Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ibrahim_inaf_me_jabo.pdf: 543269 bytes, checksum: 6d5f6bc9c43fb9bfc2c060443c59bb18 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O complexo enteropatia proliferativa dos suínos (EPS), causado pela bactéria Lawsonia intracellularis, é doença infecciosa de grande importância para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação e para adultos jovens. Caracteriza-se por determinar alterações proliferativas, hemorrágicas e necróticas da porção final do intestino delgado (íleo). É doença de ocorrência mundial e afeta especialmente animais de alto valor genético, oriundos de programas sanitários tipo SPF (Specific Pathogen Free), sendo responsabilizada por importantes perdas econômicas, seja devido à morte ou queda no desempenho produtivo dos animais. Com o objetivo de desenvolver metodologia rápida e barata para monitoramento padronizado das lesões na linha de abate foi realizado este estudo. Durante o processo de abate, em frigoríficos localizados em Ipuã-SP e Tupã-SP, foram colhidas ao acaso, amostras da porção final do íleo de 156 suínos, todos castrados, de linhagens comerciais, aproximadamente com 150 dias de idade e peso médio de 110 kg. Após padronizadas no comprimento, para exatos 10 centímetros, as amostras foram submetidas à paquimetria, para verificação da sua espessura e do seu diâmetro, e à pesagem, em balança de precisão. Foram, em seguida, cuidadosamente inspecionadas e palpadas, externa e internamente, com o intuito de identificar lesões macroscópicas de ileíte, sendo os resultados destas análises anotados em fichas apropriadas e individuais. Fragmentos de tecido foram colhidos e imersos em formalina neutra a 10%, para análises histopatológicas posteriores... / The complex of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), caused by the bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis, is an infectious disease of great importance to pigs during the growing and ending and for the young adults. Characterized by determining proliferative disorders, hemorrhagic and necrosis of the small intestine (ileum)’s final portion. It is a worldwide occurrence disease and particularly affects animals of high genetic value, type of health programs from SPF (Specific Pathogen Free), being responsible for important economic losses, either due to death or failure in the of animals’ productive performance. With the main goal to develop rapid and inexpensive methodology for standardized monitoring of lesions on the slaughter line this study was accomplished. During the slaughter in slaughterhouses located in Ipuã-SP and Tupã-SP, samples were picked at random from final portions of the ileum from 156 pigs, all castrated, of commercial strains, with approximately 150 days old and weighing 110 kg. After standardized in length, to exactly 10 centimeters, the samples were submitted to the caliper to check the thickness and diameter, and weighing on a precision scale. They were, after all carefully inspected and palpated, externally and internally, in order to identify gross lesions of ileitis, and the results of these tests recorded on proper and individual forms. Fragments of tissue were harvested and immersed in 10% neutral formalin for subsequent histopathological analysis ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Fernando de Oliveira e Silva Carvalho / Banca: Geraldo Camilo Alberton / Banca: Samir Issa Samara / Resumo: O complexo enteropatia proliferativa dos suínos (EPS), causado pela bactéria Lawsonia intracellularis, é doença infecciosa de grande importância para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação e para adultos jovens. Caracteriza-se por determinar alterações proliferativas, hemorrágicas e necróticas da porção final do intestino delgado (íleo). É doença de ocorrência mundial e afeta especialmente animais de alto valor genético, oriundos de programas sanitários tipo SPF (Specific Pathogen Free), sendo responsabilizada por importantes perdas econômicas, seja devido à morte ou queda no desempenho produtivo dos animais. Com o objetivo de desenvolver metodologia rápida e barata para monitoramento padronizado das lesões na linha de abate foi realizado este estudo. Durante o processo de abate, em frigoríficos localizados em Ipuã-SP e Tupã-SP, foram colhidas ao acaso, amostras da porção final do íleo de 156 suínos, todos castrados, de linhagens comerciais, aproximadamente com 150 dias de idade e peso médio de 110 kg. Após padronizadas no comprimento, para exatos 10 centímetros, as amostras foram submetidas à paquimetria, para verificação da sua espessura e do seu diâmetro, e à pesagem, em balança de precisão. Foram, em