Orientador: Marcelo Moreira Ganzarolli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T03:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mioralli_PauloCesar_D.pdf: 2225639 bytes, checksum: 7101b8107246b73d4bcc4dbe19dc9eea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O processo de transferência de calor em um regenerador rotativo foi analisado a partir de valores estabelecidos para a perda de carga nos canais da matriz. A troca térmica no equipamento foi maximizada através da obtenção de um valor ótimo de porosidade para esta perda de carga fixada. Os dutos da matriz foram admitidos triangulares eqüiláteros. Um programa computacional foi confeccionado para a simulação do regenerador, no qual a velocidade dos fluidos e o coeficiente de transferência de calor foram obtidos através de correlações levando em consideração a região de entrada dos dutos. Estes resultados foram utilizados para a obtenção do calor transferido no regenerador através de uma resolução numérica. A influência do bloqueio parcial do escoamento nos canais da matriz, causado por parte da estrutura do equipamento, e os efeitos dos vazamentos sobre o calor transferido, devido às folgas de trabalho do regenerador, também foram investigados. Uma análise de escala foi efetuada e expressões para a estimativa da porosidade ótima e do calor máximo transferido no equipamento foram obtidas. Baseado nesta análise, parâmetros adimensionais foram introduzidos e foi verificado que a análise de escala é capaz de prever a ordem de grandeza da porosidade ótima e o correspondente calor máximo transferido. Por fim, uma formulação adimensional para o problema foi apresentada e a influência da rotação da matriz sobre o calor transferido no regenerador foi analisada / Abstract: Heat transfer from a rotary regenerator subject to constant pressure drop constraints was examined. The optimal porosity and the corresponding maximum heat transfer were obtained considering smooth and equilateral triangular matrix ducts. The fluid flow and the heat transfer coefficient were obtained from correlations taking into account the matrix ducts entrance region. These results were used as inputs to a numerical solution employed to evaluate the regenerator thermal performance. The influence of flow partial blockage, caused by part of the equipment structure, and the effects of seal leakage on the heat transfer were also investigated. A scale analysis was conducted and equations to assess the optimal porosity and the maximum heat transfer were obtained. Based on this analysis, dimensionless parameters were introduced and it was verified that the scale analysis properly predicts the order of magnitude of the optimal porosity and the maximum heat transfer. Finally, a dimensionless formulation was suggested and the influence of matrix rotational speed was analyzed / Doutorado / Termica e Fluidos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Jose Antonio da Rocha Gontijo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciecias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lutaif_NelsonAfonso_D.pdf: 2278199 bytes, checksum: 2d4e7e7d11554b0032abc645e2972bac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Introdução: Os rins, em humanos, são responsáveis por 10% de todo o oxigênio consumido, pelo corpo, em 24 horas. Este consumo pode ser representativo de uma grande contribuição da parte renal para a termogênese global dos indivíduos. A termogênese global é constituída pela termogênese facultativa, a qual está associada à ativação da UCP e captação celular de glicose, e a termogênese obrigatória, a qual está relacionada ao consumo de oxigênio mitocondrial. Assim nós assumimos que lesões renais podem levar a alterações na termogênese global e consequentemente distúrbios nas termogênese facultativa e obrigatória. Para investigar a contribuição renal na manutenção da temperatura interna, nós estudamos ratos Sprague Dowley com: redução da massa renal (Nx), denervação (Dx) e obstrução urinária (Ox), além de dois grupos controles: SHAM e non-operative (Non). Métodos: O estudo foi realizado colocando os grupos em estudo imersos em água isotérmica (próxima a temperatura interna) para bloquear a dissipação de calor enquanto a temperatura colonica era registrada durante 30 minutos. A termogênese obrigatória foi analizada através do controle respiratório e a relação ADP/O em mitocôndrias hepaticas. As atividades da UCP1 e os sinalizadores relacionados a capatação de glicose celular : IRS1, PI3K, AKT1 e ERK1,2, foram analisados pelo método de Westernblot. Resultados: O grupo Nx apresentou temperatura inicial significativamente inferior ao grupo Dx: 36,14 ± 0,8083°C x 37,51±0,9601°C, (P<0,05). Depois de 30 minutos, o grupo Dx (40,38 ± 1,04°C) apresentou temperaturas finais significativamente mais elevadas em comparação aos grupos: Sham (39,09±0,21°C), Nx (36,14±0,8083°C) e Ox (37,22±0,4338°C) com p<0,05. O grupo Dx apresentou curvas térmicas com uma maior inclinação (slope) (0,05836±0,07683) em relação aos grupos: Sham (0,04238±0,006312), Non (0,05182±0,005546) e Ox (0,04516±0,005107) com p<0,05. Também, a área sobre a curva em relação ao grupo Nx (57,05±17,82) foi superior aos valores obtidos nos grupos Ox (35,61±7,792), Sham (41,03±3,06) e Non (39,82±5,848) com p<0,001. Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre todos os grupos com relação ao controle respiratório e a relação ADP/O. Os grupos Dx e NX apresentaram aumento das atividades da UCP1 e AKT quando comparados com os demais grupos. Conclusão: Estes resultados sugerem que os rins podem ter influência na termorregulação, contribuindo com parte do calor necessário para a manutenção da temperatura corporal. Também concluiu-se que as fibras nervosas renais estão implicadas no controle homeostático do calor, trabalhando em associação com os tecidos da gordura marrom / Abstract: Introduction: Human kidneys are responsible for 10% of whole oxygen consumed in 24 hours as a result may have a great contribution in human global thermogenesis. Global thermogenesis which is related with mitochondrial oxygen consumption. We assumed that renal injuries necessarily promotes disturbances on global thermogenesis and consequently promote a re-adaptation on facultative and obligatory thermogenesis. To investigate the renal contribution on maintenance of internal temperature, we studied Sprague Dawley rats with: (Nx) mass reduction, (Dx) denervation and (Ox) urinary tract obstruction and two controls group: sham and (Non) no-operative. Methods: The study was performed after animals¿ immersions in warm water to avoid temperature dissipation and rectal temperature was recorded. Obligatory thermogenesis was evaluated through mitochondria respiratory chain and ADP/0 ratio in hepatocytes. The UCP1 and pathways associated with glucose captation (IRS1, PI3K, AKT1 and ERK1,2) protein expression in brow adipose tissue was studied by western blot method. Results: The Nx group presented significant initial lower temperature than Dx group: 36.14±0.8083°C x 37.15±0.9601 °C, with p<0.05. After thirty minutes, Dx group presented significant higher temperature (40.38 °C) than Sham (39.09±0.21°C), Nx (36.14±0.8083°C) and Ox (37.22±0.4338°C), groups with p<0.05. The Dx group showed significant higher thermal slope curve values (0.05836±0.07683) than Sham (0.04238±0.006312), Non (0.05182 ± 0.05546) and Ox (0.04516±0.005107) with p<0.05. Also, the area under curve presented Nx group with significant higher values (57.05 ± 17.82) than Ox (35.61±7.792), Sham (41.03 ± 3.06) and Non (39.82 ± 5.848) with p<0.001. No statistical difference was observed between all groups when the mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ADP/0 ratio were studied. The Dx and Nx groups showed increase in UCP1 and AKT1 activities. Conclusions: These results suggest that kidneys may play important function on body thermoregulation, contributing to thermal generation with own metabolic activities. We also concluded that renal nerves activity plays a role in thermic homeostase control, working associated with central nervous system and brown adipose tissue / Doutorado / Medicina Experimental / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

Neste trabalho estudou-se a síntese fotoquímica do Poli(pfenilenovinileno) (PPV) e a transferência de energia deste polímero para corantes iônicos tais como Basic Blue 3 (BB), Safranina-O (Sf), Eosina-Y (Eoy) e Resazurina (Rz). Na síntese do precursor do PPV, observou-se que o prolongamento do tempo de adição de NaOH no processo de polimerização resultou na inibição do mecanismo SN1, evitando a propagação dos polímeros hidrolisados. Medidas de FTIR e emissão de fluorescência mostraram que o processo de conversão do PTHT em PPV por via fotoquímica também gera polímeros oxidados, assim como na conversão térmica. Espectros de absorção eletrônica do polímero-corante aniônico mostraram que as bandas do corante estão deslocadas para regiões de menor energia, sugerindo a formação de um complexo no estado fundamental. No caso do polímero-corante catiônico, nenhuma mudança espectral é observada, indicando que o efeito de supressão pode estar ocorrendo no estado excitado. Os espectros de fluorescência estacionária e resolvida no tempo indicaram que a transferência de energia ocorre do estado excitado do polímero para o estado fundamental do corante via mecanismo de Förster. No caso do sistema polímero-corante aniônico, a transferência de energia ocorre no estado fundamental das espécies. A constante de supressão dinâmica do sistema PPV-BB foi determinada e comparada com a constante de supressão estática, demonstrando que a supressão do PPV pelo corante não ocorre apenas pelo mecanismo do tipo Förster, mas também pela supressão estática. / The aim of this work was to study the photochemical synthesis of poly(pphenylene vinylene) (PPV) and the energy transfer process evolving PPV and ionic dyes, such as Basic Blue-3, Resazurin, Eosin-Y, Safranin. It was observed that, in the synthesis of PPV precursor, the addition of NaOH in lager time intervals resulted in the inhibition of SN1 mechanism, avoiding the propagation of hydrolyzed polymers. FTIR and fluorescence emission measurements showed that the photochemical conversion from PTHT to PPV also generated oxidized polymers, as in thermal conversion. Electronic absorption of the system polymer-anionic dye revealed a red shift, suggesting the presence of complex species in the ground state. No structural changes or shifts were observed in the system polymer-cationic dye. Steady-state and time resolved fluorescence revealed that energy transfer occurs from the polymer excited-state to dye ground state, by Förster mechanism. For polymeranionic dye system, energy transfer occurs in ground state of both species. Dynamic quenching constant of PPV-Basic Blue-3 was determinated and compared with the static quenching constant. In this case, the quenching of fluorescence occurs by Förster energy transfer and also static quenching.