Volume 2 consists almost entirely of maps. Includes index of plant species. Bibliography: p. 227-242 (v.1) Floristic and structural changes in native vegetation resulting from man's influence are examined in detail in 5 South Australian parks. The results permit the clear delineation and segregation of those patterns determined by man's activities, from those induced by soil and topographic features.

Over the last two decades, there have been increasing concerns about environmental degradation and its consequences on the long-term sustainability of socio-economic systems around the world. The publication of the report of the Club of Rome in 1972, (Meadows et al. 1972) focused on the issue of limits to growth. Since then, there has been a profusion of literature and general models have been developed to address the causes of environmental degradation and the unsustainability of current patterns of growth (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1970; 1990). Essentially these models used parameters that included population growth, consumption levels and aspects of technology, and their effects on the environment. While these models and studies were at a macro level that helped focus attention on the patterns of growth and their unsustainability, they did not provide insights into the mechanisms that were driving ecological change, nor suggest alternative models of growth. An entry point into the current study is to understand the mechanisms that drive ecological change. Motivated by concerns for environmental degradation, and the need to understand the mechanisms that drive ecological change, the study is situated in the academic domain of studies on human-nature interactions. The complex nature of interactions between human groups with their environment and their dependence on the situational context, requires that such studies be at a regional and local scale for which sufficient detail is available. This particular study is situated in the Nilgiri hills in the Western Ghats of Southern India for which such detailed information is available. The study reconstructs the ecological history of the Nilgiri area during the last 200 years, and from this laboratory of human-nature interactions, attempts to derive general patterns.

This thesis argues that Christian doctrine does not condone environmental destruction (as many believe); rather, Christian doctrine promotes care for the Earth and supports a number of norms which are consistent with the requirements of sustainable development and useful for planning for sustainable development. Discussion begins with an explanation of the importance of norms and beliefs in planning, and proceeds to outline common criticisms of Christian norms and beliefs respecting the environment. These criticisms are considered valid to the extent that blame is placed on destructive practices which often characterize ill-formed social expressions of Christian norms and beliefs; however, these criticisms may be groundless in terms of a good understanding of Christian doctrine. This point provides a basis for examining Christian doctrine more closely, to see whether or not it condones destruction of the ecosphere. Christian doctrine, logical argument, and a review of relevant literature are used to respond to the above mentioned criticisms. Analysis shows that Christian doctrine provides a basis for caring for the Earth and that one should not dismiss Christianity because of misguided attitudes and actions of professed Christians. Nine ecological norms are derived from Christian doctrine. These norms are shown to be consistent with the requirements of sustainable development, and the findings of non-Christian scholars. Usefulness of these norms is demonstrated through a case-study evaluation of the ecological sustainability of Canada's Green Plan (GP). Applying Christian norms to the GP shows that the GP endorses some important environmental initiatives but is rooted in norms and beliefs which contradict each other and are inconsistent with the requirements of sustainable development. Christian norms therefore prove to be helpful in pointing out weaknesses in the GP. Coupled with the facts that Christian theology does not promote environmental destruction, and that Christian norms enjoy the support of non-Christian scholars, the conclusion is that Christianity has been overly criticized respecting the environment and that Christian norms can and should be used to plan for sustainable development.

