The aim and the main intention of the thesis is to analyze the daily physical stress which teachers of physical education face. Information were gathered at the selected high school within hours of TV and the daily routine of the school. In the theoretical part of the thesis elaborated the chapter relating to the characteristics of the teacher, and then defined the concepts of learning and teaching styles. Other chapters relate to stress in the school environment and the transport of oxygen in a human's body. The last part was named energy expenditure in relation to the metabolism. Observated subjekt of the research pilot study was teacher who have been professionally educated and with qualification in physical education and geografy subjects. The measurement was carried out using the sporttester method and observation records have been added, along with tabular recorders of factors. Analysis of daily routine included 10 measuring days divided into three thematic units (athletics, volleyball and rhythmic gymnastics). The research was carried out from September to December in the year 2018. The analysis of units and days was focused on heart rate and energy expenditure of the body, including the factors that influence these variables. When the method of the analysis have been applied, the measurement method, the direct non-participating observation and an interview of an outline were used along.

The diploma thesis is a pilot study focused on the analysis of teacher activities, physical load and factors that influence it in teaching mathematics at primary school in mathematics teaching, in the context of activities and methods of work that the teacher puts in the context of curriculum in this educational area. In the introductory part there are necessary theoretical bases for the work and fulfillment of the set goal. Pedagogical research is realized on two probands - teachers of 1 st. Elementary School. The basic method is to analyze the teaching activities of both teachers in 4 classes. The collection of necessary data is obtained by the method of observation, where the evaluation is based on multimedia records of 7 mathematics lessons from a two-month period. At the same time, using the heart rate sensing method in both probands, we recorded average heart rate and local heart rate extremes. In the results section, the results of observations and recordings from sport-tester with graphs are interpreted, where each unit is supplemented by a discussion. The final part summarizes the results and recommendations into practice.

Recent years have witnessed significant research into the acute effects of exercise on appetite, energy intake and gut hormone responses. The experiments in this thesis have further investigated this topic by examining the appetite, acylated ghrelin, peptide YY and energy intake responses to energy deficits induced via different exercise protocols and food restriction. To achieve this, 48 young healthy males (mean (SD): age 23 (3) years, body mass index 23.7 (2.7) kg.m-2, maximum oxygen uptake 52.9 (9.8) mL.kg 1.min-1) were recruited into four studies. In study one, 60 min of treadmill running at 70% of VO2 max did not stimulate any increases in appetite or daily energy intake regardless of whether the exercise was performed after breakfast or in the fasted state. In study two, six 30 s Wingate tests stimulated increases in appetite during the subsequent hours compared with 60 min of cycling at 68% of VO2 max. Differences in appetite appeared to be unrelated to changes in plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations and did not influence ad libitum energy intake. Subsequently, endurance exercise resulted in a significantly greater negative daily energy balance than sprint exercise due to a larger exercise energy expenditure. Study three revealed that appetite and energy intake did not differ from a resting control trial after either ten, 4 min cycling bouts at 85 90% of VO2 max separated by 2 min of rest or 60 min of constant cycling at 60% of VO2 max. This occurred despite elevated PYY3-36 concentrations during the hours after exercise. Finally, study four showed that an energy deficit of ~1475 kJ stimulated increases in appetite when induced via food restriction but not when achieved by an acute bout of exercise. This was associated with differences in plasma PYY3-36 concentrations but did not appear to be related to changes in circulating levels of acylated ghrelin and did not influence energy intake. This thesis has shown that appetite perceptions do not differ from a resting control trial during the hours after continuous endurance exercise. Alternatively, supramaximal cycling exercise and subtle reductions in food intake stimulated increases in appetite during the subsequent hours. Such increases in appetite do not appear to be related to changes in acylated ghrelin but may be influenced by plasma PYY3-36 concentrations. Despite differences in appetite, daily energy intake was unaffected by all interventions.