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o estudo e analises de processos de transferência de energia e transferência de elétrons em dispositivos moleculares. Para tal fim foi utilizado o polímero de poliestireno (PS) como matriz hospedeira das moléculas tendo sido verificado que este material apresenta uma característica de um excelente isolante mostrando-se adequado para a fabricação de dispositivos moleculares do tipo elétrico e óptico. Os dispositivos moleculares ópticos e elétricos foram obtidos pela técnica de \"spin coating\" a partir de soluções contendo o polímero de PS e as moléculas de Alq3 e Rh590 em solvente orgânico, mostrando que esta técnica permite a obtenção de filmes com espessura de 200nm e rugosidade com RMS da ordem de 2nm. Foi verificado que filmes de PS contendo moléculas de Alq3 e Rh590 podem ser utilizadas como dispositivos de transferência de energia e que a eficiência de transferência depende da sobreposição da banda de emissão do Alq3, banda de absorção da Rh590 e a concentração relativa das moléculas; tendo sido obtido dispositivos com ate 86 % de eficiência de transferência. Foi verificado que os dispositivos de ITO/PS:Alq3/Al e ITO/PS:Alq3:Rh590/Al apresentam mecanismos de transporte do tipo de transporte limitado por cargas armadilhadas nos níveis de defeito situadas na região da banda proibida entre o HOMO e LUMO das moléculas de Alq3 e Rh590. Os dispositivos elétricos de ITO/PS:Alq3/Al mostraram a existência de efeito memória que foram atribuídos a mudanças nos estados de ocupação de níveis altamente localizados (armadilhas) e à existência de nano- partículas metálicas no interior do filme de PS:Alq3 promovendo a transferência de elétrons por efeitos de tunelamento ressonante. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho em relação aos mecanismos de transferência de energia e eletrônica apresentam-se promissores para futuras aplicações em dispositivos moleculares como memórias moleculares, chaves moleculares, dispositivos de emissão (OLEDs). / The aim of the present work was to study and analyses the energy and electron transfer process in molecular devices. The molecular devices were fabricated by using the polystyrene polymer because this material, as it was verified in this work, showed a good insulator features. The optical and electrical molecular devices were fabricated by using the spin-coating techniques from the PS, Alq3 and Rh520 solution in organic solvent. The thin film obtained by this technique showed a 200 nm of thickness and 2 nm RMS of roughness, that it is a good parameter values in order to obtain a molecular devices. The thin film of PS with Alq3 and Rh520 as host molecules acts as a good energy transfer device yielding the transfer efficiency of 86%. The transfer efficiency showed dependence on relative concentration of molecules in the PS film and in the good emission an absorption spectra overlapping of molecules. The molecular device of type ITO/PS:Alq3/Al and ITO/PS:Alq3:Rh520/Al used as molecular device of electrical type showed that the electrons transfer mechanism is limited by charge trapped in the localized level between HOMO and LUMO levels of the molecules. The devices of the type ITO/PS:Alq3/Al showed additionally a memory and negative resistance features that it was attributed to the change in the charge trapped levels due to device polarization and to the existence of Al nano particles into the PS film. The results obtained in this work showed high cientific and technological relevance in order to project and fabricate the molecular devices.

Abstract : The transfer of energy between excited state chromophores is a topic of interest in the area of natural and laboratory photonic devices. Indeed, energy transfer is a process seen in nature in all photosynthetic organisms from complex multicellular plants to simple, single cell photosynthetic bacteria. For example, the purple photosynthetic bacteria uses two protein assemblies, referred to as the light-harvesting protein 1 (LH1) and the light-harvesting protein 2 (LH2), to collect light energy in order to survive. The LH2 protein serves only to absorb and transmit light energy to the LH1, which contains a special pair in a central reaction center. Energy transfer is essential to the survival of the organism. A photon of light absorbed by a bacteriochlorophyll molecule in the LH2 protein will undergo efficient energy transfer to other bacteriochlorophylls within the same protein structure. Energy transfer will also occur between different LH2 proteins and between the LH2 and LH1 protein. These energy transfer processes all serve to funnel the light to the reaction center which itself is excited by energy transfer. This process is highly efficient and essential to the organism’s survival. In the area of material sciences, the design of a covalent or non-covalent donor-acceptor assembly that exhibits efficient energy transfer, is a topic of interest for application in solar energy and light emitting diodes. Using the purple photosynthetic bacteria as a model, designs that append different dyes that serve to absorb and transmit light energy to a central backbone (a process referred to as the antenna effect) are being investigated. The principle being that the use of these antenna allows for the absorption of more light in regions of the electromagnetic spectrum that we cannot necessarily obtain with a single dye. The fall-back is that, in order for the process to work efficiently, the energy transfer between the antenna and backbone must be rapid. This work presents an investigation of the energy transfer processes between oligopyrrole dyes that are bridged by a truxene core, which exhibits a structural similarity to graphene. The aim of this work is to further understand the energy transfer processes between chromophores. We demonstrate in our work that the presence of a conjugated bridge between the donor and acceptor provides the possibility of a dual energy transfer process governed by both the Förster and Dexter mechanisms. We demonstrate that the use of this conjugated bridge leads to a very fast energy transfer process despite the large distance that separates the donor and acceptor. We further demonstrate that the process, although being a dual process, is dominated by the Dexter ix mechanism which is mediated by the conjugated system connecting the donor and acceptor. The rapid and efficient energy