Kultur ur ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv är något som både Stockholm stad, Region Stockholm och även Statens Kulturråd värderar högt, där den producerande kulturverksamheten idag ofta ses som en viktig faktor i skapandet av en konkurrenskraftig och attraktiv stad. Ändå har konstnärer i de producerande kulturverksameterna låga löner, trots långa utbildningar och lång arbetslivserfarenhet. Detta kan ses i mediebilden där Stockholm stad ofta beskrivs som att de istället för att främja kulturverksamhet snarare motverkar kulturverksamhet genom förtätning och omvandling.Med denna undersökning är syftet att undersöka behoven som den producerande kulturverksamheten har. Både ur Stockholm stads synpunkt och från konstnärernas håll. Genom att undersöka olika kulturstrategier är målet att få en klarare överblick på problemen kring kulturverksamheter. Genom en: litteratur-, dokument- och fallstudie har den producerande kulturverksamhetens behov, lokalisering och förutsättningar identifierats. I Stockholm stads ateljéstrategi uttrycker Kulturförvaltningen ett mål med 200 nya ateljéer till 2020. De menar i sin strategi att dessa ateljéer bör byggas i områden som har få eller inga ateljéer. I dagsläget lokaliserar sig Stockholms ateljéer likt kluster där högst täthet är kring: östra Södermalm, Liljeholmen, Telefonplan, Slakthusområdet och Hagalunds industriområde. Kulturens lokalisering begränsas av betalningsförmågan och den nuvarande bristen på lokaler och fastigheter som till ett rimligt pris uppfyller de krav som verksamheten ställer på lokalen och dess lokalisering. Lösningen på problematiken med bristen på produktionslokaler ligger inte på någon enskild faktor som enkelt kan lösas. Det handlar istället om en budget och prioriteringsfråga som kommunen och regionen bör se över. Politiker måste värdesätta kulturverksamhet på ett annat sätt än som de gör idag. Annars kommer kulturverksamheten aldrig att kunna få rätt förutsättningar för att utvecklas. / Today, local production of arts and culture is viewed as an important factor in making of a competitive and attractive city. Stockholm stad, Region Stockholm and the Swedish Arts Council express a high value of culture from a social sustainability perspective. Despite this, the majority of people working with making or producing art statistically can be seen to have a low median salary in comparison to the general population. The media points towards how Stockholm stad contributes to this situation through densifying and converting areas at the expense of maintaining cultural entities and production venues, as well as creating the right opportunities for cultural businesses. The purpose of this report is to examine the needs of the individuals, groups and organisations working with the making and production of arts and culture. Various strategies are examined, with an aim to understand challenges cultural practitioners and entities face as well as creating an understanding of how these strategies deal with producing cultural entities. As identified through literature, document and case studies, the report outlines the localisations of art studios and cultural entities, their need and their opportunities presented through the economic and social structures.In Stockholm stad’s studio strategy, the Kulturförvaltning expresses an aim to create 200 new studios for artists before 2020. Furthermore, they express that these studios are mainly to be situated in areas which are lacking or in absence of spaces for art production. Currently artist studios in Stockholm are concentrated in clusters, mainly in areas such as: östra Södermalm, Liljeholmen, Telefonplan, Slakthusområdet and Hagalund’s industrial area. The main factors affecting the localisation of studios in the urban space, is the shortage of spaces with adequate facilities and the lack of adequate facilities at an affordable rental cost. There is no simple solution for solving the shortage of production facilities for artists, since the problem depends on numerous factors. As a matter of city budgets and political prioritisation, this problem needs to be handled at both a municipal and regional level. Politicians need to value cultural businesses in a new way. In order for the cultural field to progress and prosper, artists require the right opportunities and for their needs to be met out of an economic, geographic and social perspective.