Along with increasing awareness of the realities of environmental degradation and climate change, governments around the world are now implementing strategies aimed at mitigating and adapting to these changes. While a significant effort is being made to negotiate environmental and climate politics at the international level, the importance of local environmental and climate governance has received more attention recently, as it is acknowledged that both the causes and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation inevitably originate and happen locally. This dissertation aims to contribute to the research on climate change mitigation and adaptation in the African context through the analysis of local environmental and climate governance and governmentality in eThekwini municipality in South Africa. The aim of the study was to explore environmental governmentality in eThekwini municipality, by reflecting on the processes and outcomes of the COP17/CMP7 Responsible Accommodation Campaign, a part of the Greening COP17/CMP7 programme in Durban in 2011. Within this there were five main objectives: 1) to describe the current state of environmental and climate governance in eThekwini municipality, 2) to identify and explore the factors driving the COP17/CMP7 Responsible Accommodation Campaign, 3) to describe and evaluate the outcomes of the COP17/CMP7 Responsible Accommodation Campaign, 4) to reflect on the opportunities and challenges of the COP17/CMP7 Responsible Accommodation Campaign, and 5) to reflect on how the COP17/CMP7 Responsible Accommodation Campaign reveals the form of governmentality present in eThekwini municipality. The research consisted of three parts; observation of the planning processes of the Campaign, qualitative interviews with key stakeholders in the Campaign, and a questionnaire for a sample of the participants of the Campaign. Through an analysis based on the Focaultian governmentality theory, and Bulkeley and Kern’s (2006) local climate governing framework, the study shows that Durban’s environmental governance is mainly in the form of self-governing and governing through enabling, motivated by the ‘rationalities’ of greening the economy and creating a green event destination brand for the city. While these policies are welcomed by a portion of the private sector, this study has found that a broader aspect of governing modes and ‘technologies’ of rule is needed if the policies are to affect the broader population, in this case the hospitality sector. This requires the city government to continue to take responsibility as a leader of environmental and climate governance, and move towards a mode of governing that also involves the provision of incentives and services that enable more responsible business and individual practices in the city. The findings of this study provide useful insights into the needs of the hospitality sector specifically, as well as the form of governmentality in the city in general, that can inform future climate policy making in Durban. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Poor people in rural areas of developing countries are considered to be particularly vulnerable. Research shows that the rural poor tend to live in risky environments and face greater difficulties coping because they are excluded from formal safety nets and have few assets. Today, there is much concern that risk, especially environmental risk, contributes to perpetuate poverty and threatens livelihood security, yet our understanding of the implications of environmental risk for rural livelihood remains incipient. This dissertation explores peasant livelihood within the context of environmental change through a study of peasant responses to rapid river changes along the Central Ucayali River, a highly active meandering river and a major Amazon tributary in Peru. / Livelihood responses to floodplain dynamics were examined using the case of a recent meander cut-off near the city of Pucallpa as a "natural experiment." Participant observation and a household survey with 68 ribereno households, in three different villages upstream and downstream from the cut-off, served to investigate: (1) livelihood before and after the cut-off; (2) the role of humans in facilitating the cut-off, (3) land tenure; and (4) the links between shocks and asset evolution. / Descriptive analysis indicates that riberenos modified their livelihoods in response to the biophysical changes attributed to the cut-off and derived important economic opportunities. Results suggest that riberenos actually intervened to facilitate the cut-off to reduce travel time and make boat travel safer. Despite the potential for unclear rights and overlapping claims, due to land instability and the coexistence of formal and customary tenure rules, land