O resultado deste estudo foi dois artigos relacionados às lesões intestinais encontradas e presença de agentes associados a infecção por PCV2 e um terceiro artigo sobre a associação entre a presença de lesões histopatológicas em diferentes porções do trato intestinal e a carga viral presente nestas regiões e nas fezes. O primeiro artigo apresenta as lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas encontradas em 79 animais da fase de crescimento. As principais lesões macroscópicas foram: aumento de tamanho dos linfonodos mesentéricos (56), enterite necrótica (24), edema mesentérico (20), linfangectasia (15) e espessamento da parede do íleo (5). Marcação IHQ anti-PCV2 foi associada com depleção de células caliciformes (24), atrofia e fusão de vilosidades do íleo (18) e dilatação de vasos linfáticos (11). Foi observada a presença de co-infecções por Escherichia coli (5) Lawsonia intracellularis (1), Brachyspira spp.(4), Salmonella spp. (17), rotavírus (6) e calicivírus entérico (6). O segundo artigo avaliou 63 casos de enterite necrótica, nos quais o cólon foi o principal local onde foi observada necrose, aparecendo em 55 casos. Em 24 casos observou-se co-infecção de PCV2 e Salmonella spp. As alterações descritas: depleção de células caliciformes, índice apoptótico elevado em enterócitos do cólon, e marcação de IHQ positiva no citoplasma de enterócitos sugerem o envolvimento de PCV2 nos casos de enterocolite necrótica. A carga viral de PCV2 no trato intestinal, fezes e sangue de suínos, avaliada pela técnica de PCR em tempo real, associada com lesões histológicas e marcação de IHQ, bem como a interpretação destes resultados foi detalhadamente descrita no terceiro artigo. / The result of this study are presented in two articles describing intestinal lesions and the presence of associated agents with PCV2 and a third article that describes the association between the presence of histopathological lesions in different areas of the intestinal tract and viral load present in those areas and in the feces. The first report showed macroscopical and microscopical lesions in samples collected from 79 growing pigs. The main macroscopical lesions were: enlargement of mesenteric lymph-nodes (56), necrotic enteritis (24), mesenteric edema (20), limphangectasy (15) and thickening of the ileal wall (5). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining anti-PCV2 was associated with depletion of goblet cells (24), villous fusion and atrophy of the ileum (18) and dilatation of lymphatic vessels (11). It was observed the presence of co-infections with Escherichia coli (5) Lawsonia intracellularis (1), Brachyspira spp. (4), Salmonella spp. (17), rotavirus (6) and enteric caliciviruses (6). The second article evaluated 63 cases of necrotic enteritis, in which the colon was the main target of necrotic lesions, observed in 55 cases. In 24 cases co-infection with PCV2 and Salmonella spp. was observed. The main findings described: depletion of goblet cells, high apoptotic rate in colon enterocites and positive anti-PCV2 IHC staining in cytoplasm of enterocites suggests the involvement of PCV2 in cases of necrotic enterocolitis. The viral load of PCV2 in intestinal tract, feces and blood of swine, associated with histological lesions and IHC staining, evaluated by Real time PCR technique, as well as the interpretation of these results were described in details in the third article.