A presente tese explora aspectos importantes do suporte nutricional, no paciente crítico: método e vias de administração da nutrição enteral, determinação do gasto energético, monitorização da adequação do suporte nutricional e seu efeito sobre os desfechos em curto e longo prazo. Em face da evidência de benefícios significativos, a nutrição enteral é recomendada como a primeira opção para a maioria dos pacientes, quando comparada à nutrição parenteral. É comum a intolerância gástrica associada ao uso de opióides, choque e vasopressores, o que reduz a entrega de energia e talvez aumente a incidência de pneumonia hospitalar. A subalimentação parece estar associada com consequências indesejáveis, que incluem o risco aumentado de infecção, o desmame da ventilação prolongada, o tempo de internação na UTI e as taxas elevadas de mortalidade, na UTI e no hospital. A determinação do gasto energético é alvo de debates, pois vários são os fatores que influenciam diretamente o gasto energético do paciente crítico. O método calorimetria indireta é apontado como o mais preciso para adequar o suporte nutricional, quando comparado com as equações preditivas. Vale destacar, porém, que ainda é necessária maior evidência clínica sobre a real influência da calorimetria indireta nos desfechos clínicos (Tempo em VM, tempo de UTI e mortalidade em UTI, mortalidade hospitalar). Os estudos avaliam os desfechos clínicos mais relevantes, em curto prazo, e há uma escassez de estudos que avaliam a qualidade de vida dos sobreviventes, em médio ou longo prazo. Para a realização da tese, foram desenvolvidos três estudos, um ensaio clínico randomizado, em que foi definida a incidência de pneumonia e avaliada a taxa de mortalidade na UTI, comparando a nutrição por sonda gástrica com a por sonda jejunal. Não encontramos diferença na taxa de pneumonia, quando é utilizada a sonda em posição gástrica ou jejunal. Não observamos diferenças na sobrevida na UTI e hospitalar. Em nossa revisão sistemática, analisamos quatro artigos da literatura sobre paciente crítico adulto e adequação do suporte nutricional guiado pela calorimetria indireta, de 1950 a maio de 2014. Não encontramos estudos suficientes para evidenciar o impacto da utilização da calorimetria indireta, como método de adequação do suporte nutricional sobre os desfechos clínicos. Realizamos estudo observacional, onde procuramos definir as relativas contribuições da adequação nutricional maior ou igual a 70%, em relação ao previsto nas primeiras 72 horas de internação na UTI, para os desfechos clínicos em curto e longo prazo (capacidade de realizar atividades da vida diária). Os pacientes que receberam um aporte calórico igual ou superior a 70%, nas primeiras 72 horas de internação, não apresentaram melhores desfechos em curto prazo (tempo em VM, tempo de UTI e mortalidade em UTI), bem como melhora da capacidade funcional em um ano. Esta tese se justifica por buscar melhor entendimento dos principais aspectos do suporte nutricional enteral, no paciente crítico, mecanicamente ventilado e submetido à terapia intensiva. Como aspectos da terapia nutricional, destacamos a importância de investigar evidências clínicas do impacto do suporte nutricional enteral sobre desfechos clínicos. / This thesis explores important aspects of nutritional support in critically ill patients: method and routes for enteral nutrition administration; determining energy expenditure; monitoring the optimal nutritional support and its effect on short- and long-term outcomes. Given the evidence of significant benefits, enteral nutrition is recommended as the first choice for most patients compared to parenteral nutrition. Gastric intolerance associated with opioid use, shock, and vasopressors is common, which reduces energy delivery and may increase the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Malnutrition appears to be associated with undesirable consequences, including increased risk of infection; weaning from prolonged ventilation; length of stay in ICU; and high mortality rates in ICU and hospital. Determining energy expenditure is subject to debate because several factors directly influence it for critically ill patients. The method of indirect calorimetry is pointed out as the most accurate for establishing adequate nutritional support compared with predictive equations. It is worth