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When this PhD started, the translation of speech into text in a different language was mainly tackled with a cascade of automatic speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT) models, as the emerging direct speech translation (ST) models were not yet competitive. To close this gap, part of the PhD has been devoted to improving the quality of direct models, both in the simplified condition of test sets where the audio is split into well-formed sentences, and in the realistic condition in which the audio is automatically segmented. First, we investigated how to transfer knowledge from MT models trained on large corpora. Then, we defined encoder architectures that give different weights to the vectors in the input sequence, reflecting the variability of the amount of information over time in speech. Finally, we reduced the adverse effects caused by the suboptimal automatic audio segmentation in two ways: on one side, we created models robust to this condition; on the other, we enhanced the audio segmentation itself. The good results achieved in terms of overall translation quality allowed us to investigate specific behaviors of direct ST systems, which are crucial to satisfy real users’ needs. On one side, driven by the ethical goal of inclusive systems, we disclosed that established technical choices geared toward high general performance (statistical word segmentation of the target text, knowledge distillation from MT) cause an exacerbation of the gender representational disparities in the training data. Along this line of work, we proposed mitigation techniques that reduce the gender bias of ST models, and showed how gender-specific systems can be used to control the translation of gendered words related to the speakers, regardless of their vocal traits. On the other side, motivated by the practical needs of interpreters and translators, we evaluated the potential of direct ST systems in the “augmented translation” scenario, focusing on the translation and recognition of named entities (NEs). Along this line of work, we proposed solutions to cope with the major weakness of ST models (handling person names), and introduced direct models that jointly perform ST and NE recognition showing their superiority over a pipeline of dedicated tools for the two tasks. Overall, we believe that this thesis moves a step forward toward adopting direct ST systems in real applications, increasing the awareness of their strengths and weaknesses compared to the traditional cascade paradigm.

Les récents développements des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication font du Web une véritable mine d’information. Cependant, les pages Web sont très peu structurées. Par conséquent, il est difficile pour une machine de les traiter automatiquement pour en extraire des informations pertinentes pour une tâche ciblée. C’est pourquoi les travaux de recherche s’inscrivant dans la thématique de l’Extraction d’Information dans les pages web sont en forte croissance. Aussi, l’interrogation de ces informations, généralement structurées et stockées dans des index pour répondre à des besoins d’information précis correspond à la Recherche d’Information (RI). Notre travail de thèse se situe à la croisée de ces deux thématiques. Notre objectif principal est de concevoir et de mettre en œuvre des stratégies permettant de scruter le web pour extraire des Entités Nommées (EN) complexes (EN composées de plusieurs propriétés pouvant être du texte ou d’autres EN) de type entreprise ou de type événement, par exemple. Nous proposons ensuite des services d’indexation et d’interrogation pour répondre à des besoins d’informations. Ces travaux ont été réalisés au sein de l’équipe T2I du LIUPPA, et font suite à une commande de l’entreprise Cogniteev, dont le cœur de métier est centré sur l’analyse du contenu du Web. Les problématiques visées sont, d’une part, l’extraction d’EN complexes sur le Web et, d’autre part, l’indexation et la recherche d’information intégrant ces EN complexes. Notre première contribution porte sur l’extraction d’EN complexes dans des textes. Pour cette contribution, nous prenons en compte plusieurs problèmes, notamment le contexte bruité caractérisant certaines propriétés (pour un événement par exemple, la page web correspondante peut contenir deux dates : la date de l’événement et celle de mise en vente des billets). Pour ce problème en particulier, nous introduisons un module de détection de blocs qui permet de focaliser l’extraction des propriétés sur des blocs de texte pertinents. Nos expérimentations montrent une nette amélioration des performances due à cette approche. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à l’extraction des adresses, où la principale difficulté découle du fait qu’aucun standard ne se soit réellement imposé comme modèle de référence. Nous proposons donc un modèle étendu et une approche d’extraction basée sur des patrons et des ressources libres.Notre deuxième contribution porte sur le calcul de similarité entre EN complexes. Dans l’état de l’art, ce calcul se fait généralement en deux étapes : (i) une première calcule les similarités entre propriétés et (ii) une deuxième agrège les scores obtenus pour le calcul de la similarité globale. En ce qui concerne cette première étape, nous proposons une fonction de calcul de similarité entre EN spatiale, l’une représentée par un point et l’autre par un polygone. Elle complète l’état de l’art. Notons que nos principales propositions se situent au niveau de la deuxième étape. Ainsi, nous proposons trois techniques pour l’agrégation