seguida, cuidadosamente inspecionadas e palpadas, externa e internamente, com o intuito de identificar lesões macroscópicas de ileíte, sendo os resultados destas análises anotados em fichas apropriadas e individuais. Fragmentos de tecido foram colhidos e imersos em formalina neutra a 10%, para análises histopatológicas posteriores ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The complex of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), caused by the bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis, is an infectious disease of great importance to pigs during the growing and ending and for the young adults. Characterized by determining proliferative disorders, hemorrhagic and necrosis of the small intestine (ileum)'s final portion. It is a worldwide occurrence disease and particularly affects animals of high genetic value, type of health programs from SPF (Specific Pathogen Free), being responsible for important economic losses, either due to death or failure in the of animals' productive performance. With the main goal to develop rapid and inexpensive methodology for standardized monitoring of lesions on the slaughter line this study was accomplished. During the slaughter in slaughterhouses located in Ipuã-SP and Tupã-SP, samples were picked at random from final portions of the ileum from 156 pigs, all castrated, of commercial strains, with approximately 150 days old and weighing 110 kg. After standardized in length, to exactly 10 centimeters, the samples were submitted to the caliper to check the thickness and diameter, and weighing on a precision scale. They were, after all carefully inspected and palpated, externally and internally, in order to identify gross lesions of ileitis, and the results of these tests recorded on proper and individual forms. Fragments of tissue were harvested and immersed in 10% neutral formalin for subsequent histopathological analysis ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The degree work is concentrated on the problems of the epidemic as to acute viral gastro-enteritides of nosocomial nature occurring in the Mental Home Bohnice in the years 2003 {--} 2009. I chose for my work the methodology of quantitative research in the form of an epidemiological descriptive study with the technique ``data collection and analysis{\crq}q. The infectious diarrhoeal affections are very current all the time and great importance in developing and even in advanced countries of the world. About 5 {--} 10 million people are dying of diarrhoea often connected with undernourishment in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America per year, whereof 4,6 millions are children aged up to 5 years. The infection diarrhoeal affections in advanced countries of the world are important mainly as to their high frequency because they represent the second most frequent infection just behind the infection of air passages. The theoretical part of the work is concentrated on general characterization of the acute viral gastro-enteritis, on the process of spreading, on the most frequent aetiologic agents and on the new possibilities of diagnosis and therapy. The attention is also paid to the observance of antiepidemical measures and rules fixed in the hygienic and antiinfectious regimen, that prevent further spreading of the diseases in the case that an epidemic has broken out. In this connection, the basic profile and structure of the Mental Home Bohnice is also presented inclusive of important facts concerning the hospitalized patients. These patients form a very specific group of persons in respect to the occurrence of epidemics caused by viral diarrhoeal diseases as they are hospitalized in an isolated environment often for long term and their heath condition depends on psychiatric diagnosis. The performed investigation resumes the general judgement on the problems of epidemics caused by the acute viral gastro-enteritides in the Mental Home. It determines the most frequent aetiologic agents giving rise to this disease and analyzes these epidemics in relation to the age and sex of the patients. Another aim of the work was to explain the seasonal nature of the epidemics and to evaluate the efficiency of antiepidemical measures taken in this establishment. It is necessary to conclusion that the epidemical occurrence of viral gastro-enteritides was registered in Mental Home Bohnice even before the year 2003, but the aetiologic agents could not be specified in greater detail owing to the possibilities of virologic diagnostics being at disposal at that time.