In the master thesis a terminological glossary of energy economics was developed. Actuality of the research is determined by the necessity to compile a logically structured glossary of the energy economy, corresponding to the current developmentsin this industry, and very fragmented information relating to it. The object of the research is the German-language terminological units of the subject area energy economy (Gr.: ENERGIEWIRTSCHAFT) with translation into Russian. Theoretical significance: extensive materials related to the problems of the classification of terminology and the development of a glossarywas analyzed and systematized, a sequential algorithm for working on its compilationwas also described. Practical significance is based on the fact that the developed glossary performs both informational and educational functions, so it can be used in working with students of language specialties in practical classes on the translation of special texts. / В магистерской диссертации разработан терминологический глоссарий экономики энергетики. Актуальность темы определяется необходимостью составления логически структурированного глоссария экономики энергетики, соответствующего актуальному развитию данной отрасли, и весьма разрозненной информацией, относящейся к ней. Объектом исследования являются немецкоязычные терминологические единицы предметной области ENERGIEWIRTSCHAFT/ ЭКОНОМИКА ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ с переводом на русский язык. Теоретическая значимость: в работе произведены анализ и систематизация обширного материала, связанного с проблемами классификации терминологии и разработки глоссария, а также описан последовательный алгоритм работы над его составлением. Практическая значимость основана на том, что разработанный глоссарий выполняет как информационную, так и учебную функции, поэтому он может быть использован в работе со студентами языковых специальностей на практических занятиях по переводу специальных текстов.

Este trabalho parte da constatação de que, na história de Mato Grosso do Sul, sempre esteve presente a disputa, tão frequente no Brasil, entre os projetos de desenvolvimento de longo prazo e os interesses imediatistas do núcleo governante. Esta análise é conduzida nesta tese pelos os conceitos estruturais de desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento, dentro de um quadro teórico preciso, à luz das teorias macro-econômicas de Celso Furtado. Em seguida, o trabalho analisa como, em Mato Grosso do Sul, apesar da presença frequente do discurso do desenvolvimento, a força do imediatismo das elites suplantou as articulações que visassem um projeto de desenvolvimento sustentado e duradouro, capaz de melhorar as condições materiais e intelectuais da sociedade. Em particular no setor energético, que é o foco central desta tese, a contradição é marcante, principalmente em razão de que, sob vários aspectos, Mato Grosso do Sul abriga um dos mais importantes parques hidrelétricos do Brasil, sobretudo no Rio Paraná, compartilhado com São Paulo. Foi justamente a debilidade da visão de longo prazo que levou a que a implantação desse parque energético ocorresse à margem de seus governos. / This work starts from the observation that in the history of Mato Grosso do Sul, the race was always present, so frequent in Brazil, among the development projects of long term and immediate interests of the core ruling. This analysis is conducted in this thesis by the structural concepts of development and underdevelopment, within a precise theoretical framework, under Celso Furtados macroeconomic theories. Then, in work examines how, in Mato Grosso do Sul, despite the frequent presence of the development discourse, the strength of the immediacy of the elites supplanted the joints which are aimed at a project of sustainable development and durable, capable of improving the material conditions and intellectual society. Particularly in the energy sector that is the focus of this thesis, the contradiction is striking, especially considering that in many ways Mato Grosso do Sul is home to one of the most important hydroelectric parks in Brazil, especially in the Paraná River, shared with the state of São Paulo. It was precisely the weakness of long term vision that led to the deployment of such energy park occurred outside of their governments.

The benefits of the Oceans and Seas have been exploited by societies for many centuries; the marine offshore and naval sectors have been the predominant users of the waters. It has been overlooked until recently, that significant amounts of energy can be harnessed by waves, providing an additional abundant resource for renewable energy generation. The increasing energy needs of current societies have led to the consideration of waves as an exploitable renewable resource. During the past decades, advancements have been made towards commercialising wave energy converters (WECs), though significant knowledge gap exists on the accurate estimation of the potential energy that can be harnessed. In order, to enhance our understanding of opportunities within wave energy highly resolved long-term resource assessment of potential sites are necessary, which will allow for not only a detailed energy estimation methodology but also information on extreme waves that are expected to affect the survivability and reliability of future wave energy converters. This research work aims to contribute the necessary knowledge to the estimation of wave energy resources from both highly energetic and milder sea environment, exhibiting the opportunities that lay within these environments. A numerical model SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore), based on spectral wave formulation has been utilised for wave hindcasting which was driven by high resolution temporal and spatially varying wind data. The capabilities of the model, allow a detailed representation of several coastal areas, which are not usually accurately resolved by larger ocean models. The outcome of this research provides long-term data and characterisation of the wave environment and its extremes for the Scottish region. Moreover, investigation on the applicability of wave energy in the Mediterranean Sea, an area which was often overlooked, showed that wave energy is more versatile than expected. The outcomes provide robust estimations of extreme wave values for coastal waters, alongside valuable information about the usage of numerical modelling and WECs to establish energy pattern production. Several key tuning factors and inputs such as boundary wind conditions and computational domain parameters are tested. This was done in a systematic way in order to establish a customized solution and detect parameters that may hinder the process and lead to erroneous results. The uncertainty of power production by WECs is reduced by the introduction of utilization rates based on the long-term data, which include annual and seasonal variability. This will assist to minimize assumptions for energy estimates and financial returns in business plans. Finally, the importance of continuous improvements in resource assessment is stressed in order to enhance our understanding of the wave environment.