des scores intermédiaires. Les deux premières sont basées sur la somme pondérée des scores intermédiaires (combinaison linéaire et régression logistique). La troisième exploite les arbres de décisions pour agréger les scores intermédiaires. Enfin, nous proposons une dernière approche basée sur le clustering et le modèle vectoriel de Salton pour le calcul de similarité entre EN complexes. Son originalité vient du fait qu’elle ne nécessite pas de passer par le calcul de scores de similarités intermédiaires. / Recent developments in information technologies have made the web an important data source. However, the web content is very unstructured. Therefore, it is a difficult task to automatically process this web content in order to extract relevant information. This is a reason why research work related to Information Extraction (IE) on the web are growing very quickly. Similarly, another very explored research area is the querying of information extracted on the web to answer an information need. This other research area is known as Information Retrieval (IR). Our research work is at the crossroads of both areas. The main goal of our work is to develop strategies and techniques for crawling the web in order to extract complex Named Entities (NEs) (NEs with several properties that may be text or other NEs). We then propose to index them and to query them in order to answer information needs. This work was carried out within the T2I team of the LIUPPA laboratory, in collaboration with Cogniteev, a company which core business is focused on the analysis of web content. The issues we had to deal with were the extraction of complex NEs on the web and the development of IR services supplied by the extracted data. Our first contribution is related to complex NEs extraction from text content. For this contribution, we take into consideration several problems, in particular the noisy context characterizing some properties (the web page describing an event for example, may contain more than one dates: the event’s date and the date of ticket’s sales opening). For this particular problem, we introduce a block detection module that focuses property's extraction on relevant text blocks. Our experiments show an improvement of system’s performances. We also focused on address extraction where the main issue arises from the fact that there is not a standard way for writing addresses in general and on the web in particular. We therefore propose a pattern-based approach which uses some lexicons for extracting addresses from text, regardless of proprietary resources.Our second contribution deals with similarity computation between complex NEs. In the state of the art, this similarity computation is generally performed in two steps: (i) first, similarities between properties are calculated; (ii) then the obtained similarities are aggregated to compute the overall similarity. Our main proposals focuses on the second step. We propose three techniques for aggregating property’s similarities. The first two are based on the weighted sum of these property’s similarities (simple linear combination and logistic regression). The third technique however, uses decision trees for the aggregation. Finally, we also propose a last approach based on clustering and Salton vector model. This last approach evaluates the similarity at the complex NE level without computing property’s similarities. We also propose a similarity computation function between spatial EN, one represented by a point and the other by a polygon. This completes those of the state of the art.

A globalização da economia e dos negócios consolida um novo contexto de competição acirrada, de mercados mutantes, onde não é mais possível auscultar o passado para orientar as decisões do agora e muito menos do futuro. Com isso surgem as crises, os concorrentes mudam rapidamente sua forma de competir, surgem novos conceitos que são aplicados na gestão e organização dos negócios, novas tecnologias aparecem com ciclos de vida cada vez mais curtos, tornando obsoletas as que estão em uso. Nos setores empresariais mais afetados pelo novo ambiente, onde o acirramento da competição está mais presente e visível, parece estar sendo cada vez mais difícil para uma empresa sozinha enfrentar a concorrência. Surgem, então, alguns indícios de que as empresas estão buscando outras formas de gestão e de atuação para competir, que incluem inclusive a competição conjunta. Ou seja, uma forma de competição diferente entre as empresas, nas quais algumas se unem a outras empresas para disputar o mercado com outros agrupamentos e ou aglomerados de empresas. Esta união já foi evidenciada através de diferentes formatos supra-empresas. Dentre esses formatos destacam-se os clusters de negócios e as redes de negócios, nos quais a governança transcende as fronteiras de uma empresa isolada, atingindo a todo o aglomerado. A preocupação da presente pesquisa foi verificar se, dentro de agrupamentos de empresas denominados pela literatura como clusters, existem ou não, dentre as empresas nele instaladas, algumas que, também, se orientam por estratégias supraempresas de redes de negócios, e não só por estratégias de clusters. Isso foi verificado pela pesquisa, que, em dois clusters de negócios importantes para seus países, o do vinho do Porto, no Vale do Douro, em Portugal, e o de vinhos de mesa do Vale dos Vinhedos, na Serra Gaúcha, no Brasil, encontrou empresas orientadas por uma estratégia dual, isto é, por estratégia de cluster e por estratégia de rede de negócios. E esse achado é novo na literatura de entidades supra-empresas, até porque essas próprias entidades só