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O Clostridium difficile tem como principal fator de virulÃncia a toxina A (TxA), a qual provoca inflamaÃÃo e destruiÃÃo tecidual aguda em intestinos de animais experimentais e de pacientes com a doenÃa induzida por esta bactÃria. Em locais de injÃria tecidual, adenosina à produzida em altas concentraÃÃes, onde exerce uma sÃrie de efeitos antiinflamatÃrios, limitados por sua rÃpida degradaÃÃo pela enzima adenosina desaminase. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da inibiÃÃo da enzima adenosina desaminase pelo EHNA (eritro-9-(2-hidrÃxi-3-nonil)-adenina) sobre a enterite induzida pela TxA do C. difficile em alÃa ileal de camundongos. Para isto, injetamos EHNA (90 &#956;mol/kg) ou PBS i.p. 30 minutos antes da administraÃÃo de TxA (10 a 100 &#956;g) ou PBS na alÃa ileal isolada. Os animais foram sacrificados 3 horas depois da induÃÃo da enterite e as alÃas foram retiradas para estudo. As razÃes peso/comprimento da alÃa e volume de secreÃÃo/comprimento da alÃa foram calculadas e amostras de tecido foram coletadas para histopatologia, dosagem de atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO), dosagem de TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946; e IL-10 por ELISA, imunohistoquÃmica para TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;, NOS induzÃvel e PTX3, e PCR para TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946; e PTX3. A injeÃÃo de TxA (10 a 100 &#956;g) nas alÃas ileais aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) as razÃes peso/comprimento da alÃa e volume de secreÃÃo/comprimento da alÃa com resultados consistentes a partir de 50 &#956;g. A TxA promoveu significativa (p<0,05) destruiÃÃo tecidual, edema, infiltraÃÃo de cÃlulas inflamatÃrias, aumento das citocinas TNF-&#945; e IL-1&#946;, e elevaÃÃo de iNOS e PTX3. Todos esses parÃmetros foram significativamente revertidos com o uso do EHNA (p<0,05). Em adiÃÃo, a TxA nÃo alterou os nÃveis de IL-10 em relaÃÃo ao controle, mas o prÃ-tratamento com EHNA promoveu uma elevaÃÃo nos nÃveis desta citocina. Assim, concluÃmos que na enterite induzida pela TxA em camundongos o EHNA demonstrou um potente efeito antiinflamatÃrio, reduzindo consideravelmente a lesÃo tecidual, a migraÃÃo neutrofÃlica, a expressÃo e os nÃveis de citocinas prÃinflamatÃrias (TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;) e produzindo um aumento nos nÃveis de IL-10. AlÃm disso, a administraÃÃo de TxA induziu um aumento na expressÃo da proteÃna PTX3 e no nÃmero de cÃlulas imunomarcadas para iNOS no tecido ileal, ambos revertidos pelo EHNA / The main factor of virulence in Clostridium difficile is toxin A (TxA), which can induce inflammation and acute tissue injury in the bowels of animals and humans affected by this organism. The high concentration of adenosine generated upon injury produces a number of antiinflammatory effects limited by rapid degradation by adenosine deaminase. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of EHNA (erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine) inhibition of adenosine deaminase upon TxA-induced ileal loop enteritis in mice. EHNA (90 &#956;mol/kg) or PBS was injected i.p. 30 minutes prior to TxA (10-100 &#956;g) or PBS instillation into the ligated ileal loop. The animals were euthanized 3 hours after enteritis induction and the ileal loops were retrieved for analysis. The weight/length ratio and the secretion volume/length ratio were calculated and tissue samples were submitted to histopathological study, myeloperoxidase assay (MPO), measurement of TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946; and IL-10 levels with ELISA, immunohistochemical tests for TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;, inducible NOS and PTX3, and PCR assay for TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946; and PTX3. The instillation of TxA (10-100 &#956;g) into the ileal loop significantly increased (p<0.05) the weight/length ratio and the secretion volume/length ratio with consistent results above 50 &#956;g. TxA induced a significant amount (p<0.05) of histological damage, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration and increased the production of TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;, iNOS and PTX3. All changes were significantly reverted by treatment with EHNA (p<0.05). Moreover, IL-10 levels remained unchanged in animals treated with TxA, but increased in animals receiving EHNA. In conclusion, in mice with TxA-induced enteritis EHNA produced considerable antiinflammatory effects, reducing tissue injury, neutrophil migration, the expression and levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-&#945; and IL-1&#946;) and producing an increase in IL-10 levels. In addition, TxA instillation increased PTX3 expression and the number of cells immunolabeled for iNOS in the ileal tissue, both of which were reverted by EHNA

