South Africa is in the critical process of determining the profile of its power composition for the next 30 years and beyond. From the IRP2010 it seems that too much emphasis is placed on renewable energy, coal and other technologies and too little on nuclear power. In the revision of the IRP2010, the renewable portion of the energy composition has been increased substantially from 11.4 to 17.8GW, where nuclear remains on 9.6GW (DME, 2011). The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare power-generating technologies. The investigation of the different technologies is corroborated through modelling the IRP2010 planned energy mix efficiency, as well as a proposed energy mix. These models will be built using Microsoft Excel. Topics not investigated are socio-economic impacts and politics around nuclear energy in South Africa. The main finding of the research is that nuclear power is the best option for base load energy in order to meet South Africa‟s growing demand for electricity. It has the highest load factor, longest economic life, best safety record, adheres to the Kyoto protocol, uses the least fresh water and is economically competitive. It addresses all the concerns stipulated in the IRP2010 and the technology also offers benefits outside the electricity industry, such as the mining, medical, agriculture and research sectors. This versatile, reliable and powerful technology holds great benefits and has the potential to uplift the quality of life for the whole South African nation. / MSc (Nuclear Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

South Africa is in the critical process of determining the profile of its power composition for the next 30 years and beyond. From the IRP2010 it seems that too much emphasis is placed on renewable energy, coal and other technologies and too little on nuclear power. In the revision of the IRP2010, the renewable portion of the energy composition has been increased substantially from 11.4 to 17.8GW, where nuclear remains on 9.6GW (DME, 2011). The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare power-generating technologies. The investigation of the different technologies is corroborated through modelling the IRP2010 planned energy mix efficiency, as well as a proposed energy mix. These models will be built using Microsoft Excel. Topics not investigated are socio-economic impacts and politics around nuclear energy in South Africa. The main finding of the research is that nuclear power is the best option for base load energy in order to meet South Africa‟s growing demand for electricity. It has the highest load factor, longest economic life, best safety record, adheres to the Kyoto protocol, uses the least fresh water and is economically competitive. It addresses all the concerns stipulated in the IRP2010 and the technology also offers benefits outside the electricity industry, such as the mining, medical, agriculture and research sectors. This versatile, reliable and powerful technology holds great benefits and has the potential to uplift the quality of life for the whole South African nation. / MSc (Nuclear Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

My dissertation consists of three distinct but related chapters on Energy Economics and Finance. My first chapter is an empirical evaluation of market conduct in global crude oil markets. "Hotelling rule" states that even in competitive equilibrium, price of an "exhaustible resource" exceeds its marginal cost due to the opportunity cost of depleting the non-renewable resource. This cost is called "scarcity rent". Oil price exceeds its marginal extraction cost significantly. This can be attributed to two different sources: effect of scarcity of oil on prices or exercising market power by OPEC (collusion). In this paper, I use Porter (1983) approach considering the possibility of "scarcity rent" component involved in the gap between price and marginal extraction cost in the oil market. The novelty of my approach is to empirically estimate scarcity rent using data on cost of production of oil. Two benchmark cases, where scarcity rent is either zero (non-exhaustible resources hypothesis (Adelman 1990)) or equal to minimum price-cost margin are considered. The results show that in both cases OPEC failed to cooperate effectively and in second case, market conduct estimated is closer to Cournot behavior. In the second chapter of my dissertation, we employ a real options approach to evaluate oil and gas companies' investment decisions in an empirical setup. We develop a theoretical model to derive testable predictions. A unique measure of investment costs is obtained from energy industry data vendors. This novel dataset contains details of contract terms and pricing for offshore drilling equipment, which constitute the major share of investment costs in offshore oil field development. The investment database is combined with financial and macroeconomic data, which enables us to perform a panel data analysis of investments' response to variations in investment costs and market variables such as the slope of futures curve, firms' past earnings, cost of capital and implied oil price volatility. Our results show that the larger firms, facing less financial friction, are more forward looking while the smaller firms, who have less access to capital markets, are more dependent on their past earnings. The third chapter of my dissertation is about the effect of recent natural gas production boom on U.S. manufacturing. Natural gas production in North America has increased significantly over the past decade causing the prices to plunge during past 5 years. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of low natural gas prices on energy intensive U.S. manufacturing industries using market data. I empirically evaluate the stock market reactions of publicly traded companies in energy intensive industries to arrival of new information about the unexpected price shocks in natural gas futures markets. My results show that the stock market does not react significantly to innovations in the expected price of natural gas, proxied for by monthly changes in natural gas futures contracts with a fixed maturity date. I then split the sample into two groups based on their expenditure on natural gas as a ratio of their total production value. The stock market valuation of companies in high "natural gas intensity" industries were positively affected by unexpected downward shocks in natural gas prices and the results are significant. / text