transfer processes suggest that in order to take full advantage of the antenna effect in man-made photonic devices, designs should be built upon the use of conjugated bridges between the donor and acceptor. The work presented in this thesis is divided into eight sections. In the introduction, a brief description of the chromophores that are seen throughout the rest of this work, is provided along with some general concepts with regard to density functional theory (DFT), which was employed as a tool throughout the presented works to demonstrate a certain degree of molecular orbital coupling. Chapter 1, entitled The Basic Principles of Photophysics, provides an introductory explanation of the theory that is required to fully understand the works that are presented in this thesis. Chapter 2 is simply entitled Instrumentation and serves to provide a description of the instruments used throughout the works. In Chapter 3: Maple™-Assisted Calculations of the J-integral: A Key Parameter for the Understanding of Excited State Energy Transfer in Porphyrins and other Chromophores a detailed description of the J-integral is provided and a tool for is calculation from spectral data is presented. The investigation of the energy transfer processes between truxene bridged chromophores begins in Chapter 4: Origin of the Temperature Dependence of the Rate of Singlet Energy Transfer in a Three-Component Truxene-bridged Dyads. In this chapter, the energy transfer between a Zn-porphyrin donor and a set of free-base porphyrin acceptors is investigated. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the energy transfer process that is observed, is occurring through a dual mechanism that may be dominated by the Dexter mechanism is provided. Chapter 5: Antenna Effect in Truxene-bridged BODIPY Triarylzinc(II)porphyrin Dyads: Evidence for a Dual Dexter-Förster Mechanism presents the investigation of the energy transfer processes between a BODIPY donor and two zinc(II)-porphyrin acceptors. In this chapter the comparison of the the energy transfer process to a similar dyad, that contains a non-conjugated bridge between the donor and acceptor, is made and it is shown that the truxene bridged dyad not only presents a faster rate, but that this faster rate can only be explained by a Dexter dominant process. In Chapter 6: Very Fast Singlet and Triplet Energy Transfers in a Tri-chromophoric Porphyrin Dyad Aided by the Truxene Platform the investigation of the energy transfer between a palladium(II)-porphyrin donor and pair of Zn-porphyrin acceptors bridged by a truxene core is x carried out. Here, a very fast triplet energy transfer process is observed, coroborating that the conjugated system promotes the Dexter process and leads to an efficient transfer of energy from the donor to the acceptor. Finally, Chapter 7 presents the last work that is included in this thesis. Chapter 7 is entitled Excited State N-H Tautomer Selectivity in the Singlet Energy Transfer in a Zinc(II)Porphyrin-Truxene-Corrole Assembly and once again presents a very fast and efficient energy transfer process. In this work the energy transfer occurs between a Zn-porphyrin donor and a set to free-base corrole acceptors. The rapid energy transfer process exhibits a rate constant that falls in the same order of magnitude of those presented in the earlier chapters, suggesting that the process is occurring through the same dual mechanism that is Dexter dominated. Interestingly, in this last the energy transfer process was found to occur selectively to only one of the two corrole tautomeric species. This prompted an investigation into the excited state tautomerization rates of the free base corrole and lead to the first report of an experimentally measured tautomerization rate from free-base corrole. This thesis closes with a general discussion of the works presented within its pages and a discussion of the impact that the results have on the scientific community. / Les transferts d’énergie entre les états excités de chromophores est un sujet d’intérêt dans le domaine des dispositifs photovoltaïques naturelles ou artificielles. En effet, le transfert d’énergie est un processus que l’on observe dans la nature au sein de tous les organismes phototrophes depuis les végétaux multicellulaires complexes jusqu’aux bactéries unicellulaires photosynthétiques. Par exemple, dans le cas des bactéries photosynthétiques pourpres, ces dernières utilisent un photosystème de deux protéines assemblées, la première étant appelé protéine collectrice de lumière 1 (LH1 pour light-harvesting protein 1) et la seconde appelé protéine collectrice de lumière 2 (LH2 pour light-harvesting protein 2) afin de capter suffisamment d’énergie lumineuse pour assurer leur survie. La protéine LH2 n’a pour vocation que d’absorber et de transmettre l’énergie lumineuse à la protéine LH1, qui contient une paire spéciale dans un centre réactionnel. Les transferts d’énergie sont des phénomènes essentiels à la survie des organismes. Un photon absorbé par une molécule de type bactériochlorophylle dans la protéine LH2 subira un transfert d’énergie efficace à d’autres bactériochlorophylles au sein de la même structure protéique. Les transferts d’énergie se dérouleront aussi bien entre différentes protéines LH2 qu’entre des protéines LH1 et LH2. Ces processus de transfert d’énergie servent à canaliser l’énergie lumineuse jusqu’au centre réactionnel qui devient à son tour excité par transfert d’énergie. Ces processus sont hautement efficaces et essentiels à la survie de l’organisme en question. En science des matériaux, la conception d'un assemblage donneur-accepteur, covalent ou non, qui présente un transfert d'énergie efficace est un sujet d'intérêt pour des applications en photovoltaïque et diodes émettrices de lumière. En utilisant les bactéries