noting, however, that more clinical evidence is needed on the real influence of indirect calorimetry on clinical outcomes (length of ventilation; length of stay in ICU and mortality in ICU; hospital mortality). The studies evaluate the most relevant clinical outcomes in the short term, and there is shortage of works assessing survivors’ quality of life in the medium or long term. Three studies were developed for the thesis: a randomized clinical trial where the incidence of pneumonia was established and the mortality rate in ICU was evaluated, comparing nutrition by gastric gavage with a jejunal probe. No difference was found in the rate of pneumonia when using the gavage in gastric or jejunal position. No differences in survival in ICU and hospital were found. In our systematic review, we analyze four articles on critically ill adult patients and optimization of nutritional support guided by indirect calorimetry, from 1950 to May 2014. We did not find enough studies to show the impact of using indirect calorimetry for optimizing nutritional support on clinical outcomes. We conducted an observational study to define the relative contributions of nutritional optimization higher or equal to 70% relative to predictions in the first 72 hours of ICU admission for clinical outcomes in the short and long term (ability to perform daily activities). Patients who received caloric intake equal to or higher than 70% in the first 72 hours of admission did not show better outcomes in the short term (time under MV, ICU stay, and ICU mortality) as well as improved functional capacity within one year. This thesis is justified for seeking to improve understanding of the key aspects of enteral nutritional support in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients who have underwent intensive therapy. Important aspects of nutrition therapy include investigating clinical evidence of the impact of enteral nutritional support on clinical outcomes.

Elevadas concentrações de tirglicerídeos (TAG) no período pós-prandial são associados com o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), bem como são responsáveis por mais de 23% da mortalidade em mulheres na menopausa. O treinamento de força (TF) é uma intervenção não farmacológica impregada na prevenção e redução dos múltiplos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DCV. O exercício de força realizado em alto volume vem sendo apresentado como estratégia efetiva na redução da lipemia pós-prandial (LPP) em jovens. No entanto, a comparação entre alto e baixo volume do TF não havia sido investigado. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a resposta aguda e de 11 semanas de TF realizado em baixo e alto volume na força dinâmica máxima, espessura muscular, gasto energético e perfil lipidico de mulheres pós-menopáusicas. Trinta e nove mulheres pós-menopausicas saudáveis e destreinadas (59,5±4,8 anos de idade, massa corporal 69,6±9,1 kg, estatura 157,9±7,2 cm; IMC 27,6±4,1 kg•m2; circunferência da cintura 76,1±9,7 cm; VO2pico 18,7±1,4 mL•kg•min) foram aleatóriamente distribuídas em três grupos que realizaram a sessão de exercícios de força em: baixo volume (uma série) (BVEF, n=12), alto volume (AVEF, n=14) e um grupo controle (GC, n = 13) que permaneceu em repouso. Os grupos experimentais (BVEF e AVEF) foram submetidos a uma sessão de exercícios de força (SEF), envolvendo oito exercícios. O grupo BVEF realizou uma série de 15 repetições máximas (RM), e o grupo AVEF realizou três séries de 15RM. Na SEF foram avaliados o gasto energético da sessão e o EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption). No teste de tolerancia oral a gordura (TTOG), ~16 horas após a SEF, todos os grupos receberam um refeição hiperlipidica a base de leite seguido por uma avaliação do perfil lipídico (colesterol total (CT), glicose (GLU), HDL, LDL e TAG) nos períodos basal, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 horas após o TTOG. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no perfil lipidico em nenhum dos períodos avaliados. O gasto energético total (SEF+EPOC) foi significativamente maior para AVEF em comparação ao BVEF (6,0±0,12 MJ e 3,1±1,1 MJ, respectivamente, p<0,001). No estudo com treinamento, foram avaliadas trinta e seis mulheres pós-menopáusicas com uma perda amostral de três mulheres, sendo estas submetidas a 11 semanas de TF. Os grupos AVEF e BVTF foram divididos em alto volume de treinamento de força (AVTF=13) e baixo volume de treinamento de força (BVTF=12), o GC (n=11) foi preservado. Neste estudo, todas as variáveis foram avaliadas pré e pós treinamento. Como resultados; nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada entre os grupos na LPP (mmol/L/5hs) para GLU, HDL, LDL e CT. Além disso, o AVTF vs BVTF foi significativamente maior após 11 semanas de TF nas variáveis taxa de oxidação de gordura (5,52±1,69 g/h vs 4,11±1,12 g/h), espessura muscular (VM, 21,4 ± 1,8 mm vs 18,4±1,2 mm e VL (22,3±1,2 mm vs 20,8±1,3 mm). Os pontos 0, 1, 2, 4 e 5 horas após TTOG para TAG e AUC de TAG (5,79±0,42 mmol/L/5hs vs 7,78±0,68 mmol/L/5hs), respectivamente, foram significativamente menores no grupo AVTF (p<0,05). Em conclusão, diferentes volumes de uma única sessão de exercícios de força não são capazes de reduzir a lipemia pós-prandial de mulheres pósmenopáusicas após teste de tolerância a gordura. Entretanto, os resultados desta investigação sugerem que a prescrição do alto volume de treinamento de força reduz a lipemia pós-prandial em mulheres pós-menopáusicas. / Elevated concentrations of triglycerides (TAG) in the postprandial period are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and are responsible for over 23 % mortality in postmenopausal women. Resistance training (RT) is a non-pharmacological strategy to reduce multiple risk factors for developing CVD. The RT performed at high volume has been shown to be effective for the reduction of postprandial lipemia (PPL) in young people. However, the RT regular and systematic comparing high and low volume training had not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the response subacute and 11 weeks of RT in low volume and high in strength, muscle thickness, energy expenditure and lipid profile of postmenopausal women. In article acute, thirty-nine postmenopausal women and healthy untrained (59.5±4.8 years, body mass 69.6±9.1 kg, height 157.9±7.2 cm, BMI 27,6±4.1 kg•m-2, waist circumference 76.1±9.7 cm; VO2peak 18.7±1.4 mL•kg-1•min-1) were randomly divided into three groups: group that conducted the exercise session strength at low volume (one set) ( LVSE, n=12), high volume (HVSE, n=14) and a control group (CG, n=13) who did not perform any exercise session. The experimental groups (LVSE and HVSE) held a session of strength exercises (SSE), involving eight exercises. In LVSE held a series of 15 repetitions maximum (RM), and the HVSE group performed three sets of 15RM, SSE were evaluated in the energy expenditure of the session and the EPOC (excess post -exercise oxygen consumption). In the test of oral fat tolerance (OGTT), ~16 hours of the SSE, all groups were given a high-fat meal and the milk, were evaluate; lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), HDL, LDL and TAG) in times baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after an OGTT. Results: No significant difference between groups in lipid profile in any of the periods. Total energy expenditure (SSE+EPOC) was significantly higher compared to HVSE vs LVSE (6.0±0.12 MJ and 3.1±1.1 MJ, respectively, p<0.001). In the third study was evaluated thirty-six postmenopausal women, with a sample loss of three women who underwent 11 weeks of ST, and HVSE and LVSE groups were divided into high-volume strength training (HVST=13) and low volume strength training (LVST=12), GC (n=11) was preserved. In this study, all variables were assessed before and after 11 weeks os ST. Results: no significant difference was observed among groups in LPP (mmol/L/5 hours) to GLU, HDL, LDL and TC, also the HVSE versus LVSE was significantly greater after 11 weeks of ST for variables; rate fat oxidation, 5.52±1.69 g/h vs. 4.11±1.12g/h), muscle thickness (VM 21.4±1.2 mm versus 18.4±1.8 mm and VL, 22.3±1.2 mm versus 20.8±1.3 mm). In points 0, 1, 2, 4 and 5 hours after OGTT for TAG and TAG AUC (5.79±0.42 versus 7.78±0.68), respectively, were significantly lower in group AVTF (p<0.05). In conclusion, different volumes of a session of strength exercises do not reduce the subacutely postprandial lipemia in postmenopausal women after oral fat tolerance test. The results of this investigation suggest that the prescription of high volume strength training reduces postprandial lipemia in postmenopausal women.

