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Classrooms in Sweden are heterogeneous and this is acknowledged in the curriculum, stating that all students have an equal right to education at their own level. Teachers must, therefore, design their teaching plan taking this into account. Previous investigations have shown that the Swedish schools do not fulfill this completely for advanced students. The objective of this study was to examine how Swedish teachers differentiate their English as foreign language (EFL) lessons to reach the advanced English students in the lower grades, what challenges they experiences and how they assess the students’ learning outcomes. Information was obtained through a survey and semi-structured interviews with preschool class and grade 1-3 teachers. The survey and question about participation in an interview, was emailed to schools in 74 randomly chosen municipalities all across Sweden. A total of 156 answers to the survey and five interviews are included in the analyses. The results show that the majority of teachers with experience of advanced students differentiate instruction, by using several different strategies; they experience several challenges, the heterogeneous class room as the most common; and, they assess that differentiated instruction has a small positive effect on the advanced students’ learning outcomes in general.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第21844号 / 人博第873号 / 新制||人||209(附属図書館) / 2018||人博||873(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)准教授 金丸 敏幸, 教授 谷口 一美, 准教授 高橋 幸, 教授 田地野 彰 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-24T18:23:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAMO.pdf: 1494748 bytes, checksum: 7f422c4f685ad4a38059d3feed6ea4e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-25T18:36:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAMO.pdf: 1494748 bytes, checksum: 7f422c4f685ad4a38059d3feed6ea4e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-25T18:36:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAMO.pdf: 1494748 bytes, checksum: 7f422c4f685ad4a38059d3feed6ea4e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T18:40:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAMO.pdf: 1494748 bytes, checksum: 7f422c4f685ad4a38059d3feed6ea4e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The following research was carried out in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, specifically at high school level in public schools. The objective of this research is to know, through surveys, the teachers´ and students’ perceptions, about the use of songs in English teaching. This research is divided into three chapters the first called educational stage of Honduras, in which the its describe the location of the Central American country, as well as a brief description of the economic and social situation of the country. In addition, it describes how the education system in Honduras is organized based on the National Basic Curriculum (CNB), also defines the purpose of each educational level, with an emphasis on the high school level. The second chapter is about the English teaching methodology, and the relevance in Honduras. It also explains the proper use of English songs to increase the four basic skills of a language (listening, speaking, reading and writing). The third and final chapter shows the data analysis about the surveys applied in high school level to teachers and students. At the end of the third chapter it is suggested a didactic proposal based on the songs mentioned by teachers and students. / La presente investigación fue realizada en Tegucigalpa, Honduras, específicamente en el nivel de educación media en cinco colegios públicos de dicha ciudad. El objetivo de esta investigación es dar a conocer, por medio de encuestas, la percepción de los profesores y estudiantes, sobre el uso de canciones como herramienta pedagógica en la enseñanza del idioma inglés. Esta investigación se divide en tres capítulos el primero llamado escenario educacional de Honduras, en la cual se dará a conocer la ubicación del país centroamericano, y también una breve descripción de la situación económica y social que enfrenta el país en la actualidad. Además, se describe como está organizado el sistema de educación en Honduras basándose en el Currículo Nacional Básico (CNB), e igualmente se define la finalidad de cada nivel educativo, haciendo énfasis en el nivel medio. El segundo capítulo se destaca la metodología de enseñanza del idioma inglés, y su importancia en el país. Asimismo, se expone el uso de canciones para acrecentar las cuatro habilidades básicas de lenguaje (escuchar, hablar, leer y escribir). El tercer y último capítulo es un análisis de datos sobre las encuestas aplicadas a los profesores y estudiantes del nivel medio de educación. Al final de este capítulo se muestra una propuesta didáctica basada en canciones mencionadas por los profesores y estudiantes que participaron en las encuestas.