Este trabalho parte da constatação de que, na história de Mato Grosso do Sul, sempre esteve presente a disputa, tão frequente no Brasil, entre os projetos de desenvolvimento de longo prazo e os interesses imediatistas do núcleo governante. Esta análise é conduzida nesta tese pelos os conceitos estruturais de desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento, dentro de um quadro teórico preciso, à luz das teorias macro-econômicas de Celso Furtado. Em seguida, o trabalho analisa como, em Mato Grosso do Sul, apesar da presença frequente do discurso do desenvolvimento, a força do imediatismo das elites suplantou as articulações que visassem um projeto de desenvolvimento sustentado e duradouro, capaz de melhorar as condições materiais e intelectuais da sociedade. Em particular no setor energético, que é o foco central desta tese, a contradição é marcante, principalmente em razão de que, sob vários aspectos, Mato Grosso do Sul abriga um dos mais importantes parques hidrelétricos do Brasil, sobretudo no Rio Paraná, compartilhado com São Paulo. Foi justamente a debilidade da visão de longo prazo que levou a que a implantação desse parque energético ocorresse à margem de seus governos. / This work starts from the observation that in the history of Mato Grosso do Sul, the race was always present, so frequent in Brazil, among the development projects of long term and immediate interests of the core ruling. This analysis is conducted in this thesis by the structural concepts of development and underdevelopment, within a precise theoretical framework, under Celso Furtados macroeconomic theories. Then, in work examines how, in Mato Grosso do Sul, despite the frequent presence of the development discourse, the strength of the immediacy of the elites supplanted the joints which are aimed at a project of sustainable development and durable, capable of improving the material conditions and intellectual society. Particularly in the energy sector that is the focus of this thesis, the contradiction is striking, especially considering that in many ways Mato Grosso do Sul is home to one of the most important hydroelectric parks in Brazil, especially in the Paraná River, shared with the state of São Paulo. It was precisely the weakness of long term vision that led to the deployment of such energy park occurred outside of their governments.