recentemente tornaram-se conhecidas e objetos raras pesquisas. Foi, também, preocupação da pesquisa que embasou esta tese, verificar se o fato constatado de existirem empresas orientadas por estratégia dual contribuía ou não para um aumento em suas respectivas capacidades de competição, o que, também, acabou sendo comprovado. / The globalization of the economy and business consolidates a new context of fierce competition, changing markets, where you can no longer hear the past to guide the decisions of the now much less of the future. With that come the crisis, the competitors rapidly change its manner to compete, new concepts are applied in management and business organization, new technologies appears with lifecycles each time shorter, making obsolete the ones in use. In the business sectors most affected by the new environment, where increased competition is more present and visible, seems to be increasingly difficult for one company alone to face the competition. Then we see some evidence that companies are seeking other forms of management and performance to compete, including even the competition in conjunct. In other words, a form of competition of companies in which they join other companies to compete in the market with others agglomerates of companies. This union has been evidenced by different formats of supra-companies. Among these formats we can highlight the business clusters and business networks, in which governance transcends the boundaries of a single company, reaching the entire agglomerate. The concern of this study was to determine if, within groups of companies named in the literature as clusters, exist or not among the companies in it, some of them that are also guided by supra-companies strategies of networks business, not just by cluster strategies. This was verified by this research, two clusters of important business in their countries, the Port wine, in the Douro Valley, Portugal, and the wines of Vinhedos Valley, in Serra Gaúcha, Brazil, we found companies oriented with a dual strategy, in other words, by cluster strategy and business network strategy. And this discover is new in the literature of supra-companies entities, because those entities themselves are not of very recent scholarship. Another concern of this research was to verify if the fact of companies driven by a dual strategy had contributed to an increase in their competitiveness, what the study also confirmed

1 Selected Issues of the Criminal Liability of Legal Entities in the Czech Republic Summary This thesis focuses on the selected issues of the criminal liability of legal entities in the Czech Republic, concretely the Act No. 418/2011 Coll. on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceedings against them. The main purpose of the thesis is to pick the most unclear provisions as well as the ones that cause that the criminal proceedings are not really effective. The first chapter analyzes the circumstances of ratification of the Act into the Czech legal system and the discussions connected to the ratification. The second chapter describes the chosen conception of the criminal liability of legal entities. Following chapters deal with the chosen pitfalls related to the application of the Act. The third chapter covers the § 7 of the Act and the extent of the crimes which are listed in this provision. The main problem regarding this provision is the fact, that on one hand we can find some crimes that can be hardly committed by legal entities and on the other hand we cannot find several offenses that could be expected to be committed mainly by the legal entities, e.g. infringement of the competition rules under the § 248/2 of the Criminal Act No. 40/2009 Coll. The fourth chapter focuses on § 8, firstly how the...

A globalização da economia e dos negócios consolida um novo contexto de competição acirrada, de mercados mutantes, onde não é mais possível auscultar o passado para orientar as decisões do agora e muito menos do futuro. Com isso surgem as crises, os concorrentes mudam rapidamente sua forma de competir, surgem novos conceitos que são aplicados na gestão e organização dos negócios, novas tecnologias aparecem com ciclos de vida cada vez mais curtos, tornando obsoletas as que estão em uso. Nos setores empresariais mais afetados pelo novo ambiente, onde o acirramento da competição está mais presente e visível, parece estar sendo cada vez mais difícil para uma empresa sozinha enfrentar a concorrência. Surgem, então, alguns indícios de que as empresas estão buscando outras formas de gestão e de atuação para competir, que incluem inclusive a competição conjunta. Ou seja, uma forma de competição diferente entre as empresas, nas quais algumas se unem a outras empresas para disputar o mercado com outros agrupamentos e ou aglomerados de empresas. Esta união já foi evidenciada através de diferentes formatos supra-empresas. Dentre esses formatos destacam-se os clusters de negócios e as redes de negócios, nos quais a governança transcende as fronteiras de uma empresa isolada, atingindo a todo o aglomerado. A preocupação da presente pesquisa foi verificar se, dentro de agrupamentos de empresas denominados pela literatura como clusters, existem ou não, dentre as empresas nele instaladas, algumas que, também, se orientam por estratégias supraempresas de redes de negócios, e não só por estratégias de clusters. Isso foi verificado pela pesquisa, que, em dois clusters de negócios importantes para seus países, o do vinho do Porto, no Vale do Douro, em Portugal, e o de vinhos de mesa do Vale dos Vinhedos, na Serra Gaúcha, no Brasil, encontrou empresas orientadas por uma estratégia