Introdução: O reconhecimento da importância da nutrição enteral em pacientes hospitalizados gerou novos métodos de administração, o que leva a muitas perguntas: quais são os efeitos cronobiológicos da terapia nutricional contínua ou intermitente? Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do horário de administração da nutrição enteral como Zeitgeber do ritmo biológico no gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio, mensurados por calorimetria indireta. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado de dezembro de 2009 a novembro de 2010, em 34 pacientes com doença neurológica, com idade entre 52 e 80 anos, alimentados através de uma sonda nasoenteral, 15 através de infusão contínua por 24 horas/dia e 19 em quantidades comparáveis de forma intermitente, a cada 4 horas, dás 8 às 20 horas. Foram realizadas 4 medidas de calorimetria indireta nas 24 horas (A: 07:30 h, B: 10:30 h, C: 14:30 h e D :21:30 horas), durante 3 dias, para cada paciente. Resultados: A idade média foi de 69,5±8,50% eram do sexo masculino, IMC 22 ±3,9 kg/m²(homens) e 25±5,6 kg/m²(mulheres). O gasto energético e o consumo de oxigênio mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos contínuo e intermitente: 1478±817 kcal/24h, (IC: 1249 – 1706), 1782±862 kcal/24h (IC: 1579 – 1984) (p=0.05); 212±117 ml/min (IC: 179 – 245); 257±125 ml/min (IC: 227 – 286) (p=0.048), respectivamente. No gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre as mensurações A, B, C e D em ambos os grupos. Comparando o gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio entre os grupos por Mann-Whitney, houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa em tempo B e C (p = < 0,01). Conclusão: Foi observado neste estudo uma variação circadiana do gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio nos dois métodos de administração da nutrição enteral, sugerindo que apenas uma medida de calorimetria indireta no dia não é capaz de mostrar a verdadeira necessidade do paciente. Observamos também que o gasto energético foi mais elevado à noite nos dois métodos de administração da alimentação. Além disso, o gasto energético e o consumo de oxigênio foi maior no método de administração intermitente em todos os tempos. / Introduction: The importance of enteral nutrition has grown in recognition resulting in new methods of administration. That leads to many questions such as: what are the chronobiologic effects of continuous or intermittent nutrition therapy? Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of enteral nutrition as a Zeitgeber of biological rhythm. Energy expenditure and oxygen consumption were measured by indirect calorimetry in continuous or intermittent nutrition patterns. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted from December 2009 to November 2010. Thirty four neurological patients received through the same kind of calibrated nasogastric tube the standard protein and energy intakes calculated for each subject, 15 through continuous infusion for 24 hours/day and 19 intermittently in comparable quantities, every 4 hours, from 8:00 to 20:00 h. Four indirect calorimetry measures were carried out during the 24 hours (A: 07:30h, B: 10:30h, C: 14:30h and D: 21:30h), for 3 days, for each patient. Results: The mean age was 69.5±8, 50% were male; BMI 22±3.9kg/m² (men), 25±5.6 kg/m² (women). Energy expenditure end oxygen consumption presented a significant difference between the continuous and intermittent groups (1478±817 kcal/24h, (CI: 1249 – 1706), 1782±862kcal/24h (CI: 1579 – 1984) (p=0.05); 212±117 ml/min (CI: 179 – 245); 257±125 ml/min (CI: 227 – 286) (p= 0.048), respectively). In the energy expenditure and oxygen consumption, statistically significant differences were found between the A, B, C and D measures in both groups. By comparing the energy expenditure and the oxygen consumption between the groups by the Mann-Whitney test a statistically significant difference was observed for times B and C (p=< 0.01). Conclusion: A circadian variation of energy expenditure and oxygen consumption was observed in both enteral nutrition administration methods used in this work, suggesting that only one indirect calorimetry measure per day is not able to show the patient’s true needs. It was also observed that the energy expenditure was higher at night in both food administration methods. Moreover, the energy expenditure and oxygen consumption was higher in the intermittent administration method in all times.