disputes did not result in physical violence. Examples from two villages were used to illustrate how tenure rules are renegotiated as the resource base expands or contracts. Descriptive and statistical analyses show that riverbank slumps were the main form of risk along the Ucayali and, despite their direct effect on land holdings, environmental shocks did not necessarily constrain land accumulation or increase inequality. This study argues that environmental risk can increase vulnerability and reduce welfare but, under certain circumstances it creates new opportunities for rural people in developing countries. The implications of these findings for vulnerability reduction, human adaptation to environmental change, and Amazonian cultural ecology are discussed. / Les populations pauvres des regions rurales des pays en développement sontconsidérées comme étant particulièrement vulnérables. Les recherches passées ontdémontré que les membres de ces populations tendent à vivre dans des environnements àrisques et font face à de plus grands défis parce qu'exclus du filet de sécurité socialeformel et parce que possédant comparativement moins de biens mobiliers et immobiliers.Aujourd'hui, de beaucoup s'inquiètent de la contribution de ces risques, en particulier desriques environnementaux, à perpétuer la pauvreté et du danger qu'ils posent pour lemaintient des modes de vie. Malgré ces inquiétudes, notre compéhension desimplications des risques environnementaux pour les modes de vie ruraux demeure faible.Cette dissertation explore le mode de vie paysan en période de changementsenvironnementaux. Il s'agit d'une étude de la réponse des paysans du moyen Ucayali auxrapides changements dans la dynamique du fleuve. L'Ucayali est un affluent majeur dufleuve Amazone, au Pérou.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-14T12:45:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAIMUNDO MAINAR DE MEDEIROS - TESE (PPGMet) 2016.pdf: 9047171 bytes, checksum: 8aabfb1c6265e3c6e386bb45a530fc44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T12:45:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAIMUNDO MAINAR DE MEDEIROS - TESE (PPGMet) 2016.pdf: 9047171 bytes, checksum: 8aabfb1c6265e3c6e386bb45a530fc44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / A bacia hidrográfica do Rio Uruçuí Preto (BHRUP) se destaca na produção de soja, milho e mandioca em áreas nativas e artificiais. Esta bacia sofre grandes impactos ambientais com o desmatamento de extensas áreas para as atividades agrícolas, minerais e pastoris, além dos impactos por fenômenos naturais, como voçorocas e desertificações, exigindo, portanto, medidas para atenuação dos referidos efeitos da degradação e da desertificação. Nesse trabalho propostas de ações foram apresentadas sobre os monitoramentos hídricos, replantios das espécies arbóreas naturais, reintrodução das espécies arbóreas nativas, tal como uma nova visão do planejamento urbano e turístico, programas de especulações imobiliárias e a implantação de novas indústrias nas fazendas agrícolas que não agridam o meio ambiente. Utilizou-se dados de Precipitação; Temperatura do ar; Umidade relativa do ar; Nebulosidade; Vento: direção e velocidade; Evaporação e evapotranspiração; Insolação total para o período entre 1960-1990. No Modelo hidrológico IPH2 foram efetuados ajustes, calibração e verificação do modelo; também foram utilizados Modelos de médias móveis; Método do preenchimento de falhas; Classificação climática de köppen; Categoria de clima; Divisão entre clima úmido e seco; Clima do tipo a – subcategorias; Clima do tipo b - subcategorias; Clima do tipo c - subcategorias; Divisões desta subcategoria (c). A área de estudo apresentou significativa heterogeneidade climática, possibilitando gerar cenários variados em relação à disponibilidade e demanda hídrica. O fator clima atuou dinamicamente em conjunto com outros atributos do meio físico e biótico, e é determinante quanto à ocorrência de significativas distinções geoambientais internas à bacia, incluindo diferenças ecológicas e até influências em padrões culturais e modos de uso dos recursos naturais. O modelo IPH II cumpriu a tarefa de simular as vazões médias diárias, mas em três casos não foi muito eficiente para representar os picos (máximos e mínimos) das vazões. Sem perda de generalidade, essa modelagem pode ser utilizada em bacias com as características similares àquelas apresentadas pela BHRUP, principalmente se não houver exigências na adequabilidade de valores extremos. Adicionalmente foi efetuada uma simulação da BHRUP com ocupação do solo em 100% de pastagem. Nesse caso, haveria aumento na umidade do solo, em consequência haveria aumento dos picos de cheias com inundações mais severas e frequentes. Verificou-se que a poluição hídrica, a distribuição