Cette thèse aborde les enjeux de l'hybridation des données pour la modélisation énergie-économie-environnement, et ses implications pour la politique climatique dans le cas de la France.Le travail met l'accent sur l'importance de construire une représentation hybride de l'économie, articulant de façon cohérente le cadre économique de la comptabilité nationale et les flux physiques, fournis par des bilans de matières (ex: bilan énergétique). Partant du principe qu’il est possible de réduire les incertitudes dans la recomposition des données grâce à des contraintes d’équilibres de flux, cette thèse met d’abord en place une méthode permettant de dépasser les problèmes de nomenclatures non cohérentes, de données disparates, ou simplement manquantes. Nous montrons que l’hybridation permet de décrire plus précisément le poids de l’énergie dans l’appareil productif français, ainsi que celui de certains secteurs de l’économie (ciment, acier).Le cadre hybride sert alors de base au modèle d’équilibre général IMACLIM. Ce modèle sert à explorer dans quelle mesure la comptabilité hybride permet de renouveler la discussion sur l’introduction d’une taxe carbone unilatérale en France.Nous mesurons d’abord l’importance de la procédure d’hybridation dans l’évaluation de l’impact macroéconomique de la politique climatique. La désagrégation sectorielle nous permet, dans un second temps, de conduire une discussion autour de paramètres centraux mais controversés de la modélisation : les élasticités-prix du commerce international, et la courbe salaire-chômage interprétée comme un indicateur du pouvoir de négociation des salaires. La thèse montre en particulier qu’il est possible, grâce au progrès sur la description sectorielle, de prendre en compte une hétérogénéité des régimes de formations salariales entre secteurs tout en les reliant à leur niveau d’exposition au commerce extérieur.Enfin, la thèse propose une méthode pour évaluer différents inventaires des émissions de CO2, tels que les émissions liées à la consommation, ou les émissions incorporées dans les importations, tout en s’appuyant sur le cadre hybride. Ainsi, nous fournissons des informations originales sur les moteurs des émissions en France qui permettront de prolonger l’analyse à d’autres mesures tels que l'ajustement d’une taxe carbone aux frontières / This thesis addresses the issue of data hybridisation for energy-economy-environment modelling and its implications for climate policy in the case of France.The work emphasises the importance of building a hybrid representation of the economy, articulating coherently the economic framework of national accounts and the physical flows, provided by sectoral database (energy balance, industrial statistics). Assuming that it is possible to reduce the uncertainties of data construction, thanks to the equilibrium constraints of flows, this thesis first introduces a method which overcomes the problems of non-coherent nomenclatures, disparate data, or simply missing ones. We show that this hybridisation procedure allows to better describe the weight of both the energy in the French productive system and key sectors of the economy (cement, steel).The hybrid framework then serves to feed the IMACLIM general equilibrium model. The model is used to explore to what extent the hybrid accounts give an opportunity to renew discussion on the introduction of a unilateral carbon tax in France.We first measure the importance of the hybridisation procedure for assessing the macroeconomic impact of climate policy.Then, the sectoral disaggregation allows us to conduct a discussion around central but controversial parameters of modelling: the international trade elasticity and the wage curve interpreted as an indicator of the wage bargaining power. The thesis shows in particular that it is possible, thanks to the progress on the sectoral description, to take into account heterogeneous representation of wage formation between sectors while linking them to their level of exposure to external trade.Finally, the thesis proposes a methodology to evaluate different emission inventories of CO2, such as "consumption-based" emissions, and emissions embodied in imports while relying on the hybrid framework. We thus provide original insights on the drivers of emissions in France which could extend the analyses to other policies such as the adjustment of a carbon tax at the borders

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate further whether oil price has an effect on house price inflation and additionally if it has a link to house price turning points. The methodology is grounded on the previous research paper made by Breitenfellner et al. (2015). The results are based on quarterly data from the countries; Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden through the time span of 1990-2018. A linear fixed regression model was performed including the explanatory variables of monetary policy and credit developments, macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market variable and demographic variables. Secondly, a logit model was used to identify a relationship between oil price and house price turning points. The model used misalignment made from GDP per capita and real interest rate. The empirical analysis confirms that there is a positive relationship between oil prices and house price inflation. This evidence contradicts a major share of previous research papers (see Bernanke, 2010; Kaufmann et al., 2011). However, there are also some previous papers (see Yiqi, (2017); Antonakakis et al., 2016) and theoretical linkages in line with a positive correlation. Concerning, the oil price and house price inflation no empirical significance was found regarding their relationship. For future research, one could include regional aspects for the purpose of controlling for geographical differences.

