Infecções fúngicas invasivas têm emergido como causa de alta morbimortalidade entre pacientes com neoplasia hematológicas, principalmente os submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH). Fungos estão onipresentes na natureza, logo, medidas com o objetivo de reduzir a carga fúngica em ambientes hospitalares têm sido preconizadas. No presente estudo, foi realizada coleta de fungos no ar em dois centros de referência em TCTH do sul do Brasil, que possuem instalações distintas, assim como diferentes formas de controle de ar. Todos os quartos do hospital 2 são equipados com filtro de partículas de ar de alta eficiência (HEPA), enquanto no hospital 1 não há sistema específico de filtragem do ar; além disso, os pacientes internados no hospital 2 são de maior risco para doença fúngica invasiva, em função de fatores relacionados ao hospedeiro. Foram realizadas 130 coletas de ar no período de dezembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2011, sendo as amostras provenientes de quartos, banheiros e corredor. Para fins de análise, os fungos pertencentes ao gênero Aspergillus, Rhizopus e Fusarium foram considerados como fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos, enquanto os demais fungos foram classificados como ambientais. A comparação entre os corredores dos hospitais 1 e 2 não mostrou diferença quanto a quantidade de fungos isolados (p=0,114 para fungos ambientais e p=0,622 para fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos). Já os quartos de ambos os hospitais apresentaram redução significativa na quantidade de fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos, quando comparados com os corredores (p<0,0001). Comparando-se os quartos dos hospitais 1 e 2, observou-se menor quantidade de fungos ambientais no hospital 2 (p<0,0001); contudo, para fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos não se encontrou diferença (p=0,7145). Durante o período de estudo, a incidência de doença fúngica invasiva por fungos filamentosos foi de 2,1% no hospital 1 e 7,6% no hospital 2. A baixa carga fúngica nos quartos do hospital 1 poderia ser explicadas pelo uso de medidas protetoras adicionais, incluindo janelas e portas fechadas, reforçando-se a importância de tais medidas no cuidados em ambientes protegidos. / Invasive fungal infections have emerged as a cause of high morbidity and mortality among patients with hematologic malignancies, especially among those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Fungi are ubiquitous in nature, therefore measures aimed at reducing fungal burden in hospitals have been emphasized. In this study air samples were collected in two HSCT centers in Southern Brazil, which have distinct facilities, as well diferent air control systems. All rooms of hospital 2 are equipped with HEPA filters. In addition, patients hospitalized in this unit are at a higher risk for invasive fungal diseases. A total of 130 samples were obtained during December 2009 to January 2011 from rooms, restrooms and corridors. For analysis, all fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Fusarium were considered filamentous fungi potentially pathogenic, while others were considered environmental fungi. The comparison between corridors of hospital 1 and 2 showed no difference in fungal concentration (p=0.114 for environmental fungi and p=0.622 for potentially pathogenic). The rooms of both hospitals showed a significant lower concentration in PPF, as compared to corridors (p<0.0001). Comparing rooms of hospital 1 e 2 there was a lower amount of environmental fungi in hospital 2 (p<0.0001) – however no difference was observed for potentially pathogenic (p=0.714). During the period of study, the incidence of invasive mold infection was 2.1% in hospital 1 and 7.6% in hospital 2. The low fungal burden in rooms in hospital 1 may be explained by the implementation of additional protective measures, emphasizing the importance of such measures in protected environments.