Espera-se que entre 2010 e 2050, a população mundial total terá um aumento de 2 bilhões de habitantes, ao passo que a população idosa chegará ao número de 1,3 bilhões de habitantes. Dentre os diversos fatores envolvidos com expectativa de vida longa, está bem estabelecido que o hábito alimentar desempenha um papel central para a saúde, o que torna importante o conhecimento do padrão alimentar nesta faixa etária. Para a avaliação da ingestão alimentar média a longo prazo em grande número de indivíduos, os Questionários de Frequência de Alimentos (QFAs) são instrumentos particularmente importantes. Objetivo: validar um questionário de frequência alimentar para idosos saudáveis. Casuística e Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 43 idosos independentes, com a capacidade cognitiva e funcional preservadas, de ambos os gêneros, com idades > 60 anos. Foi avaliado o consumo alimentar dos indivíduos por meio de 3 recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas e um questionário de frequência alimentar, com o auxílio de um livro de fotografias para visualização do tamanho das porções dos alimentos. Como método padrão-ouro, foi utilizada a água duplamente marcada (DLW) para aferição do gasto energético total diário. Para a análise estatística, foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados, calculado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, construídos gráficos de dispersão e de Bland-Altman, e também o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: foi observada excelente concordância entre o QFA e DLW para estimativa do consumo de energia em mulheres idosas, assim boa correlação entre o R24h e DLW para estimativa do consumo de energia em homens idosos. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre o QFA e DLW para estimativa do consumo de energia em ambos os sexos. Conclusão: Considerando que o objetivo desta pesquisa foi validar o QFA para os dois gêneros (homem e mulher), o mesmo não foi alcançado. / Introduction: It is expected that between 2010 and 2050, the total world population will increase by 2 billion inhabitants, while the elderly population will reach 1.3 billion. Among the many factors involved in long life expectancy, it is well established that eating habits play a central role in health, which makes it important to know the food pattern in this age group. For the evaluation of the long-term average food intake in a large number of individuals, Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) are particularly important instruments. Objective: to validate a food frequency questionnaire for healthy elderly. METHODS: Participants were 43 independent, with cognitive and functional capacity, of both genders, aged> 60 years. The individuals\' food consumption was evaluated through three 24-hour recalls and a food frequency questionnaire, with the aid of a photo book to visualize the size of the food portions. As a gold standard method, double-labeled water (DLW) was used to measure total daily energy expenditure. For the statistical analysis, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, the Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated, the dispersion and Bland-Altman graphs were constructed, as well as the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: excellent concordance was observed between the QFA and DLW for estimation of energy consumption in elderly women, thus a good correlation between R24h and DLW for estimation of energy consumption in elderly men. No significant correlations were found between the QFA and DLW to estimate the energy consumption in both sexes. Conclusion: Considering that the objective of this research was to validate the FFQ for both genders (man and woman), the same was not achieved.

