Our laboratory is working with the human NTera2/D1 (NT2) cell line which have properties similar to progenitor cells in the CNS. These neural-like precursors cells can differentiate into all three major lineages - neurons, astrocytes, andoligodendrocytes. The pure neuronal population, called the hNT cells, possess characteristics of dopamine (DA) cells. In this dissertation, we performed various experiments to examine the neuronal and dopaminergic development of this cellline. We first cultured our hNT neurons with cells from the developingnigrostriatal (NS) pathway, the ventral mesencephalon and striatum, to determine their influence on survival, neuritic outgrowth, and DA phenotype. The survival ofhNT neurons was substantially greater when they were cultured with embryonicday (E) 18 cells, compared to monocultures or cocultures with either E14 orpostnatal day (P) 1 cells. The neuritic outgrowth of hNT neurons as assessed by the number of primary neurites per cell was increased when cultured with theareas of the brain from E14 and P1. The DA phenotype, as determined by the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of DA synthesis was not increased in hNTneurons when they were cultured with primary rat cells from the NS pathway.Next we analyzed if the retinoic acid (RA)-treated hNT neurons and the NT2 precursor cells expressed three transcription factors required for development ofthe DA phenotype. We report that NT2 cells endogenously expressed Engrailed-1, Ptx3, and Nurr1 while RA treatment increased Nurr1 but down-regulated Engrailed-1 and Ptx3. Finally, lithium has been shown to stimulate neurogenesisin adult hippocampal precursors as well as influence the Wnt pathway known to be important for the induction of the DA phenotype.

One of the major goals of developmental biology is to understand how specialized groups of cells arise from an initially unspecified cell population. The vertebrate hindbrain is transiently segmented along its anterior-posterior axis into lineage-restricted compartments called rhombomeres, making it an excellent model in which to study the genetic mechanisms of axial patterning. Hox homeodomain transcription factors (TF), in close partnership with the Pbx and Meis families of TALE-class homeodomain proteins, impart unique molecular identities to the hindbrain rhombomeres, thereby specifying functionally specialized neurons within each segment. The broad goals of this thesis are to clarify the roles of Meis1 and Tshz3b TFs in Hox-dependent hindbrain patterning, and to examine the Hox-independent roles of Pbx and Meis proteins in axial patterning of the visual system. While it is clear that Hox-Pbx-Meis complexes regulate hindbrain segmentation, the contributions of individual Meis proteins are not well understood. I have shown that Meis1-depleted embryos exhibit neuronal patterning defects, even though the hindbrain retains its segmental organization. This suggests that Meis1 is making important contributions to neuronal development downstream of rhombomeric specification. A zinc-finger TF called Teashirt (Tsh) cooperates with Hox-Pbx-Meis complexes to establish segmental identity in Drosophila, but this role not been tested in vertebrates. I found that overexpression of tshz3b produces segmentation defects reminiscent of Hox-Pbx-Meis loss of function phenotype, likely by acting as a transcriptional repressor. Thus, Tshz3b may be a negative regulator of Hox- dependent hindbrain patterning. Like the hindbrain, visual system function requires that positional information be correctly specified in the retina and midbrain. I found that zebrafish Pbx and Engrailed homeodomain TFs are biochemical DNA binding partners, and that this interaction is required to maintain the midbrain as a lineage- restricted compartment. Additionally, I show that Meis1 specifies positional information in both the retina and midbrain, thereby helping to organize the axonal connections between the eye and brain. Taken together, this thesis clarifies our understanding of Hox-dependent hindbrain patterning, and makes the claim that Pbx and Meis perform a general axial patterning function in anterior neural tissues such as the hindbrain, midbrain and retina. / Molecular Biology and Genetics

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

A major goal of evolutionary developmental biology is to explore mechanisms and events underlying evolution of the myriad body plan morphologies expressed both genetically and phenotypically within the animal kingdom. Arthropods exhibit an astounding array of morphological diversity both within and between representative sub-phyla, thus providing an ideal phylum through which to address questions of body plan innovation and diversification. Major arthropod groups are recognised and defined by the distinct form and number of articulated appendages present along the antero-posterior axis of their segmented bodies. A great deal is known about the developmental genetics of limb development in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster, added to which, much comparative gene expression data and a growing body of functional genetic data is emerging for other arthropod species. Arthropod limb primordia are consistently marked by expression of the homeobox gene Distal-less (Dll), and the focus of this thesis is to compare signalling mediated by early Dll regulatory genes activity along antero-posterior and dorso-ventral embryonic axes during limb specification in Drosophila, with the activity of their orthologs in the widely disparate chelicerate, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae - interpreting new data with that available for other arthropods. Having made a detailed study of spider mite embryonic (and post-embryonic) development, to provide a basis for understanding mRNA transcription and protein activity patterns, I confirmed typical expression of Tetranychus Dll in prosomal limb primordia. I obtained limited results for the candidate antero-posterior positioning genes wingless and engrailed, although one of the two engrailed paralogs I identified is reportedly expressed in posterior segmental compartments, consistent with possible conservation of Engrailed-Wingless interactions in metameric patterning and positive regulation of Dll in arthropod limb specification. In Drosophila, wingless-dependent Dll transcription is restricted along the dorso-ventral axis by dorsal Dpp-mediated and ventral EGFR-mediated signalling gradients. Based on data from Tetranychus and other arthropods, neither dorsal nor ventral signalling regimes appear conserved outside the Drosophila system. Dll suppression in fly abdominal segments occurs due to powerful Hox (Ubx/AbdA) repression of the early Dll cis-regulatory element; this is discussed in relation to the independently evolved limbless chelicerate opisthosoma, informed by hypothetical scenarios of cis (regulatory DNA) and trans (coding sequence) evolution. Given practical difficulties and limitations encountered while working with spider mites, I offer a final assessment of the place of Tetranychus urticae as a non-model, and yet still valuable chelicerate species to consider carrying into the exciting future of evolutionary developmental biology.