'Europe (FEDER). Cette application a fait l'objet d'une labellisation par CAPENERGIES.