Cette étude de pragmatique de l’interlangue (PIL) examine des données empiriques sur lesapprenants l'anglais comme langue étrangère dans des écoles secondaires françaises, afin de contribuer à la compréhension du développement de la politesse en langue seconde (L2). En effet, avec l’augmentation des interactions plurilingues à travers le monde, la sensibilisation à ce qui est considéré comme poli ou impoli est désormais indispensable. Toutefois, l’acquisition de la compétence pragmatique en langue étrangère étant généralement difficile et les observations selon lesquelles les apprenants d’un bon niveau peuvent présenter des écarts par rapport aux normes pragmatiques, attestent de la nécessité de mener des recherches plus approfondies dans ce domaine (Kasper & Schmidt, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig, 1999). Bien qu’il existe à ce jour un nombre important de travaux de recherche portant sur ce domaine, la plupart d’entre elles se sont centrées uniquement sur le cas d’apprenants adultes (Kasper & Rose, 1999) en utilisant des taches écris de complétion du discours (“written discourse completion tasks”) (e.g., Hill, 1997; Jebahi, 2011), fin d’expliciter des connaissances pragmatique (Bardovi-Harlig, 1999, 2013). Dès lors, ce travail de thèse vise à étendre l'envergure de la recherche PIL en utilisant des méthodes mixtes de collecte de données auprès d’un large échantillon de jeunes apprenants débutants. Ces méthodes comprennent notamment: une tâche de dessin animé oral (“cartoon oral production task”), des jeux de rôle ouverts et des données naturalistes recueillies via des enregistrements vidéo en classe. Au total, 240 collégiens et lycéens (âgés entre 11 et 18 ans) de trois niveaux différents ont participé à cette étude afin de mettre en évidence le développement des compétences PIL avec la maitrise de la langue. Afin de compléter les résultats, des données secondaires ont également été recueillies par l’analyse des enregistrements vidéo de classe et l’examen des manuels scolaires et des entretiens avec les enseignants. L’analyse des requêtes est fondée sur le cadre de catégorisation des requêtes développé par Blum-Kula et al., (1989), cette cadre de catégorisation permet de rendre compte des dimensions pragmalinguistiques et sociopragmatiques des requêtes interculturel. Pour conclure, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence que le développement des compétences pragmatiques en L2 est caractérisé presque exclusivement par l’augmentation de la fréquence des stratégies pragmalinguistiques à la fin de l'enseignement secondaire supérieur. L’éventail des stratégies utilisées ou les caractéristiques sociopragmatiques reflètent ce développement dans une moindre mesure, et ce quel que soit la méthode de récolte de données. Les données d’un autre goupe en L1 (français) ont révélé un développement similaire, suggérant que le transfert de la L1 pourrait expliquer le développement de la L2 (anglais) observé dans cette étude, d'autant plus que l'analyse des données secondaires a révélé peu d'intérêt sur les PIL dans les programmes d'enseignement. / This study of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) investigates empirical data on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in French secondary schools to contribute to our understanding of the development of second language (L2) politeness. With the increase in multilingual interactions around the globe, awareness of what is polite or impolite has become indispensable. However, pragmatic skills are generally not easily acquired in foreign language settings. The observation that even advanced learners do not necessarily exhibit target-like norms has led to calls for further investigation (Kasper & Schmidt, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig, 1999). Although there is now a solid body of research in this area, most studies have focused on adult learners (Kasper & Rose, 1999) using written discourse completion tasks (see e.g., Hill, 1997; Billmyer & Varghese, 2000; Su, 2010; Jebahi, 2011) to elicit explicit pragmatic knowledge (Bardovi-Harlig, 1999; 2013). The present study seeks to extend the scope of ILP research by focusing on a large group of young, beginning learners using mixed methods including a cartoon oral production task, open-ended role plays, and naturalistic data from classroom video recordings. Participants were some 240 secondary school learners at three different levels (age 11 to 18) to allow the tracking of ILP development with language proficiency. To contextualise findings, secondary data was collected in the form of additional analysis of classroom films, textbook analysis, and teacher interviews. The analysis of request data is based on the seminal L2 discourse analytic framework cross-cultural speech act research project (Blum-Kula et al., 1989) which allows the analysis of both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic dimensions of requests. L2 pragmatic development was observed almost exclusively in terms of increased frequency of pragmalinguistic strategies, particularly by the end of upper secondary school, less so in terms of range of strategies or sociopragmatic features, and this across all data collection methods. French baseline data (L1) revealed similar development, suggesting that L1 transfer may be one explanation for the L2 development observed in the study, particularly since analysis of secondary data revealed little focus on ILP in teaching programs.