A enterite necrótica causada por Clostridium perfringens é, comprovadamente, um grande problema para frangos de corte, seja sob a forma clínica ou subclínica , com elevados prejuízos produtivos. Em perus, não está claramente identificada a influência deste patógeno sobre os resultados produtivos, e provavelmente por razões econômicas, o volume de pesquisa nesta área é limitado. Em dois experimentos consecutivos, conduzidos em granjas experimentais diferentes, e sobre cama nova e reutilizada, perus de 14 dias, sem medicação com anticoccidianos, foram inoculados, a partir de uma amostra de campo patogênica, com uma superdosagem de aproximadamente 1 x 1010 UFC/ml de Clostridium perfringens, tipo A; bactéria anaeróbica Gram positiva, que compõe a microflora intestinal dos perus. Lesões necróticas severas, com grande destruição da mucosa intestinal, foram observadas após o 4º dia de inoculação. Nos dois experimentos, a resposta dos perus à infecção foi diferente da descrita em frangos de corte. A mortalidade foi muito baixa ou nula e a recuperação das aves, independente da medicação utilizada, foi rápida com pouco ou nenhum comprometimento zootécnico. Escores das lesões histológicas foram desenvolvidos, para tentar correlacionar as lesões macroscópicas com as lesões microscópicas, mas a correlação foi baixa. Frente ao alto desafio observado, não foi possível avaliar adequadamente a ação do antimicrobiano utilizado. As respostas frente aos desafios de Clostridium perfringens nos perus, aparentam ser diferentes em relação às observadas em frangos de corte, sendo necessária cautela ao extrapolar padrões de uma espécie para outra. O uso de critérios subjetivos nas avaliações podem comprometer a tomada de decisão em relação aos tratamentos e as respostas esperadas. / Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens represents a major challenge in broilers, causing clinical or sub clinical diseases, and results in important economic losses for the poultry industry. In turkeys, however, the importance of this pathogen is not clearly defined, and there are few studies assessing its effects on the performance of turkeys, most probably for economic reasons. In two consecutive trials, conducted in two experimental farms, 14 day old turkey poults were reared on new and reused wood shavings litter, without any anticoccidials in the feed, and were inoculated with an overdose of approximately 1x1010 CFU/ml of a pathogenic field sample of Clostridium perfringens type A. This Gram positive anaerobic bacterium is a normal inhabitant of the gut micro flora in the enteric tract of turkeys. Severe necrotic lesions, with major damage to the intestinal mucosa were observed on Day 4 after inoculation. In both trials, the response to the turkeys to the clostridial infection was clearly different from what is described in the literature for broilers. The mortality rate was very low or inexistent, and the birds in all treatments groups recovered very fast, with little or no impact on performance results. An attempt was made to establish a pattern to correlate histological lesion scores with macroscopic and microscopic lesions, but the resulting correlation was very low. Considering the high level of challenge induced in both trials, it was not possible to evaluate in activity of the antibiotic in proper terms. The response of turkeys to a high level of challenge with Clostridium perfringens seems to be different when compared to what is observed in broilers under similar experimental conditions, and caution should be applied when using the same diagnostic methods for different species. The use of subjective criteria to assess and describe the lesions can lead to erroneous treatments decisions and misinterpretation of the responses to treatment.

abstract: Necrotic enteritis (NE) is caused by type A strains of the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, leading to an estimated 2 billion dollar global economic loss in the poultry industry annually. Traditionally, NE has been effectively controlled by antibiotics added to the diet of poultry. Concerns about increasing antibiotic resistance of poultry and human based pathogens have led to the consideration of alternative approaches for controlling disease, such as vaccination. NE causing strains of C. perfringens produce two major toxins, α-toxin and NetB. Immune responses against either toxin can provide partial protection against NE. We have developed a fusion protein combining a non-toxic carboxy-terminal domain of the α-toxin (PlcC) and an attenuated, mutant form of NetB (NetB-W262A) for use as a vaccine antigen to immunize poultry against NE. We utilized a DNA sequence that was codon-optimized