O sistema elétrico brasileiro utiliza o custo do déficit como parâmetro no seu planejamento da expansão e operação para indicar o custo econômico da escassez de energia elétrica para a sociedade. Para o desenvolvimento de um método confiável de cálculo deste parâmetro, é importante compreender a dependência do suprimento de energia nos diversos setores econômicos. Este trabalho apresenta e discute a percepção das empresas do setor de telecomunicações dos impactos resultantes de restrições no fornecimento de energia elétrica. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: revisão da literatura referente aos métodos utilizados para o cálculo do custo do déficit no modelo brasileiro e na experiência internacional e, em seguida, pesquisa empírica com realização de estudos de casos em duas empresas de telecomunicações. As informações obtidas mostram que, no setor de serviços de telecomunicações, qualquer nível de interrupção ou restrição de energia tem impacto econômico para as empresas. Tendo em vista o caráter de serviço essencial para a população, as empresas investem em estruturas de contingenciamento que mitigam os riscos em caso de pequenas restrições ou interrupções curtas de energia. Indisponibilidade de energia acima da capacidade de contingenciamento prevista pelas empresas requer investimentos adicionais e implica em aumento dos custos operacionais para redução dos riscos de falhas na prestação dos serviços e suas consequentes sanções regulatórias. Em relação aos métodos para o cálculo do custo do déficit, concluiu-se que, baseado nas análises dos casos estudados, no perfil de consumo de energia e nas características de negócio do setor de telecomunicações, para pesquisas diretas ao consumidor, o método de preferência revelada é o mais adequado para este setor econômico e possivelmente outros com as mesmas características. Neste método o custo da insuficiência de energia é inferido através das decisões de investimento feitas pelo consumidor em equipamentos de contingência, tais como geradores de reserva. / The Brazilian electricity system uses the deficit cost as a parameter in its planning processes to indicate the economic cost for the society of electricity shortages. In developing a reliable method of calculating this parameter, it is important to understand the dependence of different economic sectors on the energy supply. This work presents and discusses the telecommunication companies\' perception of the impacts resulting from restrictions to the power supply. It was developed in two stages: a literature review on the methods used to calculate the deficit cost in Brazil and other countries, followed by an empirical research with case studies in two telecommunication companies. The research showed that for the telecommunication service providers, any level of power interruption or restriction has an economic impact. In view of the essential nature of the service to the population, companies invest in contingency structures to mitigate the risks for small power restrictions and short interruptions. Providing mitigation measures for larger levels of power shortage would require additional investments and result in higher operational costs, in order to decrease the risk of service interruption and consequent regulatory sanctions. Regarding the deficit cost calculation method, it is shown, based on the case studies analysis, the power consumption profile, and the business characteristics, that for consumer surveys, the revealed preference method is most suitable for the telecommunications economic sector, and possibly for other similar ones. In this method, the power shortage cost is inferred from the investment decisions made by the company in power contingency equipment, such as backup generators.