Swedish schools start teaching English in second grade. Also, many children in Sweden practicea lot of English in their spare time, for example by watching films, or by playing computergames. During the last few years, Sweden has accepted many refugees from countries whereEnglish doesn’t play such a dominant role. By talking to refugee high-school students and theirparents, and asking them about their attitudes towards English as a language and as a subjecttaught in school, this study aims to make it easier for English teachers in Sweden to understandthe perspective of foreign-born students. The study is based on interviews and surveys withSomali- and Arabic-speaking students and parents, conducted in collaboration with Somali- andArabic-speaking translators. This group of students has a completely different starting point thanSwedish students, since they start learning English as a foreign language at the same time as theystart learning Swedish, and have a home language that is from a different language group. Themethod of research used has been focus group interviews with students, individual, structuredinterviews with parents, as well as surveys with students. Results show that students and parentswho participated think it’s important to learn English, that they don’t think it’s a particularlydifficult language, but that they need more time to practice, in school, and in their spare time. / <p>Engelska</p>

本研究之目的是藉由 ICT（Information and Communication Technology）工具應用在國中英語教學及口語練習的教學實驗，來初探 ICT 工具對於英語教學及口語練習的成效。本研究的工具為一個可供老師靈活教學及學生口語練習的 ICT 工具：eCard 系統，研究時間為一學期（2008.2 – 2008.7），經由老師與學生實際應用此工具來教學及進行口語練習作業，並以 eCard 系統的學習記錄檔（log file）、問卷、訪談、錄音、隨班觀察及錄影來做為本研究的研究資料。研究結果發現，老師及學生均對使用 ICT 工具教學有正面的評價，老師利用此工具可對教學方式做不同的變化，而學生也因這種新式的教學方式而增加學習的注意力，並對字彙的記憶更加深刻；在口語練習方面，老師覺得 ICT 工具可以增加學生口語練習的機會，但因實行時間太短，對學生英語能力的提升較不顯著，而學生覺得 ICT工具提供更多的口語練習機會，並對其發音很有幫助，但對於「說」英語的信心並沒有增加。此外，本研究亦提出許多未來 ICT 工具融入英語教學及口語練習的建議與努力方向，以作為未來研究之參考。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools to facilitate oral practices in learning of English. The ICT tool (ie, the eCard system) was developed for the instructor to create oral practice assignments and for the students to conduct oral drills. The study lasted one semester. Research data were collected via automatic logging of student activities, post-experiment questionnaires, student and teacher interviews, and in-class video recordings. The major findings are: (1) both the teacher and the students have good appreciation of using ICT tools in teaching and learning; (2) Students do have increased oral practices with the availability of the ICT tool; (3) the increased practices resulted in better pronunciations; (4) rise in the confidence level on English speaking was not observed.

The current study aimed at investigating the impact of implementation of reflective audiotaped journals on complexity, accuracy and fluency of second language (L2) speech in a general English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course. To conduct the study, 30 Iranian advanced English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners of a private language institute in Hamedan, Iran were selected randomly from among 60 learners to participate in the study. In order to put the effect of audiotaped journals on Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency (CAF triad) under close scrutiny, data were collected through audio-recorded initial lectures, videotaped final lectures, reflective audiotaped journals and focus group interview. It is noteworthy to mention that both quantiative and qualitative analyses were conducted to address our research question. Three Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests were then employed to compare the second language learners’ oral performance across three measures of CAF, at the beginning and end of the semester. The findings revealed that using reflective audiotaped journals assisted second language (L2) learners to have a better oral performance in terms of complexity (syntactic variety) and accuracy. Furhter, qualitative analysis indicated that using reflective audiotaped journals assisted L2 learners to reflect on their own learning process, resulting in a better oral performance.

This study investigates the view of some students and a teacher’s attitudes towards the learning possibilities of the integration of personal interests to the teaching of English. The research carried out at one of the largest profile schools in Sweden, with an aesthetic subject-orientation. These subjects are referred to as “passion subjects”. Qualitative interviews and observation were the methods used for data collection. The research questions were about students’ and teachers attitudes towards the involvement of their passion subject in the formal education process, as well as their views on integrating English as a foreign language in the teaching/learning process of their passion subject. The results show that the teacher and the students view the involvement of students’ personal interests in the formal education as a key source for motivation. Regarding the involvement of English as a foreign language in the passion subject, the results are both positive and negative: positive in the sense that it is viewed as getting extra lessons in English and negative in the sense that information can be overlooked as the students not always understand the input.