pluviométrica, o uso e o manejo do solo na agropecuária afetam a pesca, por ocorrer deposição de sedimentos e assoreamentos nos córregos, rios, lagos e lagoas, a antropização das paisagens, alterações dos microclimas, impermeabilização do solo, erosão, desertificação, queimadas e a redução da biodiversidade. / The Uruçuí Preto river basin (BH RUP) stands out in the production of soybeans, corn and cassava in native and artificial areas. This basin suffers major environmental impacts deforestation of large areas for agricultural, mineral and pastoral, in addition to the impacts of natural phenomena such as gullies and desertification, thus requiring measures for mitigation of these effects of degradation and desertification. In this work action proposals were presented on water monitoring, replanting of natural tree species, reintroduction of native species, such as a new vision of tourism and urban planning, real estate speculation programs and the establishment of new industries in the agricultural farms that do not harm the environment. It was used rainfall data; Air temperature; Relative humidity; Cloudiness; Wind: direction and speed; Evaporation and evapotranspiration; Total insolation for the period between 1960-1990. In hydrologic model IPH2 were made adjustments, calibration and verification of the model; Models were also used to calculate form moving averages; gap filling method; Koppen climate classification; climate category; Division between wet and dry climate; kind of weather to - subcategories; Climate type b - subcategories; Climate type c - subcategories; Divisions of this subcategory (c). The study area presented significant climatic heterogeneity, allowing generate different scenarios regarding the availability and water demand. The climate factor acted dynamically along with other attributes of the physical and biotic environment, and is decisive for the occurrence of significant internal geo-environmental distinctions to the basin, including ecological differences and even influences in cultural and ways of natural resource use patterns. The IPH II model fulfilled the task of simulating the average daily flow, but in three cases was not very efficient to represent the peak (maximum and minimum) flow rates. Without loss of generality, this modeling can be used in basins with similar characteristics to those presented by BHRUP, especially if there are no requirements on the suitability of extreme values. In addition it was made a simulation of BHRUP with land use in 100% pasture. In this case, there would be an increase in soil moisture, a result that would increased flood peaks with more severe and frequent floods. It was verified that water pollution, rainfall distribution, use and soil management in agriculture affect fishing, as well as occurring sediment deposition and silting in streams, rivers, lakes and ponds, anthropic landscapes, changes in microclimates, soil sealing, erosion, desertification, fires and loss of biodiversity.

O objetivo desta dissertação é estimar o custo social, gerado pelo saneamento inadequado, à saúde da população do Sistema Ecológico do Saco da Mangueira (SESM), no município de Rio Grande/RS. Inicialmente discuti-se o uso conflitante dos recursos hídricos e a questão do saneamento ambiental. Na estimativa emprega-se o método da produção sacrificada do trabalhador, o qual estabelece que os custos sociais devem ser avaliados em relação à mortalidade e à morbidade. No que tange à mortalidade, estima-se o valor presente da produção futura conforme a faixa etária do individuo, o que reflete o custo de oportunidade de uma sociedade ao perder um cidadão. Quanto à morbidade, calcula-se os gastos hospitalares a partir das internações originadas pelas doenças relacionadas ao saneamento ambiental. Esta pesquisa evidencia que a degradação do ecossistema gera elevados custos sociais à saúde da população. / This dissertation aims to estimate the social cost, generated by inadequate sanitation, the health of population of the Ecological System of Saco da Mangueira (SESM), in the city of Rio Grande / RS. Initially it is discussed the conflicting use of water resources and the issue of environmental sanitation. In the estimation it is applied the method of production sacrificed of the employee, which states that social costs should be evaluated in relation to mortality and morbidity. With regard to mortality, the estimated present value of future production according to age group of the individual, which reflects the opportunity cost of a society to lose a citizen. Regarding morbidity, it is estimated hospital expenses arising from hospitalization for diseases related to environmental sanitation. This research shows that ecosystem degradation generates high social costs to the health of the population.