Clostridium perfringens causa enterite necrótica aviária devido à produção de toxinas que lesam o intestino. Neste estudo, de 94 amostras nove apresentaram C. perfringens, totalizando 22 isolados. Todos exceto um isolado, possuíram os genes nanI (95%) e/ou nanJ (81%), e 19/22, mostraram atividade neuraminidase em hemácias de frango. A atividade hemaglutinante foi observada em poucos isolados (26%). Todos os isolados foram plc positivos (toxina &alpha;), sendo classificados como tipo A. Sete isolados (31,8%) abrigaram o gene tpeL que codifica a toxina TpeL. Isolados tpeL+ mostraram efeito citotóxico característico da ação desta toxina. Alguns isolados mostraram capacidade de aderir e invadir células Vero. A maioria dos isolados foi resistente à sulfaquinoxalina (100%), cefalexina (95%) e eritromicina (95%) e sensíveis (100%) à cefoxitina, amoxicilina, enrofloxacina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, penicilina-estreptomicina, cloranfenicol e metronidazol. Todos os isolados foram agrupados geneticamente em sete clusters, apresentando se como um grupo heterogêneo. / Clostridium perfringens cause avian necrotic enteritis due to production of toxins that damage the intestine. In this study, nine out of 94 samples had C. perfringens, totaling 22 isolates. All the isolates with exception of one, possessed the genes nanI (95 %) and/or nanJ (81 %), and 19/22 showed neuraminidase activity in chicken erythrocytes. The hemagglutinating activity was observed in a few isolates (26 %). All isolates were plc positive (toxin &alpha;) being classified as type A. Seven isolates (31.8%) harbored tpeL gene encoding the toxin TpeL. TpeL + isolates showed characteristic cytotoxic effect of the action of this toxin. Some isolates showed ability to adhere and invade Hep-2 cells. Most of the isolates were resistant sulphaquinoxaline (100%), cephalexin (95%) and erythromycin (95%) and sensitivity (100%) to cefoxitin, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, amoxicillin - clavulanic acid, penicillin -streptomycin, chloramphenicol and metronidazole. All isolates were genetically grouped into seven clusters, presenting itself as a heterogeneous group.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-02 / Avian Necrotic Enteritis (NE) is an acute enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens A and C. The control of the disease is based on antibiotics added to animal feed. The ban of this practice by consumer markets, considered the biggest challenge to industrial aviculture, demanded the adoption of other alternatives for its control, among others, immunization with recombinant vaccines. The aim of this work was to produce and evaluate C. perfringens recombinant α toxin (rAT) vaccines adjuvanted with either Al(OH)3 (rAT+Al(OH)3 or recombinant B subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (rLTB) (rAT+rLTB), and a chimeric protein containing the α toxin fused to rLTB (rLTB-AT). The rAT+Al(OH)3 was innocuous and protected mice against a challenge with native α toxin (sT), and it was immunogenic and did not affect productivity parameters in broilers. The rAT+rLTB showed a dose-protection relationship in mice, while rLTB-AT did not protect mice against sT challenge. The rAT could be an alternative for controlling NE. / A Enterite Necrótica Aviar (ENA) é uma enterotoxemia aguda, causada pelos Clostridium perfringens A e C, cujo controle baseia-se na adição de antibióticos na ração. A restrição dessa prática pelo mercado consumidor, que tornou seu controle o maior desafio para o setor avícola, exigiu a adoção de novas estratégias para o controle, entre elas a imunização. Vacinas recombinantes vêm despertando grande interesse entre pesquisadores e empresas do setor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar vacinas de toxina α recombinante de C. perfringens (rAT) utilizando como adjuvantes Al(OH)3 (rAT+Al(OH)3) e subunidade B recombinante da enterotoxina termolábil de Escherichia coli (rLTB) (rAT+rLTB), e construir e avaliar uma proteína quimérica contendo rAT fusionada a rLTB (rLTB-AT). A rAT+Al(OH)3 foi inócua e protetora contra agressão de toxina α nativa (sT) em camundongos, e imunogênica em frangos de corte, sem afetar a produtividade. A rAT+rLTB demonstrou relação dose-proteção em camundongos, entanto a rLTB-AT não protegeu camundongos contra agressão de sT. A rAT demonstrou ser uma alternativa para controlar a ENA. Palavras-chave: Enterite Necrótica Aviar, Clostridium perfringens A, toxina α recombinante, vacinas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study checks the preventive