This thesis is a contribution to the analysis of the relationship between the economic growth and the usage of non-renewable energy resources. More precisely, it is studied the conditions under which energy-saving technologies can sustain long-run growth, even if energy is mainly produced by means of non-renewable energy resources, such as fossil fuels. A general equilibrium framework is considered, giving special attention to the dynamical properties of the economy. In accordance with the well-known debate of complementarity vs. substitutability between physical capital and energy as production inputs, this thesis is divided into two parts. The first part of this thesis assumes complementarity between physical capital and energy as production inputs, which captures the idea of the existence of a minimum energy requirement to use a machine. Even if in contrast with the standard literature on non-renewable energy resources, which assumes substitutability, the assumption of complementarity is indeed supported by various empirical studies. This relationship of complementarity allows one to introduce the assumption of different generations of machines coexisting in each period by adding a new variable to the firm's problem: physical capital replacement. In this first part of the thesis, it is provided a theoretical study of physical capital replacement, i.e., vintage effect, which is an important environmental policy when new machines are assumed to be more energy-saving. Following the standard literature on non-renewable energy resources, this second part of the thesis assumes substitutability between capital and energy. This branch of the literature gives central position to physical capital accumulation to offset the constraint on production possibilities due to use of non-renewable energy resources. This literature assumes the same technology for both physical capital accumulation and consumption, which implies (among other things) that the energy intensity of both sectors is the same. However, data do not support this implication and suggest that physical capital accumulation is relatively more energy-intensive than consumption. Following that, this second part of the thesis studies the implications of this hypothesis.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the development of new technologies in the energy industry and to explore how it is possible for these technologies to compete with incumbent technologies in a mature market. The pursuit of renewable energy has been at the forefront of national government and international institutional policy in recent years due to the desire to improve the security of energy supply and to reduce CO2e emissions. This thesis aims to contribute to this policy debate, particularly by focussing on the issue of governmental support for infant energy technologies. In order to conduct this investigation, two main topics have been analysed. Firstly, learning curves have been studied to establish whether support for new technologies can be justified by the potential cost reductions which arise from learning-by-doing. This research evolved into the investigation of econometric issues which affect learning curves. Patent counts are used to demonstrate an alternative output-based measurement of industry wide knowledge stock, which is used as a proxy for innovation. This alternative specification of knowledge stock corroborates recent findings in the literature, that learning curves which model cost using only cumulative capacity leads to the over-estimation of cost reductions from learning-by-doing and the failure to capture cost reductions resulting from innovation. This suggests that government support for infant technologies should form a dual strategy of incentivising the deployment of generators as well as encouraging innovation, instead of using feed-in tariffs or renewable obligations which narrowly focus on increasing deployment. A great deal of progress has been made in identifying further econometric problems affecting learning curves in recent years. In the progress of this study, it was identified that cumulative capacity, the cost of wind power and knowledge stock are all non-stationary time series variables. The hypothesis that these variables are cointegrated was rejected by the Westerlund test, which implies that learning curves produce spurious results. This has major consequences for government policy as it suggests that learning curves should not be used to justify support for infant technologies. Secondly, a choice experiment was conducted to determine Scottish households’ willingness to pay for electricity generated from renewable sources compared to conventional sources such as coal, oil and gas. A labelled choice experiment was used to determine whether households have preferences between onshore wind power, offshore wind power and wave power. The results of a latent class model reveal that the majority of households (76.5%) are willing to pay an additional £89-£196 per year to obtain electricity from renewable resources instead of conventional sources. However, there is no statistically significant difference in the willingness to pay between the renewable technologies included in the choice experiment. The latent class model also illustrated that there is a sizeable minority (23.5%) who are opposed to renewable energy development. Older respondents and those less concerned about CO2 emissions are significantly more likely to form part of this group at the 5% level of significance. The study also included a unique addition by identifying households which purchased a house in the previous seven years. Interacting the actual transaction prices of these houses in a multinomial logit model suggested that households may be concerned about renewable energy developments devaluing their properties or the additional expense required to power larger houses. Due to the increasing difficulty of conducting choice experiments in the UK, a novel method of eliciting choice experiment responses from online advertising was tested and was found to be a cost-effective method of eliciting choice experiment responses. Overall, the research indicates that caution should be exercised when interpreting the results of a choice experiment which elicits responses using Internet advertising. It can be observed that the pseudo R2 of the Internet-based sample is lower than the mail-based sample and that the mean respondent to the Internet-based choice experiment is willing to pay significantly more for renewable electricity than the mean respondent to the mail-based choice experiment at the 5% level of significance. Furthermore, the mean willingness to pay estimate in the Internet-based choice experiment appears to be unrealistically high. Further research investigating the elasticity of survey responses to the prize fund on offer would be valuable in identifying the most cost-effective strategy to obtain responses and to generate a more representative sample.

The competitive federalist system facilitated state leadership and the diffusion of innovative policies that addressed climate change and energy issues in the absence of comprehensive federal action at the start of the twenty-first century. In a competitive federalist system state governments and their politicians challenge one another horizontally and the federal government vertically for legislative credit and functional authority on relevant policy issues. What drove state-level climate and clean energy leadership from 2001 to 2012? This dissertation develops three competitive federalism-based hypotheses for analysis: (H1) A national, bipartisan network of ambitious, entrepreneurial governors drove climate and clean energy policy innovation from 2001 to 2012; (H2) the State Energy Program Recovery Act resources reduced the policy adoption gap between early enactors and laggards in clean energy financing and regulation; (H3) and justification for climate and clean energy activities in the states shifted from environmental to economic rationales from 2001 to 2012 (Figure ES1). While competitive federalism theory has centered on both fiscal and ideological considerations driving innovation in the policy environment, the experience of climate change policymaking and clean energy actions at the state level during the period under consideration reveals a clear partisan divide in policymaking within this domain.

Cities interact with and rely on energy in complex ways. Fundamentally cities rely upon high quality energy and outputs of low quality for their very existence. The energy flows and transformations enabling cities are tied to physical limits imposed by thermodynamics. Understanding of these limits and the relationships among energy and cities, it is revealed herein, is of vital importance to the sustainability of cities. Four contributions to this understanding are provided. The first articulates how the thermodynamic forces driving cities, together with the dynamic environment within which cities reside, stipulates what type of activities within cities are sustainable. Second, a model depicting the scaling relationship between urban energy use and economic output is devised, and it’s fit to historical data demonstrated via nonlinear regression. By differentiating between energy used to grow and energy used to maintain economic output the model illustrates how reductions in these values on a per dollar basis abets growth while the reverse delays growth, or stops it altogether when energy needs for maintenance become too high. Third, an exergy network conceptualization of cities is developed that reveals the structure of the exergy flows in a city. The topology of the network drastically alters the city’s ability to maximize usefulness of imported energy as well as alter that variability in the amount of usefulness extracted. Finally, the resilience of cities with respect to energy is presented by considering the energy storage and buffer capacity of the urban metabolism. The city of Toronto is shown to have adequate flexibility in food and transport fuels to withstand operation for days without undue interruption of typical activities. Together these differing aspects of the open non-equilibrium details of cities establish an improved prescription of the sustainable city.

