The pandemic scenario caused by COVID-19 is an event with no precedent. Therefore, it<br>is a phenomenon that can be studied to observe how electricity loads have changed during the stayat-home order weeks. The data collection process was done through online surveys and using<br>publicly available data. This study is focusing on analyzing household energy units such as<br>appliances, HVAC, lighting systems. However, collecting this data is expensive and timeconsuming since dwellings would have to be studied individually. As a solution, previous studies<br>have shown success in characterizing residential electricity using surveys with stochastic models.<br>This characterized electricity consumption data allows the researchers to generate a predictive<br>model, make a regression and understand the data. In that way, the data collection process will not<br>be as costly as installing measuring instruments or smart meters. The input data will be the<br>behavioral characteristics of each participant; meanwhile, the output of the analysis will be the<br>estimated electricity consumption "kWh." After generating the "kWh" target, a sensitivity analysis<br>will be done to observe the electricity consumption through time and examine how people evolved<br>their load during and after the stay-at-home order.<br>This research can help understand the change in electricity consumption of people who<br>worked at home during the pandemic and generate energy indicators and costs such as home office<br>electricity cost kWh/year. In addition to utilities and energy, managers can benefit from having a<br>clear understanding of domestic consumers during emergency scenarios as pandemics. <br>

Actuellement, bien que la plupart des pays nucléaires converge vers la même solution technique: le stockage profond pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs de haute activité et à vie longue, les objectifs calendaires divergent d'un pays à l'autre. Grâce au calcul économique, nous souhaitons apporter des éléments de réponse à la question suivante : En termes de temporalité, comment les générations présentes, qui bénéficient de la production d'électricité nucléaire, doivent-elles supporter les charges de la gestion des déchets radioactifs en tenant compte des générations futures ? Cette thèse se propose d'analyser spécifiquement la décision française en tenant compte de son contexte. Nous proposons un ensemble d'outils qui permet d'évaluer l'Utilité du projet de stockage profond en fonction des choix de temporalité. Notre thèse étudie également l'influence en retour des choix de stockage sur le cycle du combustible nucléaire. Au-delà, nous prenons en compte les interactions entre le stockage profond et les choix de parc nucléaire et de cycle du combustible qui constituent un « système complet ». / Nowadays, the deep geological repository is generally considered as the reference solution for the definitive management of spent nuclear fuel/high-level waste, but different countries have decided different disposal deployment schedules. Via the economic calculation, we hope to offer some answers to the following question: In terms of disposal time management, how should the present generations, benefiting from the nuclear power generation, bear the costs of radioactive waste management, while taking into account future generations? This thesis proposes to analyze specifically the French decision in its context. We propose a set of tools to evaluate the Utility of the deep geological repository project according to the deployment schedule choices. Our thesis also studies the influence of disposal choices on the nuclear fuel cycle. Beyond, we also take into account the interactions between the deep geological repository, nuclear fleet and cycle choices which constitute a "complete system".

Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) est un terme générique qui explique l'utilisation de batteries de véhicules électriques pour obtenir une valeur supplémentaire lors de périodes de non-utilisation. Les services V2X génèrent des revenus de la batterie grâce à la charge dynamique monodirectionnelle (V1X) ou bidirectionnelle (V2X) afin de fournir des avantages au réseau électrique, de réduire la consommation énergétique des bâtiments et des maisons ou de fournir une alimentation de secours aux charges. Une méta-analyse du potentiel économique donne des résultats contradictoires avec la littérature et indique que la gestion de la consommation électrique, l'adéquation des ressources et le report de l’investissement dans le réseau ont plus de valeur que d’arbitrage sur les marchés d’énergie et réserve secondaire. Bien que je convienne que le développement soit pour et par le marché, je souligne que V2X se développera dans les limites du contexte réglementaire; les régulateurs ont donc un rôle de catalyseur à jouer.Une question importante est de savoir dans quelle mesure une utilisation supplémentaire de la batterie du véhicule affectera la capacité de la batterie au cours de sa durée de vie. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre les subtilités de la dégradation de la batterie pour estimer les coûts. Les batteries Li-ion sont des systèmes électrochimiques compliqués qui présentent deux phénomènes de dégradation simultanés, le vieillissement calendaire et le vieillissement cyclique. Dans les applications véhiculaires, le vieillissement du calendrier a tendance à être l’effet dominant de dégradation de la durée de vie, ce qui réduit le temps, élément le plus important de la dégradation; par conséquent, le coût de la dégradation dépend fondamentalement du temps.Une affirmation centrale de cette thèse est que le coût marginal de V2X n’est ni nul ni négligeable comme l’a accepté la littérature économique, mais dépend fortement de la dégradation de la batterie. Nous proposons ici une théorie des coûts marginaux V2X qui repose sur deux principes: 1.) il existe un coût d’efficacité associé au chargement de la batterie, et 2.) le véritable coût de dégradation de V2X prend en compte le coût d’opportunité, c’est-à-dire, la dégradation au-delà de ce qu’aurait été l’utilisation normale du véhicule.Avoir un concept clair du coût marginal de V2X, permet de comptabiliser et d’équilibrer correctement tous les coûts réels: coût de l’électricité, coûts d’efficacité du système et dégradation de la batterie. Cela permettra d’élaborer des stratégies de charge optimales et d’informer correctement les offres du marché de l’énergie. Il en résulte une compréhension plus nuancée des coûts marginaux. L’impact de la batterie V2X sur la vie de la batterie pourrait être considéré comme un coût, un bénéfice ou nul. Je conclus que le V2X peut offrir une valeur économique supérieure à celle précédemment entendue et que cette valeur supplémentaire sera réalisée grâce à l'amélioration simultanée de l'efficacité de la charge et de la réduction de la dégradation de la batterie EV. / Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) is an umbrella term to explain the use of electric vehicle batteries to derive additional value during times of non-use. V2X services generate revenue from the battery asset through dynamic mono-directional (V1X) or bi-directional (V2X) charging to provide benefits to the electric grid, to reduce energy consumption of buildings and homes, or to provide back-up power to loads. A meta-analysis of economic potential gives results contradictory to the literature and indicates that Bill Management, Resource Adequacy, and Network Deferral are more valuable than Energy Arbitrage and Spinning Reserves. While I concur that development is of and by the market, I emphasize that V2X will develop within the constraints of the regulatory environment; therefore regulators have an enabling role to play.An important question is to what extent additional use of the vehicle battery will affect battery capacity over its lifetime, therefore understanding the intricacies of battery degradation is crucial to estimate costs. Li-ion batteries are complicated electrochemical systems which exhibit two concurrent degradation phenomena, Calendar Aging and Cycling Aging. In vehicular applications, Calendar Aging tends to be the dominating life degradation effect, which reduces to time being the most important component of degradation; therefore degradation cost is fundamentally time-dependent.A central claim of this dissertation is that gls{v2x} Marginal Cost is not zero nor negligible as the economic literature has accepted but is highly dependent on battery degradation. Herein, a gls{v2x} Marginal Cost Theory is proposed which is based on two main principles: 1.) there is an efficiency cost associated with charge operation, and 2.) the true gls{v2x} degradation cost takes opportunity cost into account, that is, only considers degradation beyond what would have been experienced by operating the vehicle normally.Having a clear concept of gls{v2x} Marginal Cost which can properly account for and balance all true costs: the cost of electricity, the system-efficiency costs, and battery degradation, will allow for development of optimal charge strategies and will properly inform energy market bids. This results in a more nuanced understanding of marginal costs as the resultant battery lifetime impact from gls{v2x} can be either be considered a cost, a benefit, or zero. I conclude that gls{v2x} may offer greater economic value than previously understood and that this additional value will be realized through the simultaneous improvement in charge efficiency and reduction of gls{ev} battery degradation.

<p dir="ltr">An inquiry into the additionality of the income tax credit program for solar purchasing in Ohio, where aggregation electric purchasing programs exist.</p><p dir="ltr">In the State of Ohio, a unique feature of the electric market regulatory landscape permits local governments to become energy suppliers to their residents and small businesses through programs known as community choice aggregation (CCA). Some of these programs guarantee 100% renewable electricity to all enrollees. Concurrently, the federal government offers an income tax credit (ITC) for the purchase of a solar array. When policy incentives are offered, it is important to ensure they impact their target audience to act in ways that would not be observed in the scenario without the tax incentive. This is known as “additionality.” In the context of carbon emissions reduction goals, individuals who claim the ITC while already having 100% renewable electricity would violate additionality. In other words, these renewable aggregation programs may crowd out the benefits of the ITC. This paper seeks to assess the additionality of the ITC in the context of Ohio’s CCA program. The actual additionality can depend on whether renewable energy is already being supplied to the site that constructs a solar array. Hence, we study the relationship between CCA and solar adoption probability to determine whether tax incentives are additional. Using non-parametric survival analysis, panel data methods, and post-estimation simulations, this paper seeks to discern if additionality is violated using the ITC in areas where a supply of renewable energy is already guaranteed. We find that aggregation programs increase the probability of solar adoption and that on average, in Ohio, roughly $0.44 of every dollar spent on the income tax credit is non-additional. This will help policymakers determine the efficacy of funds allocated to their respective programs.</p>