for Nicotiana benthamiana to enable high levels of expression. The 6-His tagged PlcC-NetB fusion protein was synthesized in N. benthamiana using a geminiviral replicon transient expression system. The fusion protein was purified by metal affinity chromatography and used to immunize broiler birds. Immunized birds produced a strong serum IgY response against both the plant produced PlcC-NetB protein and against bacterially produced His-PlcC and His-NetB. However, the PlcC-NetB fusion had antibody titers four times that of the bacterially produced toxoids alone. Immunized birds were significantly protected against a subsequent in-feed challenge with virulent C. perfringens when treated with the fusion protein. These results indicate that a plant-produced PlcC-NetB is a promising vaccine candidate for controlling NE in poultry. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Molecular and Cellular Biology 2018

A enterite necrótica causada por Clostridium perfringens é, comprovadamente, um grande problema para frangos de corte, seja sob a forma clínica ou subclínica , com elevados prejuízos produtivos. Em perus, não está claramente identificada a influência deste patógeno sobre os resultados produtivos, e provavelmente por razões econômicas, o volume de pesquisa nesta área é limitado. Em dois experimentos consecutivos, conduzidos em granjas experimentais diferentes, e sobre cama nova e reutilizada, perus de 14 dias, sem medicação com anticoccidianos, foram inoculados, a partir de uma amostra de campo patogênica, com uma superdosagem de aproximadamente 1 x 1010 UFC/ml de Clostridium perfringens, tipo A; bactéria anaeróbica Gram positiva, que compõe a microflora intestinal dos perus. Lesões necróticas severas, com grande destruição da mucosa intestinal, foram observadas após o 4º dia de inoculação. Nos dois experimentos, a resposta dos perus à infecção foi diferente da descrita em frangos de corte. A mortalidade foi muito baixa ou nula e a recuperação das aves, independente da medicação utilizada, foi rápida com pouco ou nenhum comprometimento zootécnico. Escores das lesões histológicas foram desenvolvidos, para tentar correlacionar as lesões macroscópicas com as lesões microscópicas, mas a correlação foi baixa. Frente ao alto desafio observado, não foi possível avaliar adequadamente a ação do antimicrobiano utilizado. As respostas frente aos desafios de Clostridium perfringens nos perus, aparentam ser diferentes em relação às observadas em frangos de corte, sendo necessária cautela ao extrapolar padrões de uma espécie para outra. O uso de critérios subjetivos nas avaliações podem comprometer a tomada de decisão em relação aos tratamentos e as respostas esperadas. / Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens represents a major challenge in broilers, causing clinical or sub clinical diseases, and results in important economic losses for the poultry industry. In turkeys, however, the importance of this pathogen is not clearly defined, and there are few studies assessing its effects on the performance of turkeys, most probably for economic reasons. In two consecutive trials, conducted in two experimental farms, 14 day old turkey poults were reared on new and reused wood shavings litter, without any anticoccidials in the feed, and were inoculated with an overdose of approximately 1x1010 CFU/ml of a pathogenic field sample of Clostridium perfringens type A. This Gram positive anaerobic bacterium is a normal inhabitant of the gut micro flora in the enteric tract of turkeys. Severe necrotic lesions, with major damage to the intestinal mucosa were observed on Day 4 after inoculation. In both trials, the response to the turkeys to the clostridial infection was clearly different from what is described in the literature for broilers. The mortality rate was very low or inexistent, and the birds in all treatments groups recovered very fast, with little or no impact on performance results. An attempt was made to establish a pattern to correlate histological lesion scores with macroscopic and microscopic lesions, but the resulting correlation was very low. Considering the high level of challenge induced in both trials, it was not possible to evaluate in activity of the antibiotic in proper terms. The response of turkeys to a high level of challenge with Clostridium perfringens seems to be different when compared to what is observed in broilers under similar experimental conditions, and caution should be applied when using the same diagnostic methods for different species. The use of subjective criteria to assess and describe the lesions can lead to erroneous treatments decisions and misinterpretation of the responses to treatment.

