The thesis is an attempt to write the environmental history of the Modern Turkey from the second half of the 19th century to today. The central research focus and aim of the thesis is to explore the role of the modernity project at the transformation of the environment of Turkey during the republican period. For this, water and soil resources are taken to the core of the research, as both water and soil have the potential to highlight the transformative impacts of modernity project in most detail. Because of this, the conceptual framework of environmental history has been examined to outline its characteristics within the environmental sciences. Next, the development of the modern though has been scrutinized by the means of the transforming relation between human and nature, and through the development of human culture and society. For this, the shift from biological evolution to cultural evolution and its outcomes have been summarized. Finally, and the emerge of modernity and the development of the market society has been highlighted to define the relation between nature and human in according to the supply and demand relation in society. An institutional analysis is adopted to analyze the social, political and ideological forces that influenced the environmental impacts of the modernity project of Turkey. The impact of modernity project is analyzed through the relation between the increasing demand for natural resources, and the organization of supply processes within the modernization of Turkey.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Title from screen (viewed on August 27, 2009). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Philip V. Scarpino. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-173).

O Vale do Paraíba passou por um conjunto de transformações espaciais guiadas pelo cultivo do café para exportação ao longo do século XIX. A história ambiental sugere que a natureza seja integrada à análise histórica elaborada por estudiosos do passado. Neste sentido, busca-se compreender a dinâmica de interação entre sociedade e ambiente natural através das técnicas utilizadas no cultivo do café no Vale do Paraíba fluminense no século XIX, com o objetivo de analisar os elementos que condicionaram o processo de estruturação desse cultivo no Vale, assim como o impacto dele resultante àquele ambiente natural. Procura-se ainda investigar de que maneira indivíduos daquela sociedade se posicionaram frente às técnicas utilizadas e perceberam as dinâmicas promovidas pela cultura cafeeira ao ambiente natural. / Throughout the nineteenth century, the Paraiba Valley passed through a set of spatial changes driven by the exporting coffee cultivation. The environmental history suggests that nature must be integrated into the historical analysis developed by scholars in the past. Therein lies the search of understanding the interaction dynamics between society and natural environment through the techniques used in the coffee growing in the Paraiba Valley during the nineteenth century, aiming to analyze the factors that influenced the design process of this crop there, as well as its impact to that natural environment. The following research also intends to understand the way people from that society noticed and took their position on farming techniques that used to be applied and about the environmental interections driven by coffee cultivation.

The field of environmental ethics has been in discussion and debate the past 40 years over how to best expand the circle of moral consideration away from a privileged human perspective to encompass the rest of the non-human world in order to change minds and social practices to address environmental degradation and destruction. One of the main methods is devoted to arguing for the intrinsic value of non-human lives and places as the means to do this. I argue that this method of environmental ethics because it, at best, is a lazy framework for moral deliberation that ignores the entangled sociopolitical and environmental complexity of a situation by reducing the answer to a single set of predetermined values and interests which (re)produces and reinforces social and environmental injustice. An environmental pragmatist approach geared towards addressing environmental injustice is a better way of addressing both environmental degradation and social inequalities.