and therapeutic effect of the liquid emulsion of a mixture of essential oils of oregano (Origanum vulgare) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in the control of the neonatal diarrhea in sucking piglets of same (therapeutic) diarrheic litter and without clinical demonstration of diarrhea (preventively), born of females with varied orders of childbirth, these animals were divided in two groups, being that the first group of the essential therapeutic oils (GOET) was divided in three treatments: the treatment controls that contained 63 piglets that received 2mL kg 1 of physiologic solution; the treatment with essential oils of oregano (60 % of carvacrol and 15 % thymol and 2 % of essential oil of rosemary) with 148 piglets, which received the liquid emulsion to 5 % in the dose of 2mL kg 1 and the treatment with antibiotic (enrofloxacin) that contained 124 piglets that received to dosage of 1mL 5kg-1 of lively weight of the antimicrobial one. The second group of the preventive essential oils (GOEP) was divided in two treatments: the control treatment that contained 661 piglets that received 1 mL kg 1 physiologic solution and the treatment of essential oils of oregano (60 % of carvacrol and 15 % thymol) and 2 % of essential oil of rosemary that had 672 animals that received the liquid emulsion to 5 % in the dose of 1mL kg 1. The treatments of the group GOET were administered orally during three consecutive days from the confirmation of the demonstration of the clinical signs of diarrhea and for the treatments of the GOEP were administered orally the target medicines from the confirmation of non demonstration of the clinical signs of diarrhea, during the first and third thing days of pig s life. The experimental delineation was of blocks at random for the GOET and for GOEP was composed by two simple treatments, being that for the parameters cure rate and mortality rate of piglets (rates analyzed inside both groups), each animal represented a repetition. The results allowed to conclude that the antibiotic enrofloxacin can be a total substituted by mixture of essential oils for the GOET, on the other hand for the GOEP the results define that the mixture of essential oils with rosemary and oregano s base do not prevent the neonatal diarrheas of the piglets. / O presente estudo avalia a substituição do antibiótico enrofloxacina e o efeito preventivo e terapêutico da emulsão líquida de uma mescla de óleos essenciais de orégano (Origanum vulgare) e alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) no controle da diarréia neonatal em leitões lactantes. Estes são provenientes de leitegadas diarréicas (terapêutico) ou sem manifestação clinica de diarréias (preventivo), nascidos de fêmeas com ordens de partos variadas. Estes animais foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo que o primeiro grupo dos óleos essenciais terapêuticos (GOET) foi dividido em três tratamentos: o tratamento controle que continha 63 leitões que receberam 2 mL kg-1 de solução fisiológica; o tratamento com óleos essenciais de orégano (60% de carvacrol e 15% timol e 2% de óleo essencial de alecrim) com 148 leitões, os quais receberam a emulsão líquida a 5% na dose de 2mL kg-1 e o tratamento com antibiótico enrofloxacina que continha 124 leitões que receberam a dosagem de 1 mL 5kg-1 de peso vivo do antimicrobiano. O segundo grupo dos óleos essenciais preventivos (GOEP) foi dividido em dois tratamentos: o tratamento controle que continha 661 leitões que receberam 1 mL kg-1 solução fisiológica e o tratamento com óleos essenciais de orégano (60% de carvacrol e 15% timol) e 2% de óleo essencial de alecrim que era composto por 672 animais que receberam a emulsão líquida a 5% na dose de 1 mL kg-1.. Os tratamentos do grupo GOET foram administrados via oral durante três dias consecutivos a partir da confirmação da manifestação dos sinais clínicos de diarréia e para os tratamentos do GOEP foram administrados oralmente os medicamentos alvos a partir da confirmação da não manifestação dos sinais clínicos de diarréia, durante o primeiro e terceiro dias de vida do suíno. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso para o GOET e para GOEP foi composto por dois tratamentos simples, sendo que para os parâmetros de índice de cura e índice de mortalidade de leitões (índices analisados dentro dos dois grupos), cada animal representou uma repetição. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o antibiótico enrofloxacina pode ser totalmente substituído por mescla de óleos essenciais para o GOET, já para o GOEP os resultados definem que a mescla de óleos essenciais a base de orégano e alecrim não previnem as diarréias neonatais dos leitões.