pourpres photosynthétiques comme modèle, des structures similaires étudiant différents colorants permettant d'absorber et de transmettre de l'énergie lumineuse à un squelette central (un processus appelé effet antenne) font l'objet de recherches actives. Le principe étant que l'utilisation de ces antennes permet d'absorber plus de lumière dans les régions du spectre électromagnétique qu’il serait impossible d’obtenir avec un seul colorant. La conséquence est que, pour que le processus fonctionne efficacement, le transfert d'énergie entre l'antenne et le squelette doit être rapide, et parfois contrôlé. Dans ce travail, nous étudierons les processus de transfert d'énergie entre des colorants oligopyrroliques reliés par un noyau truxène, qui montre une similarité structurale avec le graphène. L'objectif du travail est de mieux comprendre les processus de transfert d'énergie entre les chromophores. Nous montrerons dans notre travail que la présence d'un système conjugué entre le donneur et l'accepteur ouvre la porte à l’hypothèse de la présence d'un double processus de transfert d'énergie régi par les mécanismes Förster et Dexter. Nous démontrerons que l'utilisation de ce système conjugué conduit à un processus de transfert d'énergie très rapide malgré la distance importante séparant le donneur et l’accepteur. Nous démontrerons en outre que le processus, bien qu'il s'agisse d'un double processus, est dominé par le processus Dexter grâce au système conjugué reliant le donneur et l'accepteur qui fait office de pont communiquant. Les processus de transfert d'énergie rapides et efficaces suggèrent que, pour tirer pleinement parti de l'effet antenne dans des applications photovoltaïques, les designs devraient être basés sur l'utilisation de ponts conjugués reliant donneurs et accepteurs. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est divisé en huit sections. Dans l'introduction, une brève description des chromophores utilisés tout au long du présent travail sera fournie avec des concepts généraux non-exhaustifs pour la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) qui a été utilisé comme outil tout au long des travaux actuels pour démontrer un certain degré de couplage orbitalaire. Le chapitre 1, intitulé Les principes fondamentaux de la photophysique, proposera une introduction à la théorie nécessaire à la bonne compréhension des travaux présentés dans cette thèse. Le chapitre 2 est simplement intitulé Instrumentation et fournira une description des instruments utilisés tout au long des travaux. Au chapitre 3: « Maple™-Assisted Calculations of the J-integral: A Key Parameter for the Understanding of Excited State Energy Transfer in Porphyrins and other Chromophores », une description détaillée de l'intégrale J ainsi qu’un outil pour le calcul à partir de données spectrales seront exposés. L'étude des processus de transfert d'énergie entre les chromophores pontés par truxène commencera au chapitre 4: « Origin of the Temperature Dependence of the Rate of Singlet Energy Transfer in a Three-Component Truxene-bridged Dyads ». Dans ce chapitre, nous étudierons le transfert d'énergie entre un donneur de type zinc(II)-porphyrine et un ensemble d'accepteurs de porphyrine base libre. Des preuves circonstancielles indiquant que le processus de transfert d'énergie observé se produit à travers un double mécanisme qui peut être dominé par le mécanisme Dexter seront présentées. Le Chapitre 5: « Antenna Effect in Truxene-bridged BODIPY Triarylzinc(II)porphyrin Dyads: Evidence for a Dual Dexter-Förster Mechanism » présentera quant à lui l'étude des processus de transfert d'énergie entre un donneur BODIPY et deux accepteurs de type Zn-porphyrine. Dans ce chapitre, la comparaison du processus de transfert d'énergie à une dyade similaire qui contient un pont non-conjugué entre le donneur et l'accepteur sera effectuée et il sera démontré que la dyade ponté par truxène présente non seulement un taux plus rapide, mais que ce taux ne peut être expliqué que par un processus Dexter dominant. Au chapitre 6 : « Very Fast Singlet and Triplet Energy Transfers in a Tri-chromophoric Porphyrin Dyad Aided by the Truxene Platform », l'étude du transfert d'énergie entre une porphyrine de palladium(II) donneuse et une paire d'accepteurs de type zinc(II)-porphyrine pontés par un noyau de truxène sera montré. Ici, un processus de transfert d'énergie triplet très rapide est observé, ce qui prouve que le système conjugué favorise le processus Dexter et conduit à un transfert efficace d'énergie du donneur vers l'accepteur. Enfin, le chapitre 7 présentera le dernier travail inclus dans cette thèse. Le chapitre 7 est intitulé « Excited State N-H Tautomer Selectivity in the Singlet Energy Transfer in a Zinc(II)Porphyrin-Truxene-Corrole Assembly » et exposera une dernière fois un processus de transfert d'énergie très rapide et efficace. Dans ce travail, le transfert d'énergie se produit entre un donneur de type Zn-porphyrine et une corrole base libre acceptrice. Le processus de transfert d'énergie rapide présente une constante de vitesse qui se situe dans le même ordre de grandeur que ceux présentés dans les chapitres précédents, ce qui suggère que le processus se produit par le biais du même double mécanisme dominé par Dexter. Il est intéressant de noter que, dans ce dernier cas, le processus de transfert d'énergie s'est révélé sélectif sur l'une des deux espèces tautomériques du corrole. Ceci a mené à une étude sur les taux de tautomérisation de l'état excité de la corrole base libre conduisant à la premier mesure expérimentale du taux de tautomérisation de la corrole base libre. Cette thèse s’achèvera par une discussion générale sur les travaux présentés dans ces pages ainsi que sur l'impact que les résultats ont eus dans communauté scientifique dans ce domaine.

