This dissertation introduces, implements, and evaluates the novel concept of "Service Paths", which are system-level abstractions that capture and describe the dynamic dependencies between the different components of a distributed enterprise application. Service paths are dynamic because they capture the natural interactions between application services dynamically composed to offer some desired end user functionality. Service paths are distributed because such sets of services run on networked machines in distributed enterprise data centers. Service paths cross multiple levels of abstraction because they link end user application components like web browsers with system services like http providing communications with embedded services like hardware-supported data encryption. Service paths are system-level abstractions that are created without end user, application, or middleware input, but despite these facts, they are able to capture application-relevant performance metrics, including end-to-end latencies for client requests and the contributions to these latencies from application-level processes and from software/hardware resources like protocol stacks or network devices. Beyond conceiving of service paths and demonstrating their utility, this thesis makes three concrete technical contributions. First, we propose a set of signal analysis techniques called ``E2Eprof' that identify the service paths taken by different request classes across a distributed IT infrastructure and the time spent in each such path. It uses a novel algorithm called ``pathmap' that computes the correlation between the message arrival and departure timestamps at each participating node and detect dependencies among them. A second contribution is a system-level monitoring toolkit called ``SysProf', which captures monitoring information at different levels of granularity, ranging from tracking the system-level activities triggered by a single system call, to capturing the client-server interactions associated with a service paths, to characterizing the server resources consumed by sets of clients or client behaviors. The third contribution of the thesis is a publish-subscribe based monitoring data delivery framework called ``QMON'. QMON offers high levels of predictability for service delivery and supports utility-aware monitoring while also able to differentiate between different levels of service for monitoring, corresponding to the different classes of SLAs maintained for applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:14:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-04-30T00:00:00Z / A tecnologia de informação e, mais especificamente, os Enterprise Systems (ESs), têm recebido enorme atenção e investimentos maciços nas organizações. Por se tratar de uma tecnologia relativamente nova, os estudos sobre ESs não têm claro os seus impactos na transformação organizacional em termos das pessoas e cultura numa perspectiva sociotécnica, estruturalista e humanista. Por meio de um estudo qualitativo fruto de bricolagem com vários ambientes de análise, características de sujeitos e com a ferramenta de análise do conteúdo do discurso, puderam-se confirmar as hipóteses sobre os impactos dos ESs quanto à melhoria nas relações pessoa/pessoa, pessoa/alta gerência e pessoa/trabalho, base do levantamento 'Um Excelente Lugar para se Trabalhar', bem como, impactos em outras variáveis analisadas. O estudo estendeu-se um pouco mais e verificou as habilidades dos implantadores dos sistemas e desenvolvedores dos softwares, as características das empresas com relação à fase de maturidade evolutiva e os objetivos pouco claros de implantação dos ESs como fatores dificultadores de implantação, resultando em sub-utilização e resistência e perda de recursos. O trabalho realiza também uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica que evidencia que ainda não há um grau médio de clareza sobre as reais características do fenômeno 'implantação de ES', suas justificativas, problemas, objetivos, fatores determinantes de sucesso, etc. / The information technology, more specifically, the Enterprise Systems (ESs), have received enormous attention and investments on organizations. Due to a relatively new technology, the studies about ESs don't have a clear understanding of their impact on organizational transformation in terms of people and culture within a Sociotechnical, Structuralistic and Humanistic perspective. Through a qualitative study using bricolage among several environment of analysis, subjects characteristics and with the speech content analysis as a research tool, it was able to confirm the hypothesis about the impacts of ESs on the behalf of person/person, person/ high management e person/work relationships, base from the 'A great place to work' research, as well, the impacts on others variables analyzed. The study went further and verified the abilities of the people that implement the systems and develop software, the characteristics of companies related to evolution phase and the mistaken objectives of ESs implementation as factors that make the implementation more difficult, resulting on sub utilization, resistance and resources expended unnecessarily. The study also makes a wide bibliographic research that evidences that there is not a medium degree of understanding or theory about the real characteristics of the phenomenon 'ES implementation', its justifications, problems, objectives, factors that determine success, etc.