Le siècle dernier a été le siècle de la révolution technologique. Les combustibles fossiles ont alimenté cette révolution technologique. Les défis auxquels notre société est confrontée, que ce soit le changement climatique ou la situation énergétique mondiale ou l’épuisement des réserves de combustibles fossiles, sont les défis les plus graves auxquels sont confrontés toutes les générations. L'énergie renouvelable est considérée comme la clé des problèmes énergétiques de notre société. De nombreuses technologies innovantes se font concurrence pour alimenter la prochaine révolution énergétique. Sources d'énergies renouvelables telles que l'énergie solaire, l'énergie éolienne, la biomasse, l'hydroélectricité, l'énergie géothermique, etc. Presque tous sont saisonniers, et sont donc des sources d'énergie discontinues et non uniformes. Ils ont également une limitation en termes de choix des sites de production et, en général, nécessitent de grandes étendues de terre pour les plantes, ce qui conduit à une faible densité de puissance par unité de surface.Néanmoins, l'énergie éolienne et solaire a beaucoup attiré l'attention au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, pour que le monde passe complètement des énergies fossiles et de l’énergie nucléaire à l’énergie éolienne et solaire, il est nécessaire de développer de nouveaux types de systèmes capables de générer de l’énergie à moindre coût avec moins de contraintes de sélection de sites.Dans la quête de la source d'énergie pérenne. Notre société se tourne vers la communauté scientifique pour des solutions innovantes. Cette thèse est une étape vers la recherche de solutions innovantes à nos problèmes énergétiques. Les systèmes d'énergie éolienne à haute altitude (HAWE) ou plus communément appelés systèmes éoliens aéroportés (AWES) sont considérés comme la réponse aux besoins énergétiques des générations futures. L'énergie éolienne aéroportée (AWE) est un concept innovant visant à utiliser l'énergie des courants de vent à haute altitude, car les courants de vent à haute altitude sont presque uniformes dans le monde entier et AWES peut pratiquement être installé partout dans le monde. De plus, les systèmes AWE proposés nécessitent moins de matériau de structure. Ils devraient donc être beaucoup moins chers que toute autre source d’énergie disponible. AWE est donc une perspective prometteuse dans cette quête pour trouver une solution à nos problèmes énergétiques.Dans ce travail, la faisabilité des systèmes d'énergie éolienne aéroportés basés sur Magnus est explorée. Le travail présente en détail un bref historique des systèmes d'énergie éolienne aéroportés et des concepts de base nécessaires pour développer une compréhension de la technologie AWE. Il examine en détail les systèmes aéroportés basés sur Magnus et donne une perspective historique sur les machines basées sur l’effet Magnus. Il présente en détail les propriétés aérodynamiques de l’effet Magnus et présente un modèle aérodynamique pour ces systèmes. Puisque la modélisation est un aspect important de toute technologie. Ce travail présente un modèle détaillé des systèmes AWE basés sur Magnus ainsi que les algorithmes de contrôle nécessaires au fonctionnement de tels systèmes. Les courbes de puissance sont des outils couramment utilisés pour analyser les systèmes d'énergie éolienne. Ce travail présente une approche pour la conception de courbes de puissance pour les systèmes AWE afin d'analyser les capacités de production d'énergie des systèmes d'énergie éolienne aéroportés. / Last century has been the century of the technology revolution. Fossil fuels have fueled this technology revolution. The challenges faced by our society be it the climate change or the world energy situation or the depletion of fossil fuel reserves are the most grievous challenges faced by any generation. Renewable energy is believed to be the key to energy problems of our society. There are many innovative technologies competing against each other to fuel the next energy revolution. Renewables sources of energies such as solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal etc. Though promising but due to the high economic cost and limited application they are yet to prove their mass scale applicability. Almost all of them are seasonal, hence, are discontinuous and non-uniform sources of energy. They also have a limitation in terms of choice of plant sites, and generally, require large tracts of land for plants which lead to low power density per unit area.Nonetheless, Wind and Solar energy have attracted a lot of attention in the last few decades. However, for the world to fully shift from fossil fuels and nuclear energy to Wind and Solar power, it is necessary to develop new kind of systems which can generate continuous power at a lower cost with fewer site selection constraints.In the quest to find the perennial clean source of energy. Our society is looking towards the scientific community for innovative solutions. This thesis is one such step towards finding innovative solutions to our energy problems. High altitude wind energy systems (HAWE) or more commonly known as Airborne wind energy systems (AWES) are believed to be the answer to the energy needs of the future generations. Airborne wind energy (AWE) is an innovative concept aiming at utilizing the energy of the high altitude wind currents, as high altitude wind currents are almost uniform across the globe, and AWES can be practically set-up anywhere around the world. Also, the proposed AWE systems require less structural material. Thus, they are expected to be much cheaper than any other available energy source. Therefore, AWE is a promising prospect in this quest to find a solution to our energy problems.In this work, the feasibility of Magnus-based airborne wind energy systems is explored. The work presents in detail a brief history of Airborne wind energy systems and the basic concepts needed to develop an understanding about the AWE technology. It discusses in detail Magnus-based airborne systems and gives a historical perspective on the Magnus-effect based machines. It discusses in detail the aerodynamical properties of the Magnus effect and presents an aerodynamic model for such systems. Since modeling is an important aspect of any technology. This work presents a detailed model of the Magnus-based AWE systems along with the control algorithms required for the operation of such systems. A common tool used to analyze wind-based energy systems is power curves. This work presents an approach to design power curves for AWE systems in order to analyze the power producing capabilities of Airborne wind energy systems.