Cette thèse présente la conception, la synthèse et l'étude photophysique de divers dérivés d'azophénine comme modèles structurels mono-bloc pour l'éméraledine qui est une forme de polyaniline à valence mixte. L'azophénine est une molécule conjuguée en forme d'étoile contenant à la fois des résidus de quinone diimine et de phénylamine tous deux contenus dans l'émeraldine. Cependant l'azophénine et l'émeraldine sont tout deux reconnus pour ne pas être émissifs. Le défi était alors de donner des propriétés d’émissions à l'azophénine à température ambiante avant toute investigation photophysique. L'objectif à long terme étant de rendre la polyaniline, connu pour être peu dispendieuse, attractive en tant que matériau donneur efficace dans une cellule solaire de type « bulk-heterojunction ». En raison des problèmes de faible solubilité des polymères, l'utilisation de modèles beaucoup plus soluble est une nécessité. Les modifications structurelles considérées comprennent l'ancrage des fonctions pontées d'éthynyle en position para- des quatre groupes phényls d'azophénine. Ces fonctions sont des groupes aromatiques encombrés de type truxène, des composés organométalliques trans-bis(trialkylphosphine) platine(II), des colorants de porphyrines de zinc(II) et de Bodipy. Elles présentent toutes une fluorescence ou une phosphorescence, signal pouvant être utilisé pour mesurer les interactions électroniques entre ces groupements et le noyau central. Leurs propriétés photophysiques sont étudiées en détail en utilisant la spectroscopie d'absorption et d'émission UV-Visible stationnaire et ultra-rapide résolue dans le temps. La DFT et la TDDFT sont également utilisés pour les optimisations des géométries (DFT) et pour déterminer la nature et les positions de l'absorption de la bande de transfert de charge (TDDFT). Le chapitre 2 présente la synthèse et la caractérisation d'un dérivé en étoile d'azophénine autour d’un noyeau truxène appelé TertTruQ. Le couplage de résidus encombrés de truxène avec de l'azophénine a amélioré l'activité photophysique du premier niveau singulet de ce dérivé à 77 K. Les hypothèses étant que le taux de désactivation non radiatif a diminué les rotations autour des axes des liaisons C-N en raison de la taille du truxène. De plus, cette nouvelle azophénine substituée s'est révélée être fluorescente à l'état solide à température ambiante. En raison de ces nouvelles observations, les propriétés d'émission des dérivés de l’éméraldine sont réexaminées. Une fluorescence faible à ~ 780 nm à 77 K, confirmée par le spectre d'excitation, a démontré la présence d'une faible émission de type fluorescence CT dans le proche-IR pour TertTruQ. Nous pouvons en conclure que l'azophénine fournit un modèle utile pour identifier quelle modification structurelle simple peut être effectuée pour rendre l’éméraldine émissive, si possible à température ambiante. De plus, lorsqu'une espèce non luminescente devient émissive, ce changement s'accompagne d'une augmentation de sa durée de vie à l’état excitée, propriétés recherchées pour des applications dans le domaine des cellules solaires. Ce travail a été publié dans Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2017, 19, 21532-21539. Le chapitre 3 décrit la synthèse et la caractérisation des azophénines contenant du trans-bis(trialkylphosphine)diéthynyl-platine(II) formant les dérivés di- et tétra-substitués DiTruPtQ et TertTruPtQ. Les deux complexes présentent une fluorescence et une phosphorescence des "bras" organométalliques à 298 K en solution. En outre, l'effet d'atome lourd du platine permet d'explorer les propriétés de l’état triplet de l'azophénine. Cependant, la phosphorescence recherchée de l'état triplet CT n'a pas été considérée probablement en raison des processus rapides non radiatifs. Ce travail a été publié dans Organometallics, 2017, 36(3), 572-581. Le chapitre 4 présente l'effet du remplacement des ions H+ labiles sur le fragment HN^N par des fragments BF2+ pour former des cycles, fournissant ainsi un cadre plus rigide pour l'azophénine. En effet, la fluorescence CT proche-IR a été observée à 298 et 77 K. Cependant, malgré la présence de Pt dans les groupes pendants, aucune phosphorescence n'a été détectée. Les calculs de DFT ont suggéré que l'état triplet de plus faible énergie était très faible (0,975 eV (BQ) et 0,84 eV (TertPtBQ)) induisant une plus grande probabilité de processus non radiatifs, depeuplant ainsi efficacement l'état triplet. Ce travail a été accepté à Inorganic Chemistry, 2017. Le chapitre 5 présente les colorants fluorescents de porphyrine de zinc(II) et BODIPY bien connus, qui ont été liés à l'azophénine pour former DiBodipyQ, TertBodipyQ et PorBodipyQ. Le spectre d'absorption des BODIPY se situe dans une gamme où la porphyrine n'absorbe pas beaucoup. Ainsi, la combinaison de ces deux chromophores avec la formation d'une bande de CT faible permet d'améliorer la collecte du rayonnement solaire. Par conséquent, il était important de vérifier que l'énergie collectée pourrait facilement être transférée d'un chromophore à l'autre. En effet, on a observé 1BODIPY * → 1porphyrine zinc(II) et 1BODIPY * → 1CT (azophénine) avec une désactivation efficace de 1porphyrine zinc(II) ~~> 1CT (azophénine). Ce travail a été soumis à Chemistry: A European Journal. / Abstract: This thesis presents the design, synthesis and photophysical investigation of various azophenine derivatives as “one unit” structural models for emeraldine, a mixed-valence form of polyaniline. Azophenine is a star-shaped cross-conjugated molecule containing both quinone diimine and phenyl amine residues included in emeraldine but both, azophenine and emeraldine, are reported notoriously non-emissive. The challenge was to render azophenine emissive at room temperature prior any photophysical investigation. The long-term objective is to render polyaniline, in one form or the other, useful in bulk heterojunction solar cell in the active layer as it is not expensive. Because of solubility issues, the use of models becomes very appealing. The considered structural modifications include the anchoring of ethynyl-bridged functions at the para-position of the four phenyl groups of azophenine. These functions are the bulky truxene aromatic, the organometallic trans-bis(trialkylphosphine)platinum(II) pendent groups, and zinc(II)porphyrin and BODIPY dyes. All these functions exhibit fluorescence or phosphorescence, signal that can be used to monitor any electronic interaction between these pendent groups and the central