The acid-base disturbances in Canine Parvoviral Enteritis (CPV) are not well described. In addition the mechanisms causing these perturbations have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to assess acid-base changes in puppies suffering from Canine Parvoviral Enteritis (CPV) using a Modified Strong Ion Model (SIM). The hypothesis of this study was that severe acid-base disturbances would be present and that the SIM would provide patho-mechanistic insights that would not be fully appreciated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch model. The study retrospectively analysed data obtained from 42 puppies with confirmed CPV and 12 healthy controls. The CPV group had been allocated a clinical score to allow classification of the data according to clinical severity. The effects of changes in free water, chloride, lactate, albumin and phosphate were calculated using a modification of the base excess algorithm. The data for each of these variables was compared to the control group. When the data were summated for each patient and correlated to each individual component, the most important contributor to the metabolic acid-base changes according to SIM was chloride (P < 0.001). Severely affected animals tended to have a hypochloraemic alkalosis, whereas mildly effected puppies had a hyperchloraemic acidosis (P = 0.0023). In conclusion the acid base disturbances in CPV are multifactorial and complex and the SIM provides more information regarding the origin of these changes. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), the aetiological agent of haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs emerged in 1978 worldwide. In the mid 1980’s, the original CPV-2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, CPV 2a and 2b. In 2000, a new variant of CPV (CPV-2c) was detected in Italy and now circulates in other countries. Haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs is a major disease in South Africa and Nigeria. Both infection rates with CPV-2 and case fatality rates in young dogs are high. CPV-2 is a small, negative-sense, single-stranded DNA virus of 5.2kb long and a member of the Parvoviridae family, which also includes feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and mink enteritis virus (MEV). The CPV-2 genome is prone to mutations at the VP2-encoding region. As a result we investigated the genetic composition of the VP2 region in the CPV-2 genome using molecular methods (qPCR) to provide information for comparison of field and vaccine strains of the virus. The conventional PCR detection results yielded 137 (97.85%) of the total of 140 feacal samples screened with diarrhoea positive. One hundred-and-six of 108 samples from South Africa (98.15%) tested positive and two (1.85%) were negative, while 30 (96.77%) from 31 faecal samples from Nigeria were positive and 1 (2.23%) was negative. Results obtained from the genotyping of the CPV- 2 strains using CPV-2a/b and CPV-2b/c TaqMan assays employing minor groove binder (MGB) probes, revealed that out of a total of 106 South African samples, 100 (94.34%) were infected with CPV-2b and 6 (5.66%) with CPV-2a, while all the Nigerian samples [n=30 (100%)] contained only CPV2a. There was no reported case of CPV-2c. The VP2 gene of selected DNA samples (n=27), from South Africa (n=19), Nigeria (n=6) and multivalent vaccines (n=2) were amplified and sequenced. These sequences were originally aligned and edited to a total length of 1,750 bp of the CPV-2 VP2 encoding gene. These selected sequences showed 99% maximum identity to the GenBank sequences from the blast results (NCBI BLASThttp:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) and alignment of all the sequences was performed using ClustalX. Two phylogenetic analyses showed most South African field isolates distant from viruses from other parts of the world. A few clustered with Asian and European strains, while Nigerian CPV-2 strains clustered with USA and some European isolates. The results of the protein analysis showed seven changes of amino acids at positions 265, 297, 324, 424, 426, 440 and 475 for most of the South Africans strains while the Nigerian CPV-2 had only one field isolate with an amino acid change. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

Determina la asociación entre FTP y la mortalidad por enterotoxemia en alpacas neonatas. La toma de muestras se realiza en comunidades y centro de producción de los departamentos de Cusco y Puno. Se realiza la cuantificación de niveles de IgG de 17 animales casos y 26 controles usando el test de Inmunodifusión Radial (IDR) mediante el método de Mancini y se confronta con una curva estándar de cinética de degradación de IgG en crías de alpaca normales. Mediante la prueba de Odds Ratio se determina que no hay una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre FTP y Enterotoxemia. / Tesis

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18141号 / 医博第3861号 / 新制||医||1002(附属図書館) / 30999 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 坂井 義治, 教授 髙田 穣, 教授 武藤 学 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) causes diseases such as necrotic enteritis in poultry. Current methods for early detection of C. perfringens, including culture, and molecular techniques (PCR and qPCR), have logistical limitations in detecting pathogens on-site because they require specialized equipment and long sample preparation time. This study describes developing a highly sensitive on-site LAMP assay combined with a simple DNA extraction method to detect C. perfringens. Results showed that the LAMP assay was highly specific and sensitive with the optimal reaction conditions: 63°C for 30 mins with primer concentration of 1.2 mM FIP/BIP and 0.2 mM F3/B3. The HotSHOT method was the most convenient DNA extraction method for the on-site LAMP assay with respect to the processing time, cost, and minimal equipment requirement. Therefore, the HotSHOT DNA extraction method followed by the LAMP assay could serve as a rapid on-site molecular test for C. perfringens in the field.