Restrições econômicas e ambientais trazem a necessidade de substituir a farinha de peixe em dietas de organismos aquáticos por matérias-primas menos dispendiosas de origem vegetal. Entretanto, tais fontes proteicas vegetais possuem fatores antinutricionais que podem ter efeitos negativos sobre o sistema digestório dos peixes, alterando a saúde e, em consequência, a produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade e alterações na histologia do epitélio intestinal de juvenis do Characiforme carnívoro dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, alimentados com dietas contendo farelo de soja (FSO), farelo de algodão (FAl) e farelo de amendoim (FAM) como principais fontes proteicas. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: digestibilidade (Ensaio I) e histológico (Ensaio II). O Ensaio I foi conduzido em protocolo padrão utilizando dietas práticas adicionadas do marcador inerte óxido de crômio III (CR2O3) e sistema Guelph modificado para coleta de fezes e consequente cálculo dos coeficientes de digestibilidade. No Ensaio II as mesmas fonte proteicas - FSO, FAL e FAM - foram utilizadas em substituição à proteína da farinha de peixe em uma dieta controle com cinco níveis de inclusão: 0 (controle), 25,0 %; 50%; 75,0% e 100%, em um delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado (n=3). O experimento teve a duração de 40 dias, e as coleta de amostras de tecido foram feitas aos 20 e 40 dias. As amostras do intestino posterior foram analisadas quanto às características histológicas e morfológicas, além de quantificação de células caliciformes e análise histomorfométrica do tecido intestinal. Não foram registradas diferenças para os coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína e energia no ensaio de digestibilidade. O ensaio de desempenho mostrou que a inclusão de FAM e FAL nas dietas melhora o consumo de alimento comparativamente ao FSO Em relação as variáveis histológicas, os níveis que condicionaram alterações significativas nos parâmetros morfométricos foram FSO50 e FOS75. O FSO50 promoveu uma redução das dobras intestinais aos 20 dias, porém aos 40 dias houve aumento na altura das dobras, no espessamento da lâmina-própria e aumento na densidade das células caliciformes. Considerando a microscopia de varredura, sinais acentuados de enterite foram registrados. A alteração na morfologia e histologia do epitélio intestinal foi reflexo da interação de efeitos dos fatores antinutricionais presentes em cada fonte proteica vegetal. Consequentemente, registrou-se menor ganho de peso, crescimento e diminuição da homeostase intestinal, embora os melhores consumos e CAA fossem registrados para os peixes alimentados com FAL e FP. Conclui-se que o FSO causou enterite nos juvenis de dourado e FAL e FAM podem ser utilizados na alimentação de dourado. / Economic and environment constraints have brought the need to replace fishmeal (FM) in diets of aquatic organisms by less expensive feedstuff, especially dietary protein sources. However, such protein sources generally of plant origin, e.g. soybean meal, have antinutritional factors that can negatively affect digestive system of the fish, impairing health and consequently, production. To identify possible effects of plant protein sources in the diets for carnivore fish, this study evaluated effects of various dietary plant protein sources on digestibility, performance, histology of the intestinal epithelium of the carnivore, Neotropical Characin dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, fed plant protein-based diets. A digestibility trial was carried out in standard protocol using diets with inert marker chromium oxide III (Cr2O3) and modified system Guelph for feces. A performance test evaluated the use of three plant protein sources, soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CTM) and peanut meal (PTM) as surrogate protein source to fishmeal in a practical diet in five levels inclusion: 0 (control); 25.0%; 50.0%; 75.0% and 100%, in a randomized block design (n=3). Samples of tissue of intestinal tract of fish were collected in the distal segment at 20 and 40 days of the feeding period, and analyzed for histological and morphological characteristics. No differences were recorded for apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of feedstuff and energy and protein of feedstuffs. Dietary CM and PM elicited better feed consumption comparatively to the other feedstuff, Fish fed diet diet SBM50 presented reduction of intestinal folds at 20 days, but at 40 days had increased folds height, lamina propria thickening, and increased goblet cell density. Considering a scanning microscopy, evident signs of enteritis were registered. The alteration in the morphology and histology of the intestinal epithelium reflected the interaction of effects of the antinutritional factors present in each vegetable protein source, resulting in lower weight gain, growth and decreased intestinal homeostasis, even though best feed consumption and ADC were registered for fish fed CTM and FM.Concluded that SBM caused enteritis and CTM and PM can be used in feeding dourado.