core. Their photophysical properties were investigated in detail using steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy. DFT and TDDFT were also employed for geometry optimizations (DFT) and nature and positions of the CT absorption (TDDFT). Chapter 2 introduces the synthesis and characterization of a truxene-based star-shaped azophenine derivative called TertTruQ. The coupling of bulky truxene residues with azophenine improved the photophysical activity of the lowest energy singlet excited state (i.e. CT state) of this derivative at 77 K. Speculations are that the rate for non-radiative deactivation, namely internal conversion, decreased upon slowing down the rotations around the N-C bonds due to the size of truxene. Moreover, this new substituted azophenine turned out to be fluorescent in the solid state at room temperature. Because of these interesting new observations, the emission properties of emeraldine base form were re-examined. A weak fluorescence at ~780 nm at 77 K, confirmed by the excitation spectrum, demonstrated the presence a CT near-IR fluorescence for TertTruQ. Thus, azophenine provides a useful model to identify what simple structural modification that can be performed to render emeraline emissive, if possible at room temperature. Again, when a non-luminescent species becomes emissive, this change is accompanied by an increase of its excited state lifetime. Longer excited state lifetimes are more prone to solar cell applications. This work has been published in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2017. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis and characterization of trans-bis(trialkylphosphine)diethynyl-platinum(II)-containing azophenines forming the di- and tetra-substituted derivatives DiTruPtQ and TertTruPtQ. Both complexes exhibit fluorescence and phosphorescence of the organometallic “arms” at 298 K in fluid solution. Moreover, the heavy atom effect of platinum gave the possibility of exploring the triplet state properties of azophenine. However, the sought phosphorescence from the triplet CT state was not seen most presumably due to the fast non-radiative processes. This work has been published in Organometallics, 2017, 36(3), 572-581. Chapter 4 presents the effect of the replacement of the labile H+ ions on the HN^N moiety by BF2+ fragments to form cycles thus providing a more rigid framework for azophenine. Indeed, the CT near-IR fluorescence was observed both at 298 and 77 K. However, despite the presence of Pt in the pendent groups, no phosphorescence was detected. DFT computations suggested that the low-lying triplet state was very low (0.975 (BQ) and 0.84 eV) inducing a higher probability of non-radiative processes thus efficiently depleting the triplet state. This work has been submitted to Inorganice Chemistry. Chapter 5 introduces the well-known BODIPY and zinc(II)porphyrin fluorescent dyes, which were linked to azophenine to form DiBodipyQ, TertBodipyQ and PorBodipyQ. The absorption spectrum of Bodipy lies in a range where porphyrin does not absorb very much. So, the combination of these two chromophores along with the formation of a low-lying CT band improves the light collection of the solar radiation. Consequently, it was important to verify that the collected energy could easily transferred from one chromophore to another. Indeed, the 1Bodipy* → 1zinc(II)porphyrin and 1Bodipy* → 1CT(azophenine) were observed along with an efficient deactivation from 1zinc(II)porphyrin ~~> 1CT(azophenine).

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Hybridization of quantum emitters and plasmonic nanostructures has attracted much attention over the last years, due to their potential use as plasmon-based nanolasersor to achieve long-range quantum bit entanglement. Recent theoretical studies suggest that the plasmonic field can induce efficient cross-talking between emitters and lead to the formation of collective superradiant states. In this thesis, we developed a theoretical modelable to analyse collective effects in large ensemble of dipoles coupled by an electromagnetic nanoresonator. We experimentally investigated the plasmon-mediated superradiance of organic emitters grafted at a well-controlled distance from a metal nanosphere at room temperature. We report on the measured decay rates of these hybrid structures at the ensemble and single object levels. We find that the decay rate increases i) with the number ofemitters and ii) as the spacing between the emitters and the metal core decreases, a direct and clear evidence of plasmonic superradiance. This trend was observed for two types of hybrid structures, differing both by the size of the metal core and the type of organic dye used as emitter. The observation of plasmonic superradiance at room temperature opens questions about the robustness of these collective states against decoherence mechanisms.This robustness is of major interest for potential applications of quantum systems at room temperature. / Placer des nanostructures plasmoniques à proximité d’émetteurs quantiques est une approche prometteuse pour concevoir des nanolasers plasmoniques ou réaliser l’intrication de bits quantiques à longue distance. Des études théoriques récentes suggèrent que le champ plasmonique peut induire un couplage efficace entre émetteurs et mener à la formationd’états collectifs superradiants. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé un modèle théorique afin d’analyser les effets collectifs pour un ensemble de dipoles couplés à un nanorésonateur électromagnétique. Nous avons étudié expérimentalement la superradiance plasmonique d’émetteurs organiques greffés à une distance contrôlée d’une nanosphère metallique,à température ambiante. Nous avons mesuré le taux de relaxation de ces structures hybrides, en ensemble et à l’échelle de l’objet unique. Nous observons que le taux de relaxation augmente i) avec le nombre d’émetteurs et ii) lorsque la distance entre les émetteurs et le coeur métallique diminue, une preuve directe et claire de la superradiance plasmonique.Cette tendance a été observée pour deux types de structure hybride, différentes par la taille du coeur métallique et par le type de molécule utilisée comme émetteur. L’observation de la superradiance plasmonique à température ambiante ouvre des questions sur la robustesse d’un état superradiant contre des mécanismes de décohérence. Cette robustesse présente un intérêt majeur pour des applications potentielles de systèmes quantiques à température ambiante.