A sobrecarga hídrica (SH) é um achado comum em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP) e a inadequação do estado nutricional aumenta a morbimortalidade nesta população. A bioimpedância elétrica é um método rápido e não-invasivo para estimar os compartimentos corporais, incluindo a distribuição dos fluídos corporais nos espaços intra e extracelulares. O principal objetivo foi avaliar se a SH interfere em estado nutricional, composição corporal, gasto energético de repouso e um biomarcador de risco cardiovascular, em pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica tratados por DP. Caracterizou-se como um estudo observacional transversal, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. Foram avaliados dados de composição corporal e estado hídrico por Bioimpedância Elétrica de Frequência Simples (BIA) e Bioimpedância Elétrica Multifrequência de Espectroscopia (BIS), a concentração sérica do peptídeo natriurético atrial (Nt pro - BNP) como biomarcador de risco cardiovascular, dados antropométricos, de consumo alimentar, gasto energético de repouso (GER), exames bioquímicos e dados clínicos de rotina dos pacientes. Trinta pacientes foram incluídos e classificados em normohidratados (NH) ou hiperhidratados (HH), pelo valor de sobrecarga hídrica de 1,1 L. Para análise estatística, o nível de significância foi pré-fixado em ?= 0,05. Os pacientes HH, em comparação aos NH, apresentaram além de maior sobrecarga hídrica (3,54 L ± 1,7 X 0,14 ± 0,6), maiores valores em água corporal total (ACT - 34,98 L ± 4,74 X 30,43 L ± 5,45), água extracelular (AEC - 17,91 L ± 2,87 X 13,84 L ± 2,30) e menores valores de ângulo de fase (4,02° ± 0,81 X 5,51° ± 0,77) na avalição por BIS; o Nt Pró - BNP mostrou-se maior nos HH (7686 pg/ml ± 8872 X 1334 pg/ml ± 1034). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para dados antropométricos, nos demais exames bioquímicos, em aferições da força de preensão palmar, nas pontuações do MIS (Malnutrition Inflammation Score), nos dados de ingestão alimentar, e nem no GER. O grupo com sobrecarga hídrica mostrou, de fato, uma maior concentração de água em compartimento extracelular, possivelmente gerando aumento em Nt pro - BNP e menor ângulo de fase. Quando avaliado o grupo como um todo, os métodos (BIA e BIS) mediram os resultados igualmente somente no que se refere à resistência (p = 0,71). Sendo a ACT, água intracelular (AIC), AEC, massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa celular corporal (MCC) e ângulo de fase maiores na medições da BIA e somente massa gorda maior nas medições da BIS; correlações mostraram que os dados de massa livre de gordura e massa celular corporal foram os que mais se distanciaram, com coeficientes mais fracos, enquanto que as demais variáveis apresentaram forte correlação. Para o diagnóstico nutricional em vigência de sobrecarga líquida, deve-se considerar um conjunto de variáveis interpretadas de maneira complementar, possibilitando um diagnóstico nutricional mais detalhado. O uso rotineiro da BIS pode ajudar a refinar a avaliação do estado de hidratação e composição corporal destes pacientes em DP. / The fluid overload (FO) is a common finding in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the inadequacy of the nutritional status increases the morbidity and mortality in this population. The bioelectrical impedance is a quick and non-invasive method to estimate body compartments, including the distribution of body fluids in intra- and extracellular spaces. The main objective was to assess whether the FO affects body cell mass, nutritional status, resting energy expenditure and a biomarker of cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease treated by PD. It is characterized as a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the Hospital of FMRP-USP. We evaluated data of body composition and water status by Simple Frequency Electric Bioimpedance (BIA) and Electric Multifrequency Spectroscopy Bioimpedance (BIS), the serum concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (NT pro - BNP) as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, anthropometric data, food intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), biochemical and clinical data from routine patient. Thirty patients were included and classified into normal hydration (NH) or hyper hydrated (HH) by fluid overload value of 1.1 L. For statistical analysis, the level of significance was pre-set at ? = 0.05. HH patients, compared to NH, presented in addition to increased fluid overload (3.54 L ± 1.7 X 0.14 ± 0.6), higher values in total body water (TBW - 34.98 L ± 4.74 ± 5.45 x 30.43 L), extracellular water (ECW - L 17.91 ± 2.87 X 13.84 ± 2.30 L) and smaller phase angle values (± 4.02 ° 0.81 X 5.51 ± 0.77 °) in a BIS appraisal; the Nt Pro - BNP was higher in HH (7686 pg / ml ± 8872 X 1334 pg / ml ± 1034). There was no significant difference between groups for anthropometric data, in other biochemical tests on measurements of grip strength, in scores of MIS (Malnutrition Inflammation Score), the food intake data, and not the REE. The group with fluid overload shows, in fact, a higher concentration of water in the extracellular compartment, possibly generating an increase in NT pro - BNP and lower phase angle. When evaluated the group as a whole, the methods (BIA and BIS) measure only the results also as regards the resistance (p = 0.71). And TBW, intracellular water, ECW, fat-free mass, body cell mass and larger phase angle measurements in the BIA and only greater fat mass in measurements of BIS; correlations show that free mass data of fat and body cell mass are the ones who are more distanced, with weaker coefficients, while the other variables are strongly correlated. For the nutritional diagnosis of fluid overload force, should be considered a set of variables interpreted in a complementary manner, enabling a more detailed nutritional diagnosis. The routine use of BIS can help refine the assessment of hydration status and body composition of these patients on PD.