Knowledge of environmental history is important for the management and conservation of fish populations. Multiple methods to tag or mark fish have been developed (e.g., radio transmitters, coded wire tags, PIT tags, genetic markers), however, each of these methods has limitations. Naturally occurring and artificial chemical markers in otoliths have recently been used to determine natal origins and environmental history of fishes in both marine and freshwater environments and are not subject to the shortcomings of conventional tagging methods. However, few studies have evaluated the application of fish fin rays as a non-lethal alternative to fish otoliths as a recorder of individual fish environmental history. Therefore, I evaluated the application of artificial and naturally occurring chemical markers in fish fin rays as tracers of individual environmental histories. Specifically, I sought to determine 1) if age-0 lake sturgeon pectoral fin rays could be marked by immersion in strontium carbonate (SrCO3) enriched with the stable isotope 86Sr (86SrCO3), 2) whether natural differences in otolith and fin spine chemistry are present in catfish species collected from the Mississippi River basin, and 3) whether natural differences in fin ray chemistry are present in smallmouth bass from different rivers and streams in northern Illinois. Results from the first objective indicated that age-0 lake sturgeon were marked with 83% success when reared in water enriched with 100 µg/L of 86SrCO3, compared to control fish, and mark retention was maintained for at least 120 d following the labeling period. Results of the second objective indicated that both catfish otolith Sr:Ca, δ18O, and δ13C and fin spine Sr:Ca differed among sites, reflecting geographic differences in water chemistry at source locations. Both structures classified fish to their environment of capture with a high degree of accuracy, except in the Middle and Lower Mississippi Rivers where many recent immigrants appeared to be present. Similarly, smallmouth bass fin ray core Sr:Ca differed among sites, reflecting previously documented differences in water chemistry among streams and rivers in northern Illinois. Classification accuracy of smallmouth bass to their environment of capture based on fin ray Sr:Ca was variable, as some rivers had similar water chemistry signatures. The use of artificial chemical marks in fin rays will be useful when marking small fish that may not respond well to physical tags, when non-lethal recovery is desirable, and to distinguish between multiple batches of stocked fish (i.e. to evaluate factors such as stocking location and timing, fish size, and when fish may become interspersed into the existing population). Natural chemical signatures in pectoral fin rays or fin spines may provide a non-lethal alternative to otoliths for gathering information on environmental history (e.g. stock mixing, recruitment sources) of smallmouth bass and catfishes, consistent with recent demonstrations of this technique's effectiveness in other fish species. Ultimately, the use of artificial and naturally occurring chemical marks in fish fin rays provides a non-lethal alternative method to evaluate the environmental history of all life stages of fish

Two volcanic eruptions in 1809 and 1815 shrouded the earth in sulfur dioxide and triggered a series of weather and climate anomalies manifesting themselves between 1810 and 1819, a period that scientists have termed the “Cold Decade.” People who lived during the Cold Decade appreciated its anomalies through direct experience, and they employed a number of cognitive and analytical tools to try to construct the environmental worlds in which they lived. Environmental consciousness in the early 19th century commonly operated on two interrelated layers. The first was local, encompassing what people saw and experienced around them in their day-to-day lives, communities and localities, including the weather above them and outside their windows and the environmental characteristics they knew and felt they understood. The second was a broader layer, less known and often less knowable, encompassing the world outside of the local which included climate, the region, the planet, the heavens and the cosmos. Many people during the Cold Decade tried to explore and conquer that broader layer—to pull it closer, to define it, in some cases to tame or harness it—and people’s efforts to do this, while different depending on who they were and their life situations, had real-world consequences not merely in the Cold Decade itself but in the modernizing world that subsequently emerged. This dissertation examines Cold Decade environmental consciousness in five groups of people, most in the United States but some in Europe and other parts of the world: weather watchers, who kept detailed records on weather phenomena and used this data to discern patterns and theories of climate and weather prediction; diarists, ordinary people who recorded and remarked upon weather and climate phenomena in their journals, and who explored the broader layer by knowing weather and climate through personal experience; doctors, who leveraged weather and climate knowledge for the benefit of their patients; arguers, who conducted an intellectual debate about whether the Earth’s climate was growing warmer or colder; and travelers, people who sought to understand the broader layer through travel and geography.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma análise das descrições das paisagens fluminenses realizadas por Alberto Ribeiro Lamego, ao longo dos anos 40 do século XX, a partir de novos referenciais teóricos, destacando-se o princípio da complexidade proposto por Edgar Morin. O trabalho avalia a contribuição das quatro obras que compõem Os Setores da Evolução Fluminense (O Homem e o Brejo, O Homem e a Restinga, O Homem e a Serra e o Homem e a Guanabara). / This work aims to undertake a review of descriptions of Rio de Janeiro landscapes performed by Alberto Ribeiro Lamego, over the 40 years of the twentieth century, from new theoretical benchmarks, highlighting to the principle of complexity proposed by Edgar Morin. The study evaluates the contribution of the four books that comprise Os Setores da Evolução Fluminense (O Homem e o Brejo, O Homem e a Restinga, O Homem e a Serra e o Homem e a Guanabara).