Tradicionalmente as definições do espaço rural vinham sendo associadas à idéia de local onde se realiza a produção agrícola. Mais recentemente, a partir de um enfoque onde o território rural passa a ser compreendido como um espaço multifuncional e multisetorial, possibilita uma redefinição do conteúdo das formas convencionais de desenvolvimento rural e das relações que freqüentemente são estabelecidas entre a sua configuração socioeconômica e os processos de degradação ambiental. O presente estudo se propõe a verificar a relação que se estabelece entre o processo de modificação do ambiente físico e o padrão de desenvolvimento produtivo que foi implantado no oeste do estado de Mato Grosso, tomando como referência grupos de agricultores distintos, nas localidades de Pontes e Lacerda e Campos de Júlio. Em Pontes e Lacerda, localizada numa região de transição entre os biomas do pantanal matogrossense e a floresta amazônica brasileira, foram entrevistados 27 agricultores com características de produção familiar, em áreas inferiores a 400 hectares. Em Campos de Júlio, localizada no cerrado do planalto central brasileiro e já nas proximidades da região amazônica, foram investigados 20 agricultores com áreas acima de 400 hectares, com uma produção agrícola mecanizada. Uma característica que assemelha a ocupação destes territórios é que são resultantes do processo migratório intra-estadual de ocupação de fronteira agrícola ocorrido entre o final da década de 60 até o final da década de 80. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o processo de modificação deste meio físico que se constata em ambas as localidades é influenciado por uma associação positiva que estabelecem entre o processo de desmatamento e uma suposta melhoria nas suas condições de produção. / Traditionally, the definitions of rural space had been associated to the idea of a site where the agricultural production takes place. More recently, from the perspective in which the rural area can be understood as a multifunctional and multisectional space, it is possible to redefine the content of the conventional forms of rural development and the relations which are frequently established between its social-economical configuration and the processes of environmental degradation. The present study is aimed at verifying the relation between the process of modification of the physical environment and the model of productive development established in the western part of Mato Grosso State, taking as reference different groups of rural producers, in the localities of Pontes e Lacerda and Campos de Júlio. In Pontes e Lacerda, located in a region of transition between the biomas of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and the Brazilian Amazon forest, 27 agriculturists were interviewed, all of them with characteristics of a familiar production, in areas inferior to 400 hectares. In Campos de Júlio, located in the “cerrado” of the Brazilian central plateau and in the surroundings of the Amazon region, 20 agriculturists were investigated, on areas over 400 hectares, and with a mechanized agricultural production. A feature which is common to the occupation of both territories is the fact that they are the result of the intrastate migratory process of occupation of agricultural border which took place between the late 60’s and the end of the 80’s. The achieved results suggest that the process of modification of this physical environment, which can be observed in both of these places, is influenced by a positive association established between the process of deforestation and a presumed improvement in their productive conditions.

SARAIVA, Isabelle Marinho Quinderé. O emprego da reserva legal no município de Irauçuba/Ce, 2013. 119 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós –Graduação, PRODEMA - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-04-15T16:38:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_imqsaraiva.pdf: 2972304 bytes, checksum: df4849ed9556bce4bd604ced59d0d9c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T13:31:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_imqsaraiva.pdf: 2972304 bytes, checksum: df4849ed9556bce4bd604ced59d0d9c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T13:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_imqsaraiva.pdf: 2972304 bytes, checksum: df4849ed9556bce4bd604ced59d0d9c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The environmental degradation in the municipality of Irauçuba is the target of several studies, because it is an issue where the causes are present in much of the northeastern semiarid. However, when dealing with this subject, soon comes to attention another issue which is more serious and that arises from the ongoing degradation: the process of desertification. The present paper analyzes briefly the cearense semiarid, giving special emphasis to that municipality, so that the origin of the degradation, the current local situation and even possible ways to minimize or even stagnate that environmental problem were all the target of this research. The overall goal was to enumerate the number of farms, among them those that either have a specially protected area called legal reserve, or those that does not. The choice of this statistic as an indicator was due to the fact that it is a legal instrument, which in turns compels all and any owner of land or rural possessor to maintain 20% of their property preserved as a Legal Reserve area. Its effectiveness as a tool for preservation was analyzed in 6 properties with the help of satellite images from LANDSAT 5, taken between the years 1993 and 2007 and, by examining the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a comparative study was conducted to determine whether there was a growth or not of the vegetative area inside and outside the legal reserves. During the identification of the properties to be studied, only six were found to have a legal reserve