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Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons synthétisé et caractérisé de nouveaux composés en utilisant le macrocycle porphyrine en tant que brique moléculaire. L’objectif, après la synthèse, était d’étudier les propriétés photophysiques de ces nouvelles molécules. Plus précisément, nous avons considérés trois groupes de dendrimères fluorènyles-porphyrines et deux oligomères avec des structures conjuguées. Les corrélations structures et propriétés optiques ont été discutées en détail, ainsi que le transfert d’énergie du dendron conjugué donneur. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons décrit la chimie des porphyrines en considérant surtout trois aspects: (i) structure, (ii) propriétés optiques et (iii) méthode synthétique. Nous avons également reporté les porphyrines préalablement étudiées dans notre groupe de recherche et proposé de nouveaux modèles lors de cette thèse. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons étudié l’influence de la position de substitution du phényle sur le coeur central qui est la porphyrine TPP. Deux groupes de nouveaux dendrimères ont été synthétisés avec différentes positions de substitution du phényle de la TPP: série parasubstituée TPP1, TPP2 et TPP3, et série méta-substituée TPP4, TPP5 et TPP6. Ces dendrimères ont tous des dendrons conjugués avec des ponts phényl-alcynes et des groupements fluorènyles terminaux. Dans le troisième chapitre, pour étudier l’influence des antennes périphériques, une série de dendrimères de porphyrine à base de TFP avec différentes positions de fluorènyles dans les dendrons conjugués (fluorényle central, fluorényle pontant et fluorényle terminal): TFP1, TFP2 et TFP3 a été synthétisée. Le fluorényle central influence principalement l’émission et le rendement quantique, alors que le fluorényle ponté et le fluorényle terminal ont un plutôt un effet sur l’absorption et l’émission du dendron en raison du transfert d’énergie prenant effet. Pour le plus gros dendrimère TFP3, lors de l’excitation du dendron, une émission résiduelle lors du processus de transfert est observée due à une trop grande distance entre ce chromophore et le coeur de la porphyrine. Dans le quatrième chapitre, afin d’étudier l’influence des connexions dans le dendron, deux nouveaux dendrimères de porphyrine incorporant des ponts vinyles et alcynyles, TPP-D et TFP-D, ont été synthétisés et comparés aux analogues avec des ponts alcynes TPP-T et TFP-T. Ces ponts avec des doubles liaisons influencent dans une certaine mesure les propriétés optiques des dendrimères de porphyrine en fonction des positions occupées. Dans le dernier chapitre, deux oligomères (un dimère linéaire et en un trimère en étoile), ont été synthétisés à partir du même monomère de porphyrine avec TFP comme groupement terminaux. / During this thesis, we have worked on the synthesis and characterization of new compounds using the porphyrin macrocycle as a starting material. The aim, after synthesis, was to study the photophysical properties of these new molecules. More precisely, we have synthesized and characterized three groups of fluorenyl-porphyrin dendrimers and two oligomers in conjugated structures. Their correlation on optical property-structure have been discussed in detail, as well as the energy transfer processes from the conjugated dendron donor to porphyrin acceptor. In the first chapter, we introduce the general background of the porphyrin chemistry based on three aspects: (i) structure, (ii) optical properties and (iii) synthetic methods. We further review prior porphyrin studies done in our group and propose new molecular designs based on these results. In the second chapter, we study the influence of substitution position and nature of the antennae on the central core. Two groups of new TPP-cored porphyrin dendrimers were synthesized according to different substituted positions on the peripheral phenyl rings: para-substituted series TPP1, TPP2 and TPP3, and meta-substituted ones TPP4, TPP5 and TPP6. All have conjugated dendrons with bridged phenyl-alkynyl and are terminated by fluorenyl groups. In the third chapter, we study the influence of positions of light absorbers. To this aim, a series of TFP-cored porphyrin dendrimers presenting fluorenyls in conjugated dendrons on different positions is reported (core fluorenyl, bridging fluorenyl and terminal fluorenyl): TFP1, TFP2 and TFP3. The core fluorenyl mainly influences emission peaks and quantum yield, while the bridging fluorenyl and terminal fluorenyl have a large effect on the dendron absorption and on the energy transfer efficiency. Thus, for the largest dendrimer TFP3, dendron emission is not totally quenched by long distance energy transfer process when exciting the peripheral dendrons. In the fourth chapter, we study the influence of linkages in the Dendron. Thus, two new porphyrin dendrimers with bridged vinyl, TPP-D and TFP-D, were synthesized and compared to analogues with alkynyl bridged TPP-T and TFP-T. Vinyl and alkynyl bridges are shown to influence the optical properties of the porphyrin dendrimers to a certain extent depending on the substituted positions. Finally, in the last chapter, two oligomers with n-butyl substituted TFP as terminal group, a linear dimer and a star – shaped trimer, were synthesized from the same porphyrin monomer.