Infecções fúngicas invasivas têm emergido como causa de alta morbimortalidade entre pacientes com neoplasia hematológicas, principalmente os submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH). Fungos estão onipresentes na natureza, logo, medidas com o objetivo de reduzir a carga fúngica em ambientes hospitalares têm sido preconizadas. No presente estudo, foi realizada coleta de fungos no ar em dois centros de referência em TCTH do sul do Brasil, que possuem instalações distintas, assim como diferentes formas de controle de ar. Todos os quartos do hospital 2 são equipados com filtro de partículas de ar de alta eficiência (HEPA), enquanto no hospital 1 não há sistema específico de filtragem do ar; além disso, os pacientes internados no hospital 2 são de maior risco para doença fúngica invasiva, em função de fatores relacionados ao hospedeiro. Foram realizadas 130 coletas de ar no período de dezembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2011, sendo as amostras provenientes de quartos, banheiros e corredor. Para fins de análise, os fungos pertencentes ao gênero Aspergillus, Rhizopus e Fusarium foram considerados como fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos, enquanto os demais fungos foram classificados como ambientais. A comparação entre os corredores dos hospitais 1 e 2 não mostrou diferença quanto a quantidade de fungos isolados (p=0,114 para fungos ambientais e p=0,622 para fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos). Já os quartos de ambos os hospitais apresentaram redução significativa na quantidade de fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos, quando comparados com os corredores (p<0,0001). Comparando-se os quartos dos hospitais 1 e 2, observou-se menor quantidade de fungos ambientais no hospital 2 (p<0,0001); contudo, para fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos não se encontrou diferença (p=0,7145). Durante o período de estudo, a incidência de doença fúngica invasiva por fungos filamentosos foi de 2,1% no hospital 1 e 7,6% no hospital 2. A baixa carga fúngica nos quartos do hospital 1 poderia ser explicadas pelo uso de medidas protetoras adicionais, incluindo janelas e portas fechadas, reforçando-se a importância de tais medidas no cuidados em ambientes protegidos. / Invasive fungal infections have emerged as a cause of high morbidity and mortality among patients with hematologic malignancies, especially among those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Fungi are ubiquitous in nature, therefore measures aimed at reducing fungal burden in hospitals have been emphasized. In this study air samples were collected in two HSCT centers in Southern Brazil, which have distinct facilities, as well diferent air control systems. All rooms of hospital 2 are equipped with HEPA filters. In addition, patients hospitalized in this unit are at a higher risk for invasive fungal diseases. A total of 130 samples were obtained during December 2009 to January 2011 from rooms, restrooms and corridors. For analysis, all fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Fusarium were considered filamentous fungi potentially pathogenic, while others were considered environmental fungi. The comparison between corridors of hospital 1 and 2 showed no difference in fungal concentration (p=0.114 for environmental fungi and p=0.622 for potentially pathogenic). The rooms of both hospitals showed a significant lower concentration in PPF, as compared to corridors (p<0.0001). Comparing rooms of hospital 1 e 2 there was a lower amount of environmental fungi in hospital 2 (p<0.0001) – however no difference was observed for potentially pathogenic (p=0.714). During the period of study, the incidence of invasive mold infection was 2.1% in hospital 1 and 7.6% in hospital 2. The low fungal burden in rooms in hospital 1 may be explained by the implementation of additional protective measures, emphasizing the importance of such measures in protected environments.

Infecções fúngicas invasivas têm emergido como causa de alta morbimortalidade entre pacientes com neoplasia hematológicas, principalmente os submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH). Fungos estão onipresentes na natureza, logo, medidas com o objetivo de reduzir a carga fúngica em ambientes hospitalares têm sido preconizadas. No presente estudo, foi realizada coleta de fungos no ar em dois centros de referência em TCTH do sul do Brasil, que possuem instalações distintas, assim como diferentes formas de controle de ar. Todos os quartos do hospital 2 são equipados com filtro de partículas de ar de alta eficiência (HEPA), enquanto no hospital 1 não há sistema específico de filtragem do ar; além disso, os pacientes internados no hospital 2 são de maior risco para doença fúngica invasiva, em função de fatores relacionados ao hospedeiro. Foram realizadas 130 coletas de ar no período de dezembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2011, sendo as amostras provenientes de quartos, banheiros e corredor. Para fins de análise, os fungos pertencentes ao gênero Aspergillus, Rhizopus e Fusarium foram considerados como fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos, enquanto os demais fungos foram classificados como ambientais. A comparação entre os corredores dos hospitais 1 e 2 não mostrou diferença quanto a quantidade de fungos isolados (p=0,114 para fungos ambientais e p=0,622 para fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos). Já