officially implemented by the year 2007, the most recent date of the satellite images used. A comparative analysis with those lands that have some kind of record in the Registry of Property and/or INCRA, among the 713 measured and georeferenced by IDACE and that, in turn, used the NDVI as a guideline, indicated no significant difference on the index either inside or outside the Legal Reserves areas. / A degradação ambiental no município de Irauçuba é alvo de várias pesquisas, pois é um problema onde as causas estão presentes não só ali, mas em grande parte do semiárido nordestino, no entanto ao se tratar deste assunto, logo vem à tona outra questão mais séria, o processo de desertificação. O presente trabalho faz uma rápida abordagem do semiárido, dando especial evidência àquele município, englobando a origem da degradação, a atual situação local e possíveis formas para minimizar ou até mesmo estagnar aquele problema ambiental. O objetivo geral foi levantar o número de propriedades rurais no município, elegendo, em sua maioria, os projetos de assentamento rural e verificar se possuíam ou não uma área especialmente protegida denominada reserva legal. A escolha desse instituto como indicador se deu por ser ele um instrumento criado por lei e que por sua vez impele todo e qualquer proprietário ou possuidor rural a manter uma parcela mínima de 20% do seu imóvel preservado, como área de Reserva Legal. Sua efetividade como instrumento de preservação foi analisada em 6 propriedades a partir de imagens do satélite LANDSAT 5, com base nos anos de 1993 e 2007 e através da análise do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), foi realizado um estudo comparativo para verificar se houve evolução ou não do quadro vegetativo dentro e fora das áreas de reserva legal. Na identificação dos imóveis estudados, só foram encontrados seis com reserva legal oficialmente implantada até o ano de 2007, data mais recente da imagem de satélite empregada. A análise comparativa realizada com esses imóveis que têm algum tipo de registro no Cartório de Imóveis e/ou no INCRA, dentre os 713 medidos e georreferenciados pelo IDACE e que, por sua vez, foi conduzida com uso do NDVI, não indicou diferença significativa entre os índices encontrados para a cobertura vegetal dentro e fora das áreas de Reserva Legal.

Tradicionalmente as definições do espaço rural vinham sendo associadas à idéia de local onde se realiza a produção agrícola. Mais recentemente, a partir de um enfoque onde o território rural passa a ser compreendido como um espaço multifuncional e multisetorial, possibilita uma redefinição do conteúdo das formas convencionais de desenvolvimento rural e das relações que freqüentemente são estabelecidas entre a sua configuração socioeconômica e os processos de degradação ambiental. O presente estudo se propõe a verificar a relação que se estabelece entre o processo de modificação do ambiente físico e o padrão de desenvolvimento produtivo que foi implantado no oeste do estado de Mato Grosso, tomando como referência grupos de agricultores distintos, nas localidades de Pontes e Lacerda e Campos de Júlio. Em Pontes e Lacerda, localizada numa região de transição entre os biomas do pantanal matogrossense e a floresta amazônica brasileira, foram entrevistados 27 agricultores com características de produção familiar, em áreas inferiores a 400 hectares. Em Campos de Júlio, localizada no cerrado do planalto central brasileiro e já nas proximidades da região amazônica, foram investigados 20 agricultores com áreas acima de 400 hectares, com uma produção agrícola mecanizada. Uma característica que assemelha a ocupação destes territórios é que são resultantes do processo migratório intra-estadual de ocupação de fronteira agrícola ocorrido entre o final da década de 60 até o final da década de 80. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o processo de modificação deste meio físico que se constata em ambas as localidades é influenciado por uma associação positiva que estabelecem entre o processo de desmatamento e uma suposta melhoria nas suas condições de produção. / Traditionally, the definitions of rural space had been associated to the idea of a site where the agricultural production takes place. More recently, from the perspective in which the rural area can be understood as a multifunctional and multisectional space, it is possible to redefine the content of the conventional forms of rural development and the relations which are frequently established between its social-economical configuration and the processes of environmental degradation. The present study is aimed at verifying the relation between the process of modification of the physical environment and the model of productive development established in the western part of Mato Grosso State, taking as reference different groups of rural producers, in the localities of Pontes e Lacerda and Campos de Júlio. In Pontes e Lacerda, located in a region of transition between the biomas of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and the Brazilian Amazon forest, 27 agriculturists were interviewed, all of them with characteristics of a familiar production, in areas inferior to 400 hectares. In Campos de Júlio, located in the “cerrado” of the Brazilian central plateau and in the surroundings of the Amazon region, 20 agriculturists were investigated, on areas over 400 hectares, and with a mechanized agricultural production. A feature which is common to the occupation of both territories is the fact that they are the result of the intrastate migratory process of occupation of agricultural border which took place between the late 60’s and the end of the 80’s. The achieved results suggest that the process of modification of this physical environment, which can be observed in both of these places, is influenced by a positive association established between the process of deforestation and a presumed improvement in their productive conditions.