Cities interact with and rely on energy in complex ways. Fundamentally cities rely upon high quality energy and outputs of low quality for their very existence. The energy flows and transformations enabling cities are tied to physical limits imposed by thermodynamics. Understanding of these limits and the relationships among energy and cities, it is revealed herein, is of vital importance to the sustainability of cities. Four contributions to this understanding are provided. The first articulates how the thermodynamic forces driving cities, together with the dynamic environment within which cities reside, stipulates what type of activities within cities are sustainable. Second, a model depicting the scaling relationship between urban energy use and economic output is devised, and it’s fit to historical data demonstrated via nonlinear regression. By differentiating between energy used to grow and energy used to maintain economic output the model illustrates how reductions in these values on a per dollar basis abets growth while the reverse delays growth, or stops it altogether when energy needs for maintenance become too high. Third, an exergy network conceptualization of cities is developed that reveals the structure of the exergy flows in a city. The topology of the network drastically alters the city’s ability to maximize usefulness of imported energy as well as alter that variability in the amount of usefulness extracted. Finally, the resilience of cities with respect to energy is presented by considering the energy storage and buffer capacity of the urban metabolism. The city of Toronto is shown to have adequate flexibility in food and transport fuels to withstand operation for days without undue interruption of typical activities. Together these differing aspects of the open non-equilibrium details of cities establish an improved prescription of the sustainable city.

How sustainable is Australia’s pattern of energy supply and use? What are the major factors explaining Australia’s sustainable energy performance relative to other countries? This thesis explores energy supply and use in Australia during the 1990s and 2000s and examines major drivers such as policy decisions, economic structure and trade profile. Performance and drivers in Australia are compared with other OECD countries. / To address the questions posed above, it is first necessary to explore the concepts of ‘sustainable development’ and ‘sustainable energy’ and consider how best to measure sustainable energy performance. Alternative sustainability frameworks and models are examined, with the ‘strong sustainability’ model adopted for this thesis being distinguished from other models in three principal ways: i) it places biophysical constraints on economic activity; ii) it regards certain critical natural capital is being non-substitutable; and iii) it places roughly equal emphasis on intra- and intergenerational equity. The strong sustainability model is operationalised into a series of principles and objectives for energy sustainability, which in turn are used as a basis for systematically developing a suite of sustainable energy indicators. This approach is preferred over other approaches to assessing sustainable energy performance given the study’s focus on measurable objectives and outcomes. / The second part of the thesis is devoted to measuring the sustainable energy performance of Australia and other OECD countries against twelve indicators. Some of the indicators selected are ‘standard’, being quite commonly used in other contexts. A number of the indicators though, are unique or have unique features that increase their validity as measures of strong sustainability. Initial results of the performance assessment suggest that Australia is amongst the weakest performing OECD countries, ranking last of all OECD countries against two of the twelve sustainable energy indicators and in the lower quartile of OECD countries against a further six indicators. Further analysis, combining and weighting indicator scores and country rankings across the 12 indicators confirms Australia’s poor performance. Australia ranks 28th of 30 OECD countries by two different ranking methods and 15th of 16 OECD countries by another two methods. Only the USA ranks consistently lower than Australia. Denmark consistently ranks highest of all countries by all methods. / The third and final part of the thesis examines drivers of sustainable energy performance by Australia and a subset of four OECD countries: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden (OECD 4). The primary basis for OECD 4 selection was strong performance against the sustainable energy indicators, although other criteria including economic structure, trade and demography were also considered. A range of techniques, including factorisation, ‘what if’ analysis and linear regression are used to diagnose the underlying factors driving the performance of Australia and the OECD 4 against the sustainable energy indicators. The analysis is extended to include a qualitative assessment of policy drivers including strategic and institutional settings, energy pricing, electricity market policies, R & D and regulation. / A major conclusion of the thesis based on the analysis is that Australia’s weak sustainable energy performance since 1990, relative to other OECD countries, has been substantially shaped by domestic policy decisions, decisions that were not inevitable given Australia’s economic structure, trade profile, demography, and geography.