os quartos de ambos os hospitais apresentaram redução significativa na quantidade de fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos, quando comparados com os corredores (p<0,0001). Comparando-se os quartos dos hospitais 1 e 2, observou-se menor quantidade de fungos ambientais no hospital 2 (p<0,0001); contudo, para fungos filamentosos potencialmente patogênicos não se encontrou diferença (p=0,7145). Durante o período de estudo, a incidência de doença fúngica invasiva por fungos filamentosos foi de 2,1% no hospital 1 e 7,6% no hospital 2. A baixa carga fúngica nos quartos do hospital 1 poderia ser explicadas pelo uso de medidas protetoras adicionais, incluindo janelas e portas fechadas, reforçando-se a importância de tais medidas no cuidados em ambientes protegidos. / Invasive fungal infections have emerged as a cause of high morbidity and mortality among patients with hematologic malignancies, especially among those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Fungi are ubiquitous in nature, therefore measures aimed at reducing fungal burden in hospitals have been emphasized. In this study air samples were collected in two HSCT centers in Southern Brazil, which have distinct facilities, as well diferent air control systems. All rooms of hospital 2 are equipped with HEPA filters. In addition, patients hospitalized in this unit are at a higher risk for invasive fungal diseases. A total of 130 samples were obtained during December 2009 to January 2011 from rooms, restrooms and corridors. For analysis, all fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Fusarium were considered filamentous fungi potentially pathogenic, while others were considered environmental fungi. The comparison between corridors of hospital 1 and 2 showed no difference in fungal concentration (p=0.114 for environmental fungi and p=0.622 for potentially pathogenic). The rooms of both hospitals showed a significant lower concentration in PPF, as compared to corridors (p<0.0001). Comparing rooms of hospital 1 e 2 there was a lower amount of environmental fungi in hospital 2 (p<0.0001) – however no difference was observed for potentially pathogenic (p=0.714). During the period of study, the incidence of invasive mold infection was 2.1% in hospital 1 and 7.6% in hospital 2. The low fungal burden in rooms in hospital 1 may be explained by the implementation of additional protective measures, emphasizing the importance of such measures in protected environments.

It is unknown if females and males use jaw muscles similarly during exercise. This pilot study assessed jaw elevator muscle duty factors (DFs = time of muscle activity/total recording time) at repeated sessions to test if DFs are reliable and different between sexes during exercises in two environments. Ten female and seven male subjects recruited from university soccer teams provided informed consent. Surface electromyography was recorded from masseter and temporalis muscles during biting and leg-extension laboratory exercises. Average activities to produce 20 N bite-forces for each muscle and subject determined thresholds (5-80%·T20 N) for subject-specific DF calculations during exercises performed in laboratory and natural environments. Subjects self-recorded via portable electromyography equipment during in-field leg-extension and weight-lifting exercises. Effects of variables on DFs were assessed via ANOVA (α = 0.05) and simple effects testing (Bonferroni-adjusted p ≤ 0.012). All subjects used jaw muscles during exercises in both environments. DFs between laboratory sessions were reliable (R = 0.84). During laboratory exercises, male temporalis DFs were significantly higher than female DFs from both muscles (p ≤ 0.001). During in-field exercises females had higher DFs during weight-lifting while males had higher DFs during leg-extensions. In-field sex differences were significant at most thresholds and showed larger effect sizes for leg-extension compared to weight-lifting exercises.

The aim of this PhD research was to study multi-element composition in wetland plants from contrasting habitats, including hot springs, temporary wetlands, and metal-rich areas. Triglochin maritima L. (seaside arrowgrass) was chosen for the study because this species is common in alkaline/saline soils and is adapted to diverse habitats. Eleocharis rostellata, Juncus balticus, Salix exigua, S. boothii, and S. wolfii were also included in the study. Field studies and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the multi-element composition in plants. In the greenhouse experiment the effects of temperature and soil biota on multielement uptake in T. maritima were studied. Root-zone soils and plant samples were analyzed for 32 - 50 elements using inductively coupled plasma OES/MS spectrometry. The expected outcomes from this research were: 1) the development of multi-element fingerprints for T. maritima and other plant species from contrasting habitats, and 2) a better understanding of the effects of temperature and soil biota on multi-element uptake in T. maritima. Habitat specific element concentration patterns in T. maritima were observed; concentrations of Mn, Li, and B were high in plants from hot spring influenced wetlands, whereas Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Sr, Ba, Ti, and Cu were higher in the plants of temporary wetlands. J. balticus and Salix species from mine impacted and