O contínuo aparecimento de novos conceitos para o desenvolvimento e controle de uma organização, os avanços da Contabilidade Gerencial além da crescente demanda pela Contabilidade Financeira colocam um desafio para a Contabilidade e todos os envolvidos na sua utilização, operação, pesquisa, desenvolvimento e implementação. Este desafio tem sido mais forte devido ao aumento da complexidade das organizações e o impacto causado pelos Computadores, que reforçaram o conceito de velocidade nos negócios. Adicionalmente, a influencia da cultura japonesa na Administração Organizacional, mais especificamente, \"kanban\", \"Just in Time\", Circulos de Qualidade e flexibilidade, trouxeram mudanças no comportamento organizacional, pressionando a área contábil a atuar dentro dos mesmos padrões. Muitos autores tem questionado sobre estes aspectos como, por exemplo: Bromwich & Hopwood em \" Research and Current Issues in Management Accounting (1986, dizendo: \"Varias abordagens para estrutura organizacional estão criando diferentes necessidades de informação para decisão e controle. Maior enfase está sendo colocada na necessidade de atender tanto as necessidades de informação locais quando as da administração central, e mais, \"a Contabilidade é tambem chamada a desempenhar um papel explicito na mobilização da mudança organizacional. Nao mais vista como um mero repositório passivo de dados do passado, o sistema contábil é parte integrante do desenho de diferentes abordagens na gestão da visibilidade organizacional e das várias direções para sua atuação.\" Estes aspectos foram tambem identificados por Iudicibus em \"Teoria da Contabilidade (1980), ao discutir as categorias de usuários da informação contábil e seus objetivos. Assim, a Contabilidade e os Contadores vem sendo mais e mais requesitados a suprir toda a organização com melhores seriços e informações. O Contador como profissional é solicitado a ser empresário, e sair de sua posição tradicional de \" dono dos dados\" para um novo papel, o de agente de serviços de informação e facilitador na tomada de decisão. Portanto, o Contador e o Sistema de Informação Contábil devem estar totalmente integrados aos objetivos da organização, tanto internos quanto externos. A questão é: como o Sistema de Informação Contábil pode satisfazer as necessidades de informação de uma organização. O objetivo desta tese é o de revisar a abordagem sistêmica da Contabilidade considerando os novos conceitos acima propostos. / The continuous release of new concepts in the development and control of an Organization, the advances of Managerial Accounting plus the growing requirements for Financial Accounting present all together a challenge for Accounting and for all individuals somehow involved in its usage, operation, research, development and implementation. This challenge has been stronger due to the increase in the complexity of an organization and the impact caused by the use of Computers, which have introduced the concept of speed in business. Additionally, the influence of the Japanese culture in Business Administration, more specifically, the Kanban, Just in Time, Quality Circles and flexibility, has caused many changes in the organizations behavior, pressuring the Accounting area to act accordingly. Several authors have questioned about these points as for example: Bromwich & Hopwood in Research and Current issues in Management Accounting (1986), saying: Different approaches to organizational structuring are creating different information needs for decision making and control. Greater emphasis is being placed on the need to service both local and central management needs for information, and more, Accounting is also being called upon to play a quite explicit role in the mobilization of organizational change. No longer seen as a mere passive reckoning of the economics of the past, accounting systems are now being implicated in the design of different approaches to the management of organizational visibility and different incentives for organizational action. This aspect had also been identified by Iudícibus in Teoria da Contabilidade (1980) when discussing the Categories of accounting information users and their objectives. Thus, the Accounting and the Accountants are being requested more and more to supply the entire organization with better service and information. The Accountant, as a professional, is asked to be a businessman, changing from his old position of data owner to a new one, as an Information Service Agent, and as a decision making facilitator. Therefore, the Accountant and the Accounting System must be fully integrated with the companys objectives internally and externally. The question is, how the Accounting System can satisfy the information requirements of a Company. The objective of this study is to revise the systems approach for Accounting in a computerized environment considering the new concepts above explained.

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Industrial revolutions bring dynamic change to industry through major technological advances (Freeman & Louca, 2002). People and companies must take advantage of industrial revolutions in order to reap its benefits (Bruland & Smith, 2013). Currently, the 4th industrial revolution, industry is transforming advanced manufacturing and engineering capabilities through digital transformation. Company X’s production system was investigated in the research. Detailed evaluation the production process revealed bottlenecks and inefficiency (Melton, 2005). Using the Digital Twin and Discrete Event Factory Simulation, the researcher gathered factory and production input data to simulate the process and provide a system level, holistic view of Company X’s production system to show how factory simulation enables process improvement. The National Academy of Engineering supports Discrete Event Factory Simulation as advancing Personalized Learning through its ability to meet the unique problem solving needs of engineering and manufacturing process through advanced simulation technology (National Academy of Engineering, 2018). The directed project applied two process optimization experiments to the production system through the simulation tool, 3DExperience wiht the DELMIA application from Dassualt Systemes (Dassault, 2018). The experiment resulted in a 10% improvement in production time and a 10% reduction in labor costs due to the optimization