dual, isto é, por estratégia de cluster e por estratégia de rede de negócios. E esse achado é novo na literatura de entidades supra-empresas, até porque essas próprias entidades só recentemente tornaram-se conhecidas e objetos raras pesquisas. Foi, também, preocupação da pesquisa que embasou esta tese, verificar se o fato constatado de existirem empresas orientadas por estratégia dual contribuía ou não para um aumento em suas respectivas capacidades de competição, o que, também, acabou sendo comprovado. / The globalization of the economy and business consolidates a new context of fierce competition, changing markets, where you can no longer hear the past to guide the decisions of the now much less of the future. With that come the crisis, the competitors rapidly change its manner to compete, new concepts are applied in management and business organization, new technologies appears with lifecycles each time shorter, making obsolete the ones in use. In the business sectors most affected by the new environment, where increased competition is more present and visible, seems to be increasingly difficult for one company alone to face the competition. Then we see some evidence that companies are seeking other forms of management and performance to compete, including even the competition in conjunct. In other words, a form of competition of companies in which they join other companies to compete in the market with others agglomerates of companies. This union has been evidenced by different formats of supra-companies. Among these formats we can highlight the business clusters and business networks, in which governance transcends the boundaries of a single company, reaching the entire agglomerate. The concern of this study was to determine if, within groups of companies named in the literature as clusters, exist or not among the companies in it, some of them that are also guided by supra-companies strategies of networks business, not just by cluster strategies. This was verified by this research, two clusters of important business in their countries, the Port wine, in the Douro Valley, Portugal, and the wines of Vinhedos Valley, in Serra Gaúcha, Brazil, we found companies oriented with a dual strategy, in other words, by cluster strategy and business network strategy. And this discover is new in the literature of supra-companies entities, because those entities themselves are not of very recent scholarship. Another concern of this research was to verify if the fact of companies driven by a dual strategy had contributed to an increase in their competitiveness, what the study also confirmed

This study focuses on the effectiveness of audit committees in public entities, specifically schedule 3A entities, which are governed by the PFMA. It is clear that the audit committee cannot operate on its own if it wishes to be effective. Management, Internal Audit and External Audit (Auditor General of South Africa) all play significant roles in the effectiveness of the audit committee. Internal Audit and the Auditor General are assurance providers for the audit committee and therefore play an even bigger role in its effectiveness. The independence of these assurance providers is vital, as the audit committee relies on them to obtain an independent view of the effectiveness of controls within the entities. / Graduate School of Business Leadership

This thesis' focus is on the use of Alfred North Whitehead's concept of Actual Entities as a computational tool for computer science and the introduction of a novel usage of Actual Entities as learning agents. Actual Entities are vector based agents that interact within their environment through a process called prehension. It is the combined effect of multiple Actual Entities working within a Colony of Prehending Entities that produces emergent, intelligent behavior. It is not always the case that prehension functions for desired behavior are known beforehand and frequently the functions are too complex to construct by hand. Through the use of Artificial Neural Networks and a technique called Observational Intelligence, Actual Entities can extract the characteristic behavior of observable phenomena. This behavior is then converted into a functional form and generalized to provide a knowledge base for how an observed object interacts with its surroundings.

Environmental offences committed by legal entities Abstract This thesis deals with the Czech criminal law protection of the environment and its development in relation to legal entities. The main importance for this thesis is found in Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and their Prosecution effective since the January 1, 2012, which brought new institute of criminal liability of legal entities into the legal system of the Czech Republic. Although, there had been several changes, imperfections still occur in connection with this institute. Furthermore, this thesis concerns on Act No. 40/2009 Coll., Criminal Code and international and EU regulations related to the environment. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate whether the criminal liability is a suitable and effective tool to protect the environment. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter provides explanation of concepts essential for the thesis, especially the concept of legal entity in the applicable law and the concept of environment, it also deals with environmental protection and it sources in national, EU and international regulation. The second chapter focuses on adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and their Prosecution and the circumstances before the...