uncontaminated sites revealed distinct differences in multi-element fingerprints. J. balticus showed high concentrations of S, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Al, As, and Cd at contaminated sites compared to un-contaminated sites. Multi-element fingerprints of Salix species showed that S. boothii had higher concentrations of Mn, Fe, Al, and Ti compared to S. exigua and S. wolfii. To our knowledge for the first time the association of mycorrhizal fungus in T. maritima was confirmed, and significant effects of temperature on element concentrations, contents, and their translocation in plants were observed. Generally, the distribution of the total contents of P, Na, Mn, B, Cu, Mo, Li, Sr, Ti, and Cs in both roots and leaves were lower at 40 °C compared to 20 and 30 °C, but their distribution and translocation from root to leaves were higher at 40°C. Even though the biological and physiological functions of Li, Sr, Ba, Rb, and Ti in plants are not fully understood, these elements were substantially taken up by T. maritima, and significant positive correlations of these elements were found with elements that have known biological functions. Overall, concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Mn, B, Sr, and Ba in T. maritima showed variation due to differences in habitats, temperature, and experimental growing conditions (greenhouse and field condition). Concentration patterns of Na, K, and Zn were species specific and affected by temperature. Li concentrations varied due to habitat differences, growth conditions, and species differences. Future research directions could include: 1) identification of the fungal species associated with T. maritima and studies to elucidate their possible role in survival of T. maritima in the elevated temperature of hot springs, 2) the effects of soil factors, such as salinity and 3) seasonal variation in uptake and translocation, particularly for the less studied elements with yet unrecognized but potential biological functions in plants. / NIH Grant Number P20 RR016471 from the INBRE Program of the National Center for Research Resources / North Dakota State University. Department of Biological Sciences / Robert H. Levis II Cross Ranch Fellowship / North Dakota State University. Environmental and Conservation Sciences program

abstract: Up to 25 percent of the operating budget for contaminated site restoration projects is spent on site characterization, including long-term monitoring of contaminant concentrations. The sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of analytical methods have improved to the point where sampling techniques bear the primary responsibility for the accuracy and precision of the data. Most samples represent discrete concentrations in time and space; with sampling points frequently limited in both dimensions, sparse data sets are heavily extrapolated and the quality of data further limited. Methods are presented for characterizing contaminants in water (groundwater and surface waters) and indoor air. These techniques are integrative, providing information averaged over time and/or space, as opposed to instantaneous point measurements. Contaminants are concentrated from the environment, making these methods applicable to trace contaminants. These methods have the potential to complement existing techniques, providing the practitioner with opportunities to reduce costs and improve the quality of the data used in decision making. A conceptual model for integrative sampling of environmental waters is developed and a literature review establishes an advantage in precision for active samplers. A programmable sampler was employed to measure the concentration of chromate in a shallow aquifer exhibiting time-dependent contaminant concentrations, providing a unique data set and sustainability benefits. The analysis of heat exchanger condensate, a waste stream generated by air conditioning, is demonstrated in a non-intrusive method for indoor air quality assessment. In sum, these studies present new opportunities for effective, sustainable environmental characterization. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2015

Orientador: Miguel Petrere Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T03:16:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Latini_AndersonOliveira_D.pdf: 4655776 bytes, checksum: 7c0c9c7fad5c0125a8ac2f9d2fb96371 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: As invasões de espécies exóticas são muito comuns hoje em dia e causam problemas sociais, ambientais e econômicos em todo o mundo. Para conhecer estas invasões é importante o estudo de procedimentos rápidos de avaliação da incidência de exóticos e de variáveis que possam limitar a sua dispersão e colonização. Neste trabalho, testei a eficácia de um método de inventário rápido (RAP) para obter a incidência de peixes exóticos em lagos e relacionar a ocorrência destes peixes às variáveis locais e espaciais associadas aos lagos, no trecho médio da bacia do rio Doce, MG. Um conjunto de técnicas passivas e ativas de pescaria consistiu o RAP, que foi usado em 74 lagos e comparado com técnicas de mais de 100 vezes mais esforço amostral. A ocorrência dos peixes exóticos foi relacionada a variáveis locais (área, forma, cobertura de vegetação dos lagos, pH, oxigênio, turbidez e condutividade) e espaciais (tamanho do corredor de dispersão) e associadas com caracteres bionômicos dos peixes (forma de