O Vale do Paraíba passou por um conjunto de transformações espaciais guiadas pelo cultivo do café para exportação ao longo do século XIX. A história ambiental sugere que a natureza seja integrada à análise histórica elaborada por estudiosos do passado. Neste sentido, busca-se compreender a dinâmica de interação entre sociedade e ambiente natural através das técnicas utilizadas no cultivo do café no Vale do Paraíba fluminense no século XIX, com o objetivo de analisar os elementos que condicionaram o processo de estruturação desse cultivo no Vale, assim como o impacto dele resultante àquele ambiente natural. Procura-se ainda investigar de que maneira indivíduos daquela sociedade se posicionaram frente às técnicas utilizadas e perceberam as dinâmicas promovidas pela cultura cafeeira ao ambiente natural. / Throughout the nineteenth century, the Paraiba Valley passed through a set of spatial changes driven by the exporting coffee cultivation. The environmental history suggests that nature must be integrated into the historical analysis developed by scholars in the past. Therein lies the search of understanding the interaction dynamics between society and natural environment through the techniques used in the coffee growing in the Paraiba Valley during the nineteenth century, aiming to analyze the factors that influenced the design process of this crop there, as well as its impact to that natural environment. The following research also intends to understand the way people from that society noticed and took their position on farming techniques that used to be applied and about the environmental interections driven by coffee cultivation.

Este trabalho visa contribuir com os estudos de História Ambiental e de Geografia ao abordar a interação entre os aspectos culturais e a natureza da Lagoa de Araruama e da Serra de Sapiatiba, localizado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa propõe uma análise das paisagens simbólicas do município de São Pedro da Aldeia (RJ) por intermédio do 3 nível da História Ambiental. Além de caracterizar estas áreas como paisagens simbólicas inseridas na Região dos Lagos numa Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA de Sapiatiba), destaca-se a importância do capital imaterial e da história ambiental na conservação da diversidade de um pequeno fragmento de Mata Atlântica e também da natureza das águas em um importante trecho da maior lagoa hipersalina do mundo. Portanto, nosso objetivo neste estudo é desvendar a História Ambiental da Lagoa de Araruama e da Serra de Sapiatiba no município de São Pedro da Aldeia (RJ), a partir da análise da transformação da paisagem. / This work aims to contribute to the study of Geography and Environmental History in addressing the interaction between cultural aspects and the nature of Araruama Lake and the Sierra of Sapiatiba, located in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The research proposes an analysis of the symbolic landscapes of São Pedro da Aldeia (RJ) through the 3rd level of environmental history. In addition to characterizing these areas as symbolic landscapes included in the Lakes Region on Environmental Protection Area (APA Sapiatiba) highlights the importance of intangible capital and environmental history in the conservation of the diversity of a small fragment of Atlantic Forest and also the nature of the waters in an important part of the largest hypersaline lagoon in the world. Therefore, our objective in this study is to unveil the Environmental History of Araruama Lake and the Sierra of Sapiatiba in São Pedro da Aldeia (RJ), from the analysis of the transformation of the landscape.