O sistema elétrico brasileiro utiliza o custo do déficit como parâmetro no seu planejamento da expansão e operação para indicar o custo econômico da escassez de energia elétrica para a sociedade. Para o desenvolvimento de um método confiável de cálculo deste parâmetro, é importante compreender a dependência do suprimento de energia nos diversos setores econômicos. Este trabalho apresenta e discute a percepção das empresas do setor de telecomunicações dos impactos resultantes de restrições no fornecimento de energia elétrica. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: revisão da literatura referente aos métodos utilizados para o cálculo do custo do déficit no modelo brasileiro e na experiência internacional e, em seguida, pesquisa empírica com realização de estudos de casos em duas empresas de telecomunicações. As informações obtidas mostram que, no setor de serviços de telecomunicações, qualquer nível de interrupção ou restrição de energia tem impacto econômico para as empresas. Tendo em vista o caráter de serviço essencial para a população, as empresas investem em estruturas de contingenciamento que mitigam os riscos em caso de pequenas restrições ou interrupções curtas de energia. Indisponibilidade de energia acima da capacidade de contingenciamento prevista pelas empresas requer investimentos adicionais e implica em aumento dos custos operacionais para redução dos riscos de falhas na prestação dos serviços e suas consequentes sanções regulatórias. Em relação aos métodos para o cálculo do custo do déficit, concluiu-se que, baseado nas análises dos casos estudados, no perfil de consumo de energia e nas características de negócio do setor de telecomunicações, para pesquisas diretas ao consumidor, o método de preferência revelada é o mais adequado para este setor econômico e possivelmente outros com as mesmas características. Neste método o custo da insuficiência de energia é inferido através das decisões de investimento feitas pelo consumidor em equipamentos de contingência, tais como geradores de reserva. / The Brazilian electricity system uses the deficit cost as a parameter in its planning processes to indicate the economic cost for the society of electricity shortages. In developing a reliable method of calculating this parameter, it is important to understand the dependence of different economic sectors on the energy supply. This work presents and discusses the telecommunication companies\' perception of the impacts resulting from restrictions to the power supply. It was developed in two stages: a literature review on the methods used to calculate the deficit cost in Brazil and other countries, followed by an empirical research with case studies in two telecommunication companies. The research showed that for the telecommunication service providers, any level of power interruption or restriction has an economic impact. In view of the essential nature of the service to the population, companies invest in contingency structures to mitigate the risks for small power restrictions and short interruptions. Providing mitigation measures for larger levels of power shortage would require additional investments and result in higher operational costs, in order to decrease the risk of service interruption and consequent regulatory sanctions. Regarding the deficit cost calculation method, it is shown, based on the case studies analysis, the power consumption profile, and the business characteristics, that for consumer surveys, the revealed preference method is most suitable for the telecommunications economic sector, and possibly for other similar ones. In this method, the power shortage cost is inferred from the investment decisions made by the company in power contingency equipment, such as backup generators.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar e analisar a história dos projetos hidrelétricos conhecidos por \"botox\" (expressão cunhada aos projetos mais velhos com roupagem de novos), desde sua origem, ainda na primeira reforma do setor elétrico brasileiro em 1998, até seu desfecho, no leilão de energia nova de 2007, já no âmbito da segunda reforma do setor elétrico iniciada em 2004. Para sua total compreensão, é feita a historiografia do setor elétrico desde o Código de Águas, vis-à-vis da política econômica mundial e de seus reflexos na economia nacional. A dissertação prossegue com a descrição das alterações regulatórias, principalmente no que se refere ao critério de licitação de concessões de aproveitamentos hidrelétricos, caracterizando e identificando como se formou essa categoria de empreendimentos \"botox\". Após a conceituação teórica de leilões, são analisadas as participações desse tipo de projeto nos cinco leilões de energia nova, ocorridos entre 2005 e 2007. Além de uma abordagem sob o ponto de vista do produtor independente de energia elétrica, também é feita análise de que forma a alteração da regulamentação para outorga de concessões de geração e para comercialização de energia modificou a perspectiva de evolução do valor da energia elétrica para os autoprodutores. Por fim, é feita breve discussão sobre o processo de licenciamento ambiental desses projetos, com ênfase em seus aspectos regulatórios. / This thesis aims to discuss and analyze the history of a particularly hydroelectric power plants group, nicknamed as \"botox\". This expression comes