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to develop a model of energy expenditure in a population of white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii). Field work in southwestern Wyoming during 1985-87 showed that the breeding season commenced at snowmelt and ceased during late- July drought. Adult females reproduced relatively synchronously and produced a mean of three litters annually. Greatest fetal production occurred in the second litter period. Collections indicated a 1:1 sex ratio, few jackrabbits >2 years-old, and a density of 7 animals / km2 in the population. Postnatal growth was sigmoidal, culminating in heavier adult females than males. Using radio -telemetry, a circadian rhythm was detected in jackrabbit activity, with movement beginning after sunset and ending by sunrise. Observations showed that season, snow cover, weather, lunar phase, and predators influenced activity. Energetics studies established the pattern of seasonal acclimatization in the jackrabbit. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), pelage thickness, and body temperature increased but overall thermal conductance (C) and the lower critical temperature (LCT) declined from summer to winter. High winds and low air temperatures elevated metabolism interactively and their effects were most pronounced during summer. Metabolic rate dee lined with incident radiation at Ta< LCT during winter but not during summer. In newborn jackrabbits, body temperature dropped despite increased metabolism at Ta< 25°C. Cold tolerance and homeothermy developed with age. Based on these and published data, a FORTRAN model was written that simulated the energy expenditure of a population of jackrabbits. Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance , thermoregulation, reproduction, growth, and activity were estimated. The model indicated that most energy (kJ·kg - l.day- 1) was required by adult females during lactation, adult males at the onset of breeding, and newborn juveniles. Energy expenditures for adult females, adult males, and juveniles were 191, 130, and 224 MJ·individual-1·km-2·yr-1, respectively. Total energy expenditure increased with wind and lower air temperature and decreased if juvenile huddling was simulated. The model indicated that the jackrabbit population is not limited by food. Estimated percent consumption of forage energy was 4%, assuming 50% of phytomass was edible, the population density = 100 jackrabbits/km2, metabolizable energy efficiency= 0.4, and the air was calm.

Obesity is a disease of major proportion in the United States. The Surgeon General has identified obesity as a national health problem that affects approximately 34 million Americans. The aim of this study was to investigate the very-low-calorie diet, Optifast 70. Measurements for resting energy expenditure (REE} and body composition via circumference measurements (CBF} and infrared photospectromerty (NIR} with a Futrex 5000 were collected at weeks 1, 7, 13, 19, and 25. Biochemical data, including serum chemistry panel (SMA-12} and complete blood count (CBC}, were collected on weeks 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25. Lipid profiles were drawn on weeks 1 and 25. Participants ranged in age from 27 to 64. Subjects' mean body mass loss was -20.4 kg ± 6.6 kg with a maximum body mass loss of -33.23 kg and minimum body mass loss of -9.770 kg. Mean loss in body fat mass using infrared photospectrometry as a measurement was -13.4 kg; mean loss of lean body mass was -4.2 kg. A significant change was noted in resting energy expenditure over the course of the diet, and a positive correlation was identified between loss of body mass and resting energy expenditure. No significant correlation was identified between the loss of lean body mass or body fat mass and its relationship to resting energy expenditure. Both circumference and infrared body fat measurements showed a positive correlation as the loss in body mass increased, making their reliability better as subjects approached desirable weight. In examining biochemical data, only cholesterol showed a significant change over the course of the diet; all other parameters remained within normal limits. Variations in patients' lipid profiles were identified, but no significant changes were noted.