L’entérite nécrotique aviaire causée par Clostridium perfringens est une maladie économiquement dévastatrice et celle-ci est en émergence dans les troupeaux de poulets de chair éliminant l’usage des antibiotiques. À ce jour, aucune alternative en élevage ne permet de prévenir efficacement la maladie et un contrôle par une stratégie vaccinale serait des plus prisé. Une approche par génomique comparative jumelée à la vaccinologie réverse soustractive et comparative identifiant des protéines bactériennes de surface immunogènes figure parmi les approches méthodologiques des plus prometteuses pour le développement rapide d’un vaccin efficace. Une étude génomique comparative réalisée sur 48 souches de C. perfringens provenant de poulets de chair en santé ou affectés par l’entérite nécrotique a permis d’établir que les génomes analysés étaient composés de 155 700 protéines distinctes, où 13% étaient extracellulaires, 65% cytoplasmiques et 22% membranaires. L’évaluation du pouvoir immunogène de ces protéines à l’aide de l’outil de prédiction VaxiJen v.2.0 a permis d’identifier 4 catégories de scores pour les protéines identifiées, allant de 0,5 (seuil minimal recommandé) à 1,5. Les protéines présentant les scores les plus élevés ont été majoritairement associées à des localisations extracellulaires. La combinaison du score d’immunogénicité et de la localisation cellulaire des protéines analysées a mené à la sélection de 12 protéines candidates vaccinales, la plupart d’entre elles étant de fonction hypothétique. Une description plus approfondie de ces protéines permettra de mieux définir leur fonction, d’évaluer leur potentiel antigénique réel en caractérisant leur interaction avec le système immunitaire de la volaille et ultimement, d’évaluer leur rôle probable dans la pathogénie de l’entérite nécrotique. / Avian necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens is a disease with a major economical impact, generating losses up to 6 billion dollars for the poultry industry worldwide. This disease appears in broiler chicken flocks that no longer employ the use of antibiotics. To date, no alternative method allows for the efficient prevention of necrotic enteritis (NE) and a control by a vaccinal strategy would be mostly prized. A comparative genomics approach as well as comparative and subtractive reverse vaccinology identifying immunogenic bacterial surface proteins is one of the most promising methodologies for the rapid development of an efficient vaccine. A comparative genomic study was performed on 48 C. perfringens strains isolated from healthy broiler chickens and from broilers affected by necrotic enteritis. From this study, it was established that the genomes analyzed were composed of 155 700 distinct proteins where 13% were predicted to have an extracellular expression, 65% at the cytoplasma level and 22% within the plasma membrane. The evaluation of the immunogenic potential of these proteins was established with the prediction software VaxiJen v2.0 for which a 0.5 threshold score allowed for the identification of four score categories among the identified proteins, from 0.5 to 1.5. For the most part, proteins with the highest scores were associated with an extracellular localisation. The combination of the immunogenicity score and localisation of the analysed proteins led to the selection of 12 vaccinal candidate proteins that were mostly identified as hypothetical. A more in-depth description of these proteins would allow the assessment of their function, the evaluation of their true immunogenic potential by characterizing their interaction with the avian immune system and ultimately, evaluate their probable role in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis.

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