This research had as purpose to analyze the transformation of the landscape in relation with dealing with the forest, the land use and hydric resources in the watershed of Santa Rosa s river (NW of RS), since 1915; when the beginning of colonization and occupancy by European immigrants and their descendants. Starting with the hypothesis of the progress idea, by immigrants, was associated to the gap of agricultural areas in regions of native forests. From this, people started to understand the first immigrants motivations and feelings on the building of new space and the perception of their descendants, regarding to the reflections nowadays, the replacement of native vegetation to the agriculture production. The research held up on the search by informations of preserved materials in museums (objects, pictures and newspapers), on interviews, on the scenery observations and in bibliographies researches. The actions of the European immigrants and their descendants, could be considered as the landmark to the abrupt transformation of the landscape in the study area, descharacterizing intensively the original landscape putting in evidence an unsustainable civilization model and unbalanced the environmental and social point of view; which, disrupted the natural environment for its implementation. Basically, the native vegetal (forest) replacement in agricultural areas, had two moments with distinct characteristics, especially, regarding to techniques, rhythm (speed) of natural space intervention and numbers of involved people; the first, previous to agricultural mechanization and the other one, posterior. The adopted procedures in both moments resulted in growth and economic dynamism and on the same time, in a sequence of negative results to the elements of natural space, to the society and to the culture. The reflections of this behavior are currently seen. The embrittlement and the imbalance of the natural space, result of homogenous landscape view and abolishment of elements, as fauna and flora produce negative effects, which ones, called environmental imbalances, in the ground, in the water and in the absence of diversity (animal or vegetable). Socially, the modernization model implanted on the small properties, reflected in the people exclusion of agricultural productive processes and, culturally, meant the elimination of knowledge and techniques, which ones, were synthesized with the monocultures production, specially the soy. The space intervention, after 1915, disrespected the dynamics and the limits of natural elements, compromising the identity of the landscape in the study area. Interpreting the landscape transformation for the anthropic action in the building process, construction and reconstruction of the space have a fundamental importance to evaluate and understand the reflections currently, having as bias the Environmental History. The systematization of this research resulted in the construction of the Environmental History of the Santa Rosa River basin (NW of RS), though unfinished, but timely as it provides the notion of construction and destruction of the natural space. Knowledge of this reality, it may be possible to build paradigm changes, aimed at social and environmental care. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a transformação da paisagem no que se refere ao manejo com a floresta, ao uso do solo e dos recursos hídricos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Santa Rosa (NW do RS), a partir de 1915; quando do início da colonização e ocupação do espaço por imigrantes europeus e seus descendentes. Partiu-se da hipótese de que a ideia de progresso, para os imigrantes, esteve associada à abertura de áreas agrícolas nas regiões de florestas nativas. A partir disso, buscou-se compreender a motivação e sentimentos dos primeiros imigrantes na construção de um novo espaço e a percepção de seus descendentes, quanto aos reflexos na atualidade, da substituição da vegetação nativa para a produção agropecuária. A pesquisa se sustentou na busca de informações em materiais preservados em museus (objetos, fotografias e jornais), em entrevistas, na observação da paisagem e em pesquisas bibliográficas. As ações dos imigrantes europeus e seus descendentes podem ser consideradas como o marco para a transformação brusca da paisagem na área de estudo, descaracterizando intensamente a paisagem original e colocando em evidência um modelo civilizatório não sustentável e não equilibrado do ponto de vista ambiental e social; o qual, desestruturou o ambiente natural para a sua efetivação. Basicamente, a substituição da vegetação nativa (floresta) em áreas agrícolas, teve dois momentos com características distintas, especialmente no que se refere a técnicas, ritmo (velocidade) de intervenção no espaço natural e números de pessoas envolvidas; um anterior à mecanização agrícola e outro posterior. Os procedimentos adotados em ambos os momentos resultaram em crescimento e dinamismo econômico e ao mesmo tempo numa sequência de resultados negativos aos elementos do espaço natural, à sociedade e à cultura. Os reflexos desta conduta são percebidos na atualidade. A fragilização e desequilíbrio do espaço natural, resultante da homogeneização da paisagem e supressão de elementos, como fauna e flora produzem efeitos negativos, os chamados desequilíbrios ambientais, seja no solo, na água e na ausência de diversidade (animal e vegetal). Socialmente, o modelo de modernização implantado nas pequenas propriedades, refletiu na exclusão das pessoas dos processos produtivos agrícolas e, culturalmente, significou a eliminação de conhecimentos e técnicas, os quais foram sintetizados com a produção de monoculturas, em especial, a soja. A intervenção no espaço, após 1915, não respeitou a dinâmica e os limites dos elementos naturais, comprometendo a identidade da paisagem na área de estudo. Interpretar a transformação da paisagem pela ação antrópica nos processos de construção, (des) construção e (re) construção do espaço é de fundamental importância para avaliar e entender os reflexos na atualidade, tendo como viés a História Ambiental. A sistematização desta pesquisa resultou na construção da História Ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do rio Santa Rosa (NW do RS), ainda que inconclusa, porém oportuna, por proporcionar a noção de construção e destruição do espaço natural. Do conhecimento desta realidade, pode ser possível construir mudanças de paradigmas, voltados ao cuidado ambiental e social.