from the fact that those projects were old ones, which have been previously conceived, that were treated as brand new by the Brazilian regulatory framework. Its history has began from the Brazilian electricity industry reform in the 1990s. This history reaches its final step in the 2007 auction, already under the revised power sector model launched in 2004, which marked the last opportunity of the so-called \"botox\" projects to participate closing deals to sell long term energy in a specially designed auction. To perform this analysis, it is firstly reported the context were the \"botox\" were conceived in the recent history of Brazilin Electricity Sector, and how power plants group was impacted by the shifts of international economic trends. The next section discusses the last two power sector reforms, particularly addressing the shifts hydro-plants investors faced on having access to concession auctions for new projects. After providing the background of the auction mechanism theory, it is examined the newly designed electricity auction adopted in Brazil as well as the results of the auctions that took place between 2004 up to 2007. Finally, it is discussed implications of the rules regarding the latest industry reform and regulatory issues towards environmental licenses, focusing on their impacts on the willingness to invest of self-generators owners of \"botox\" projects.

The energy-planning involves finding a set of sources and conversion devices so as to meet the energy requirements/demands of all the activities in an optimal manner. This could occur at centralized or decentralized level. The current pattern of commercial energy oriented development, particularly focused on fossil fuels and centralized electricity, has resulted in inequities, external debt and environmental degradation. The current status is largely a result of adoption of centralized energy planning (CEP), which ignores the energy needs of rural areas and the poor and has further contributed to environmental degradation due to fossil fuel consumption and forest degradation. CEP does not pay attention to the variations in socio-economic and ecological factors of a region, which influence success of any intervention. Decentralized energy planning (DEP) provides an opportunity to address the energy needs of poor as well as promote efficient utilization of resources. The DEP mechanism takes into account various available resources and demands in a region. DEP, in the Indian context, could be at several scales namely district, block, panchayats (cluster of villages) and village level. Energy planning at the village level is the lowest level of the application of decentralized planning principle. A village constitutes a cluster of households with distinct geographic boundary consisting of settlement, agricultural land, water bodies and any other land category, in most parts of India. Further, the village level plans must be prepared within the limits set by a panchayat, a block or a district level plans, for the sum total of various village plans must correspond to a panchayat (local council), block (or taluka), or district level plan. A panchayat is the lowest administrative unit consisting of a cluster of villages and an elected body to administer developmental activities. A block (or taluka) consists of a cluster of panchayats and a district consists of a cluster of blocks. The main hypothesis for this study is that centralized energy planning has lead to excessive dependence on fossil fuels and import of petroleum, leading to concerns on environment and energy security and finally neglect of the energy needs of the rural communities and poor in particular. DEP could meet the local energy needs particularly in rural areas, protect environment and promote a self reliant and sustainable energy path. In this study, methodology for adopting energy planning from grassroot or village to district level is explored. The study adopts and compares the DEP approach of moving from village (Ungra), to panchayat (Yedavani), to block (Kunigal) and finally to district (Tumkur) level. Aims and objectives of research . • To review energy planning approaches adopted in India . • To evaluate models and methods for DEP at different scales; Village, Panchayat, District and State levels . • To develop a sustainable and decentralized energy planning approach . • To analyze the sustainable decentralized planning approach using multiple objective goal programming model and develop sustainable energy mix for meeting energy needs at village, panchayat, block and district level . • To assess the implications of sustainable and decentralized energy planning from the context of socio-economic and environmental concerns. The central theme of the research work is to prepare an optimized area-based decentralized energy plan to meet the energy needs, incorporating all potential alternate energy sources and end-use devices at least-cost to the economy and environment. One of the environmental goals addressed is to minimize or avoid CO2 emissions to address climate change. Study area selected for DEP is Tumkur district of Karnataka state, India and the DEP is carried out for the year 2005 and 2020. Advanced operation research technique, goal programming, is used to solve the large and complicated energy system problem having multiple conflicting goals.