corpo e presença de mecanismos acessórios de respiração) e o interesse dos pescadores locais. O RAP foi efetivo e detectou peixes exóticos mesmo quando estes ocorreram em baixa abundância. Particularmente as informações obtidas de pescadores foram de grande importância para os seus resultados. A probabilidade de ocorrência de tucunarés e apaiaris aumentaram com o incremento da área dos lagos, mas nenhuma outra variável local afetou a ocorrência de peixes exóticos na região. A distância dos lagos aos riachos, considerando a sua cobertura vegetal, é muito importante para explicar a incidência de piranhas e tucunarés nos lagos da região. Estes resultados indicam que o RAP que usei é um método recomendável para avaliar a dispersão de peixes exóticos já que apresenta resultados confiáveis. Além disto, as limitações de ocorrência de peixes exóticos são determinadas basicamente pela distância que os peixes têm de percorrer para se dispersarem. Apesar dos peixes exóticos terem um grande potencial de invasão, a sua dispersão pode ser monitorada pelo inventário rápido sugerido, que é uma ferramenta importante para o estudo do seu impacto e, portanto, importante para direcionar nossas tomadas de decisão a respeito da conservação do ambiente natural / Abstract: Biotic species invasions are very common nowadays and cause severe social, environmental and economic problems around the world. To understand species invasions is important to study rapid assessment protocols of exotic species incidence and the variables that may limit its spread and colonization. Here I tested the efficacy of a rapid assessment protocol (RAP) to analyze exotic fish incidence in lakes and to relate them to local and spatial variables in river Doce lakes. Four different techniques constitute the RAP used in 74 lakes and compared to another protocol with hundred times more sampling effort. The exotic fish incidence was associated to local variables (area and lake form, amount of macrophyte mats, pH, oxygen, turbidity and conductivity) and spatial (waterway length and plant cover) associated to fish attributes (body form and occurrence of additional respiration organ) and fishermen interesting in the fish. The RAP was an effective protocol in exotic fish determination including when these fish occurred with low abundance. Fishermen information was relevant to RAP results. Tucunaré and apaiari probability of occurrence were improved with the lakes area increase but any other local variable affected exotic fish occurrence in lakes. The waterway length considering plant cover is very important to explain piranha and tucunaré incidence. These results indicate that the RAP is a good protocol to evaluate exotic fish spread and that exotics spread is limited by only the waterway length. Despite the large spread and colonization potential of exotics fish of this study, their spread may be monitored by suggested RAP, an important tool to study exotics impact on native environment and to conduct our decisions about environmental conservation / Doutorado / Doutor em Ecologia

Orientador: Silvana Moreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T18:03:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WeberNeto_Jose_M.pdf: 3765791 bytes, checksum: d918dd0a186ccff6f6dfa814697be0f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A qualidade do ar está diretamente à qualidade de vida da sociedade. Nos últimos anos vários episódios de poluição nos grandes centros urbanos, bem como as doenças causadas pela baixa qualidade do ar têm feito com que os órgãos governamentais estabeleçam padrões de qualidade do ar e também para as emissões atmosféricas que geralmente são as responsáveis pela poluição atmosférica. O presente estudo tem como objetivo a determinação de metais pesados e outros elementos (Bário, Bromo, Cálcio, Chumbo, Cloro, Cobre, Cromo, Estrôncio, Ferro, Manganês, Níquel, Potássio, Silício, Titânio e Zinco), nos poluentes atmosféricos gerados em uma indústria automotiva localizada em Engenheiro Coelho no interior do estado de São Paulo. Os procedimentos adotados para a execução das amostragens e o preparo das amostras foram baseados nas normas definidas pela Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB) e, também pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental Americana (EPA). As análises foram realizadas pela técnica de Fluorescência de Raios X por Reflexão Total com Radiação Síncrotron (SR-TXRF) no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron em Campinas (SP). Os resultados obtidos apresentaram concentrações na faixa de 30 mg/Nm³ para Zinco, Ferro, Bário, Cálcio e Potássio, enquanto que os outros elementos apresentaram concentrações próximas a 1 mg/Nm³. A técnica analítica apresentou limites de detecção bem inferiores (cerca de 1000 vezes) aos valores estabelecidos nas Resoluções CONAMA 264/1999 e SEMA 041/2002, que estabelecem valores máximos permitidos para emissões atmosféricas / Abstract: The air quality has a direct link with the life quality society, lately, a large number of cases of air pollution have been happening in the great urban centers, as well as diseases caused by the poor air quality. These facts have forced the government organs to create standards for the air regulations and also for the atmospheric emissions that generally are the main responsible for the air quality alterations. This study had as goal the determination of heavy metals and other elements (Barium, Bromine, Calcium, Lead, Chlorine, Copper, Chromium, Strontium, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Potassium, Silicon, Titanium and Zinc) in the atmospheric pollutants generated by an automotive industry located in Engenheiro Coelho city, São Paulo State, Brazil. The sampling and sample preparation procedures were based on methods established by Company of Technology of Environmental Sanitation (CETESB L9.234) and also by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA - Method 29). The analysis was performed at XRF Beamline (D09B-XRF) in the Synchrotron Light Source Laboratory (Campinas/SP). For zinc, iron, barium, calcium, potassium the values obtained were in the range of 30 mg/Nm³ and for other elements the concentrations were approximately 1 mg/Nm³. The analytical technique employed presented detection limits much smaller (1,000 times) than maximum permissive values established by Brazilian legislations (CONAMA 264/1999 and SEMA 041/2002) / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Edson Tomaz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T00:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Albuquerque_EdlerLinsde_D.pdf: 18576988 bytes, checksum: f5a08b5bbd306ca352ba5e96455e69d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Realizou-se um estudo experimental dos Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis (COV) encontrados na atmosfera urbana da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). O objetivo principal foi medir as concentrações de COV, procurando identificar, por meio de análises multivariadas, relações entre estas concentrações, parâmetros meteorológicos e concentrações de outros poluentes. Métodos de amostragem passiva e ativa foram empregados utilizando tubos de aço contendo o sólido adsorvente TENAX TA. A quantificação das amostras ocorreu por dessorção térmica automática e cromatografia gasosa com detecção por ionização em chama. Analisou-se COV selecionados, incluindo alcanos, cicloalcanos e compostos aromáticos. Diversos aspectos foram investigados em estudos específicos: emissão veicular, variabilidade diária das concentrações, emprego da amostragem passiva, potencial para formar ozônio etc. As concentrações registradas em cada campanha variaram bastante em função de aspectos associados a características locais das fontes de emissão, horários de coleta, fatores sazonais e meteorológicos. Verificou-se que tolueno, m,p-xilenos, n-hexano, etilbenzeno e 1,2,4-trimetilbenzeno foram os COV encontrados em maiores concentrações na maioria dos estudos realizados, estando os mesmos entre os mais emitidos pelos veículos e entre aqueles com maior potencial para formar ozônio. No local monitorado, o perfil de variação temporal das concentrações de COV foi diferente em função de condições sazonais e/ou meteorológicas. A validação da amostragem passiva possibilitou estimar taxas de amostragem dos COV, as primeiras da literatura científica para vários compostos e as primeiras obtidas numa atmosfera urbana de cidades brasileiras. Isto viabilizou a realização de um monitoramento passivo simultâneo em oito locais diferentes, permitindo verificar as vantagens deste tipo de coleta. Acredita-se que os resultados desta pesquisa possam auxiliar na criação de planos de monitoramento para os COV / Abstract: The aim of this research was an experimental study of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) found in the urban atmosphere of Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP). The main purpose was to measure atmospheric concentrations of VOCs. Multivariate analyses were used to identify relationships among VOCs concentration, meteorological parameters and concentrations of other pollutants. Passive and active sampling methods were applied. Steel tubes packed with adsorbent TENAX TA were employed. The samples were quantified by automatic thermal desorption and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Selected VOCs were analyzed, including alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds. Many topics related to VOCs were investigated: vehicular emissions, time variation of concentrations, employ of passive sampling, potential of ozone formation etc. For this, some specific studies were conducted. VOCs concentration vary a lot in each campaign in function of aspects associated to local characteristics of emission sources, sampling time, season and meteorological factors. In most of performed studies toluene, m,p-xylenes, n-hexane, ethylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were VOCs found in higher concentrations. Additionally, such compounds were also found among VOCs with higher vehicular emission factors and higher ozone forming potentials. At the monitoring site, VOCs concentrations have shown distinct profile of time variation for different seasonal and meteorological conditions. VOCs uptake rates were estimated from the validation of passive sampling process. These uptake rates were the first found for many VOCs and the first found in an urban atmosphere of Brazilian cities. This fact became possible to perform a simultaneous passive monitorization campaign in eight different sites at MASP, verifying the advantages of this type of sampling strategy. It is believed that the results of this research may aid in the creation of monitoring programs for VOCs / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

No description available.